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Man J, Shen Y, Song Y, Yang K, Pei P, Hu L. Biomaterials-mediated radiation-induced diseases treatment and radiation protection. J Control Release 2024; 370:318-338. [PMID: 38692438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the intersection of the academic and medical domains has increasingly spotlighted the utilization of biomaterials in radioactive disease treatment and radiation protection. Biomaterials, distinguished from conventional molecular pharmaceuticals, offer a suite of advantages in addressing radiological conditions. These include their superior biological activity, chemical stability, exceptional histocompatibility, and targeted delivery capabilities. This review comprehensively delineates the therapeutic mechanisms employed by various biomaterials in treating radiological afflictions impacting the skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and hematopoietic systems. Significantly, these nanomaterials function not only as efficient drug delivery vehicles but also as protective agents against radiation, mitigating its detrimental effects on the human body. Notably, the strategic amalgamation of specific biomaterials with particular pharmacological agents can lead to a synergistic therapeutic outcome, opening new avenues in the treatment of radiation- induced diseases. However, despite their broad potential applications, the biosafety and clinical efficacy of these biomaterials still require in-depth research and investigation. Ultimately, this review aims to not only bridge the current knowledge gaps in the application of biomaterials for radiation-induced diseases but also to inspire future innovations and research directions in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Man
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yanhua Shen
- Experimental Animal Centre of Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215005, China
| | - Yujie Song
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Pei Pei
- Teaching and Research Section of Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China..
| | - Lin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China..
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Lee HR, Kang SU, Kim HJ, Ji EJ, Yun JH, Kim S, Jang JY, Shin YS, Kim CH. Liquid plasma as a treatment for cutaneous wound healing through regulation of redox metabolism. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:119. [PMID: 36781835 PMCID: PMC9925775 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05610-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The skin functions as the outermost protective barrier to the internal organs and major vessels; thus, delayed regeneration from acute injury could induce serious clinical complications. For rapid recovery of skin wounds, promoting re-epithelialization of the epidermis at the initial stage of injury is essential, wherein epithelial keratinocytes act as leading cells via migration. This study applied plasma technology, which has been known to enable wound healing in the medical field. Through in vitro and in vivo experiments, the study elucidated the effect and molecular mechanism of the liquid plasma (LP) manufactured by our microwave plasma system, which was found to improve the applicability of existing gas-type plasma on skin cell migration for re-epithelialization. LP treatment promoted the cytoskeletal transformation of keratinocytes and migration owing to changes in the expression of integrin-dependent focal adhesion molecules and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). This study also identified the role of increased levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a driving force for cell migration activation, which was regulated by changes in NADPH oxidases and mitochondrial membrane potential. In an in vivo experiment using a murine dorsal full-thickness acute skin wound model, LP treatment helped improve the re-epithelialization rate, reaffirming the activation of the underlying intracellular ROS-dependent integrin-dependent signaling molecules. These findings indicate that LP could be a valuable wound management material that can improve the regeneration potential of the skin via the activation of migration-related molecular signaling within the epithelial cell itself with plasma-driven oxidative eustress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ran Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, 22711, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Un Kang
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeng Jun Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jong Ji
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Yun
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungryeal Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22332, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeon Yeob Jang
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Seob Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
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Das P, Manna S, Roy S, Nandi SK, Basak P. Polymeric biomaterials-based tissue engineering for wound healing: a systemic review. BURNS & TRAUMA 2023; 11:tkac058. [PMID: 36761088 PMCID: PMC9904183 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkac058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Biomaterials are vital products used in clinical sectors as alternatives to several biological macromolecules for tissue engineering techniques owing to their numerous beneficial properties, including wound healing. The healing pattern generally depends upon the type of wounds, and restoration of the skin on damaged areas is greatly dependent on the depth and severity of the injury. The rate of wound healing relies on the type of biomaterials being incorporated for the fabrication of skin substitutes and their stability in in vivo conditions. In this review, a systematic literature search was performed on several databases to identify the most frequently used biomaterials for the development of successful wound healing agents against skin damage, along with their mechanisms of action. Method The relevant research articles of the last 5 years were identified, analysed and reviewed in this paper. The meta-analysis was carried out using PRISMA and the search was conducted in major scientific databases. The research of the most recent 5 years, from 2017-2021 was taken into consideration. The collected research papers were inspected thoroughly for further analysis. Recent advances in the utilization of natural and synthetic biomaterials (alone/in combination) to speed up the regeneration rate of injured cells in skin wounds were summarised. Finally, 23 papers were critically reviewed and discussed. Results In total, 2022 scholarly articles were retrieved from databases utilizing the aforementioned input methods. After eliminating duplicates and articles published before 2017, ~520 articles remained that were relevant to the topic at hand (biomaterials for wound healing) and could be evaluated for quality. Following different procedures, 23 publications were selected as best fitting for data extraction. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for this review illustrates the selection criteria, such as exclusion and inclusion parameters. The 23 recent publications pointed to the use of both natural and synthetic polymers in wound healing applications. Information related to wound type and the mechanism of action has also been reviewed carefully. The selected publication showed that composites of natural and synthetic polymers were used extensively for both surgical and burn wounds. Extensive research revealed the effects of polymer-based biomaterials in wound healing and their recent advancement. Conclusions The effects of biomaterials in wound healing are critically examined in this review. Different biomaterials have been tried to speed up the healing process, however, their success varies with the severity of the wound. However, some of the biomaterials raise questions when applied on a wide scale because of their scarcity, high transportation costs and processing challenges. Therefore, even if a biomaterial has good wound healing qualities, it may be technically unsuitable for use in actual medical scenarios. All of these restrictions have been examined closely in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Das
- School of Bioscience and Engineering, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Rd, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | | | | | - Samit K Nandi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Belgachia, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
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A Review of Hybrid Process Development Based on Electrochemical and Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewater. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/1105376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, increased human activity, industrialization, and urbanization result in the production of enormous quantities of wastewater. Generally, physicochemical and biological methods are employed to treat industrial effluent and wastewater and have demonstrated high efficacy in removing pollutants. However, some industrial effluent and wastewater contain contaminants that are extremely difficult to remove using standard physicochemical and biological processes. Previously, electrochemical and hybrid advanced oxidation processes (AOP) were considered a viable and promising alternative for achieving an adequate effluent treatment strategy in such instances. These processes rely on the production of hydroxyl radicals, which are highly reactive oxidants that efficiently break down contaminants found in wastewater and industrial effluent. This review focuses on the removal of contaminants from industrial effluents and wastewater through the integration of electrochemical and advanced oxidation techniques. These processes include electrooxidation, electrocoagulation/electroflocculation, electroflotation, photo-Fenton, ozone-photo-Fenton, sono-photo-Fenton, photo-electro-Fenton, ozone/electrocoagulation, sono-electrocoagulation, and peroxi/photo/electrocoagulation. The data acquired from over 150 published articles, most of which were laboratory experiments, demonstrated that the hybrid process is more effective in removing contaminants from industrial effluent and wastewater than standalone processes.
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Current Trends in Biomedical Hydrogels: From Traditional Crosslinking to Plasma-Assisted Synthesis. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132560. [PMID: 35808607 PMCID: PMC9268762 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of materials to restore or replace the functions of damaged body parts has been proven historically. Any material can be considered as a biomaterial as long as it performs its biological function and does not cause adverse effects to the host. With the increasing demands for biofunctionality, biomaterials nowadays may not only encompass inertness but also specialized utility towards the target biological application. A hydrogel is a biomaterial with a 3D network made of hydrophilic polymers. It is regarded as one of the earliest biomaterials developed for human use. The preparation of hydrogel is often attributed to the polymerization of monomers or crosslinking of hydrophilic polymers to achieve the desired ability to hold large amounts of aqueous solvents and biological fluids. The generation of hydrogels, however, is shifting towards developing hydrogels through the aid of enabling technologies. This review provides the evolution of hydrogels and the different approaches considered for hydrogel preparation. Further, this review presents the plasma process as an enabling technology for tailoring hydrogel properties. The mechanism of plasma-assisted treatment during hydrogel synthesis and the current use of the plasma-treated hydrogels are also discussed.
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Kim S, Lee HY, Lee HR, Jang JY, Yun JH, Shin YS, Kim CH. Liquid-type plasma-controlled in situ crosslinking of silk-alginate injectable gel displayed better bioactivities and mechanical properties. Mater Today Bio 2022; 15:100321. [PMID: 35757030 PMCID: PMC9214807 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Silk is a promising biomaterial for injectable hydrogel, but its long-gelation time and cytotoxic crosslinking methods are the main obstacles for clinical application. Here, we purpose a new in situ crosslinking technique of silk-alginate (S-A) injectable hydrogel using liquid-type non-thermal atmospheric plasma (LTP) in vocal fold (VF) wound healing. We confirmed that LTP induces the secondary structure of silk in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in improved mechanical properties. Significantly increased crosslinking of silk was observed with reduced gelation time. Moreover, controlled release of nitrate, an LTP effectors, from LTP-treated S-A hydrogel was detected over 7 days. In vitro experiments regarding biocompatibility showed activation of fibroblasts beyond the non-cytotoxicity of LTP-treated S-A hydrogels. An in vivo animal model of VF injury was established in New Zealand White rabbits. Full-thickness injury was created on the VF followed by hydrogel injection. In histologic analyses, LTP-treated S-A hydrogels significantly reduced a scar formation and promoted favorable wound healing. Functional analysis using videokymography showed eventual viscoelastic recovery. The LTP not only changes the mechanical structures of a hydrogel, but also has sustained biochemical effects on the damaged tissue due to controlled release of LTP effectors, and that LTP-treated S-A hydrogel can be used to enhance wound healing after VF injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungryeal Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hye-Young Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hye Ran Lee
- Department of Otorhino-laryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Catholic Kwandong University, College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jeon Yeob Jang
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Yun
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yoo Seob Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
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Chen YH, Chuang EY, Jheng PR, Hao PC, Hsieh JH, Chen HL, Mansel BW, Yeh YY, Lu CX, Lee JW, Hsiao YC, Bolouki N. Cold-atmospheric plasma augments functionalities of hybrid polymeric carriers regenerating chronic wounds: In vivo experiments. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 131:112488. [PMID: 34857274 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The skin possesses an epithelial barrier. Delivering growth factors to deeper wounds is usually rather challenging, and these typically restrict the therapeutic efficacy for chronic wound healing. Efficient healing of chronic wounds also requires abundant blood flow. Therefore, addressing these concerns is crucial. Among presently accessible biomedical materials, tailored hydrogels are favorable for translational medicine. However, these hydrogels display insufficient mechanical properties, hampering their biomedical uses. Cold-atmospheric plasma (CAP) has potent cross-linking/polymerizing abilities. The CAP was characterized spectroscopically to identify excited radiation and species (hydroxyl and UV). CAP was used to polymerize pyrrole (creating Ppy) and crosslink hybrid polymers (Ppy, hyaluronic acid (HA), and gelatin (GEL)) as a multimodal dressing for chronic wounds (CAP-Ppy/GEL/HA), which were used to incorporate therapeutic platelet proteins (PPs). Herein, the physicochemical and biological features of the developed CAP-Ppy/GEL/HA/PP complex were assessed. CAP-Ppy/GEL/HA/PPs had positive impacts on wound healing in vitro. In addition, the CAP-Ppy/GEL/HA complex has improved mechanical aspects, therapeutics sustained-release/retention effect, and near-infrared (NIR)-driven photothermal-hyperthermic effects on lesions that drive the expression of heat-shock protein (HSP) with anti-inflammatory properties for boosted restoration of diabetic wounds in vivo. These in vitro and in vivo outcomes support the use of CAP-Ppy/GEL/HA/PPs for diabetic wound regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hsuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Er-Yuan Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei 11696, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Ru Jheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chien Hao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Hsing Hsieh
- Center for Plasma and Thin Film Technologies, Ming-Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Materials Engineering, Ming-Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lung Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Bradley W Mansel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yen Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Xuan Lu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Wei Lee
- Center for Plasma and Thin Film Technologies, Ming-Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Materials Engineering, Ming-Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Nima Bolouki
- Center for Plasma and Thin Film Technologies, Ming-Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Kim S, Kim CH. Applications of Plasma-Activated Liquid in the Medical Field. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111700. [PMID: 34829929 PMCID: PMC8615748 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Much progress has been made since plasma was discovered in the early 1900s. The first form of plasma was thermal type, which was limited for medical use due to potential thermal damage on living cells. In the late 1900s, with the development of a nonthermal atmospheric plasma called cold plasma, profound clinical research began and ‘plasma medicine’ became a new area in the academic field. Plasma began to be used mainly for environmental problems, such as water purification and wastewater treatment, and subsequent research on plasma and liquid interaction led to the birth of ‘plasma-activated liquid’ (PAL). PAL is currently used in the fields of environment, food, agriculture, nanoparticle synthesis, analytical chemistry, and sterilization. In the medical field, PAL usage can be expanded for accessing places where direct application of plasma is difficult. In this review, recent studies with PAL will be introduced to inform researchers of the application plan and possibility of PAL in the medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungryeal Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea;
| | - Chul-Ho Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea;
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Bekeschus S, Kramer A, Schmidt A. Gas Plasma-Augmented Wound Healing in Animal Models and Veterinary Medicine. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185682. [PMID: 34577153 PMCID: PMC8469854 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of skin integrity is inevitable in life. Wound healing is a necessary sequence of events to reconstitute the body’s integrity against potentially harmful environmental agents and restore homeostasis. Attempts to improve cutaneous wound healing are therefore as old as humanity itself. Furthermore, nowadays, targeting defective wound healing is of utmost importance in an aging society with underlying diseases such as diabetes and vascular insufficiencies being on the rise. Because chronic wounds’ etiology and specific traits differ, there is widespread polypragmasia in targeting non-healing conditions. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are an overarching theme accompanying wound healing and its biological stages. ROS are signaling agents generated by phagocytes to inactivate pathogens. Although ROS/RNS’s central role in the biology of wound healing has long been appreciated, it was only until the recent decade that these agents were explicitly used to target defective wound healing using gas plasma technology. Gas plasma is a physical state of matter and is a partially ionized gas operated at body temperature which generates a plethora of ROS/RNS simultaneously in a spatiotemporally controlled manner. Animal models of wound healing have been vital in driving the development of these wound healing-promoting technologies, and this review summarizes the current knowledge and identifies open ends derived from in vivo wound models under gas plasma therapy. While gas plasma-assisted wound healing in humans has become well established in Europe, veterinary medicine is an emerging field with great potential to improve the lives of suffering animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Bekeschus
- ZIK Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Axel Kramer
- Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Greifswald University Medical Center, Sauerbruchstr., 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Anke Schmidt
- ZIK Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany;
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