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Gawlik-Kotelnicka O, Margulska A, Płeska K, Skowrońska A, Strzelecki D. Metabolic Status Influences Probiotic Efficacy for Depression-PRO-DEMET Randomized Clinical Trial Results. Nutrients 2024; 16:1389. [PMID: 38732635 PMCID: PMC11085729 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Probiotics may represent a safe and easy-to-use treatment option for depression or its metabolic comorbidities. However, it is not known whether metabolic features can influence the efficacy of probiotics treatments for depression. This trial involved a parallel-group, prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled design. In total, 116 participants with depression received a probiotic preparation containing Lactobacillus helveticus Rosell®-52 and Bifidobacterium longum Rosell®-175 or placebo over 60 days. The psychometric data were assessed longitudinally at five time-points. Data for blood pressure, body weight, waist circumference, complete blood count, serum levels of C-reactive protein, cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting glucose were measured at the beginning of the intervention period. There was no advantage of probiotics usage over placebo in the depression score overall (PRO vs. PLC: F(1.92) = 0.58; p = 0.45). However, we found a higher rate of minimum clinically important differences in patients supplemented with probiotics than those allocated to placebo generally (74.5 vs. 53.5%; X2(1,n = 94) = 4.53; p = 0.03; NNT = 4.03), as well as in the antidepressant-treated subgroup. Moreover, we found that the more advanced the pre-intervention metabolic abnormalities (such as overweight, excessive central adipose tissue, and liver steatosis), the lower the improvements in psychometric scores. A higher baseline stress level was correlated with better improvements. The current probiotic formulations may only be used as complementary treatments for depressive disorders. Metabolic abnormalities may require more complex treatments. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04756544.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliwia Gawlik-Kotelnicka
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Czechoslowacka Street 251, 92-216 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Margulska
- Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, Czechoslowacka Street 8/10, 92-216 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Kacper Płeska
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Kosciuszki Avenue 4, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Anna Skowrońska
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Czechoslowacka Street 251, 92-216 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Czechoslowacka Street 251, 92-216 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (D.S.)
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Doğan D, Çelik T. Research trends on the gut microbiota in endocrine metabolism: a thematic and bibliometric analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1371727. [PMID: 38585653 PMCID: PMC10995354 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1371727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Gut microbiota studies in the field of endocrinology metabolism have attracted increasing attention in recent years. To comprehensively assess the evolving landscape of this research field, we conducted a thorough bibliometric analysis of gut microbiota studies in endocrinology metabolism indexed in the Web of Science database. Methods We collected and analyzed 3,339 original research articles and reviews published from 1972 to 2023. Using various bibliometric indicators, we investigated publication trends, country contributions, international collaborations, prolific authors, top journals, and influential articles. Results Our analysis revealed a significant upsurge in publications after 2010, indicating a growing scientific interest in microbiota and endocrinology metabolism. Keyword and thematic analyses have identified gut microbiota, obesity, diabetes, and inflammation as core research themes. Additionally, the roles of probiotics and prebiotics are increasingly researched for their therapeutic effects in shaping the microbiota. Conclusion This study reveals that research in endocrinology metabolism is increasingly decoding the connection between gut microbiota and diseases. There's also a growing focus on microbiota manipulation, which points to a shift towards personalized medicine. Future research should focus on integrating these findings into clinical practice, moving from lab-based studies to real-world patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durmus Doğan
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Türkiye
| | - Taylan Çelik
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Türkiye
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Zhang B, Yu Z, Zhao X, He T, Fan X, Zhu R, Feng Y, Lu W, Qi D, Ma X, Gu N. Foodborne Carbon Dots Aggravate High-Fat-Diet-Induced Glucose Homeostasis Imbalance by Disrupting the Gut-Liver Axis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:12263-12276. [PMID: 38421240 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Foodborne carbon dots (CDs) are generally produced during cooking and exist in food items. Generally, CDs are regarded as nontoxic materials, but several studies have gradually confirmed the cytotoxicity of CDs, such as oxidative stress, reduced cellular activity, apoptosis, etc. However, studies focusing on the health effects of long-term intake of food-borne CDs are scarce, especially in populations susceptible to metabolic disease. In this study, we reported that CDs in self-brewing beer had no effect on glucose metabolism in CHOW-fed mice but exacerbated high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced glucose metabolism disorders via the gut-liver axis. Chronic exposure to foodborne CDs increased fasting glucose levels and exacerbated liver and intestinal barrier damage in HFD-fed mice. The 16s rRNA sequencing analysis revealed that CDs significantly altered the gut microbiota composition and promoted lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis-related KEGG pathways (superpathway of (Kdo)2-lipid A, Kdo transfer to lipid IVA Ill (Chlamydia), lipid IVA biosynthesis, and so on) in HFD-fed mice. Mechanically, CD exposure increased the abundance of Gram-negative bacteria (Proteobacteria and Desulfovibrionaceae), thus producing excessive endotoxin-LPS, and then LPS was transferred by the blood circulation to the liver due to the damaged intestinal barrier. In the liver, LPS promoted TLR4/NF-κB/P38 MAPK signaling, thus enhancing systemic inflammation and exacerbating HFD-induced insulin resistance. However, pretreating mice with antibiotics eliminated these effects, indicating a key role for gut microbiota in CDs exacerbating glucose metabolism disorders in HFD-fed mice. The finding herein provides new insight into the potential health risk of foodborne nanoparticles in susceptible populations by disturbing the gut-liver axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boya Zhang
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Multi-modal Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases, Zheng Zhou 450018, China
| | - Ziteng Yu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Tianyue He
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xingpei Fan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ruijiao Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yujie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Weihong Lu
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Multi-modal Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases, Zheng Zhou 450018, China
| | - Dianpeng Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Yunnan Plateau Characteristic Agricultural Industry Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ning Gu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Multi-modal Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases, Zheng Zhou 450018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
- School of Chinese Material Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
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Moreno-Cortés ML, Meza-Alvarado JE, García-Mena J, Hernández-Rodríguez A. Chronodisruption and Gut Microbiota: Triggering Glycemic Imbalance in People with Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2024; 16:616. [PMID: 38474745 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The desynchronization of physiological and behavioral mechanisms influences the gut microbiota and eating behavior in mammals, as shown in both rodents and humans, leading to the development of pathologies such as Type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Recent studies propose resynchronization as a key input controlling metabolic cycles and contributing to reducing the risk of suffering some chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, or metabolic syndrome. In this analytical review, we present an overview of how desynchronization and its implications for the gut microbiome make people vulnerable to intestinal dysbiosis and consequent chronic diseases. In particular, we explore the eubiosis-dysbiosis phenomenon and, finally, propose some topics aimed at addressing chronotherapy as a key strategy in the prevention of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Moreno-Cortés
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Veracruz, Mexico
| | | | - Jaime García-Mena
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Cinvestav, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, CDMX 07360, Mexico
| | - Azucena Hernández-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Veracruz, Mexico
- Facultad de Bioanálisis, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91010, Veracruz, Mexico
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Moreira de Gouveia MI, Bernalier-Donadille A, Jubelin G. Enterobacteriaceae in the Human Gut: Dynamics and Ecological Roles in Health and Disease. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:142. [PMID: 38534413 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The human gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining host health. Our review explores the prevalence and dynamics of Enterobacteriaceae, a bacterial family within the Proteobacteria phylum, in the human gut which represents a small fraction of the gut microbiota in healthy conditions. Even though their roles are not yet fully understood, Enterobacteriaceae and especially Escherichia coli (E. coli) play a part in creating an anaerobic environment, producing vitamins and protecting against pathogenic infections. The composition and residency of E. coli strains in the gut fluctuate among individuals and is influenced by many factors such as geography, diet and health. Dysbiosis, characterized by alterations in the microbial composition of the gut microbiota, is associated with various diseases, including obesity, inflammatory bowel diseases and metabolic disorders. A consistent pattern in dysbiosis is the expansion of Proteobacteria, particularly Enterobacteriaceae, which has been proposed as a potential marker for intestinal and extra-intestinal inflammatory diseases. Here we develop the potential mechanisms contributing to Enterobacteriaceae proliferation during dysbiosis, including changes in oxygen levels, alterations in mucosal substrates and dietary factors. Better knowledge of these mechanisms is important for developing strategies to restore a balanced gut microbiota and reduce the negative consequences of the Enterobacteriaceae bloom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gregory Jubelin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDIS UMR454, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Clemente-Suárez VJ, Redondo-Flórez L, Rubio-Zarapuz A, Martín-Rodríguez A, Tornero-Aguilera JF. Microbiota Implications in Endocrine-Related Diseases: From Development to Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Biomedicines 2024; 12:221. [PMID: 38255326 PMCID: PMC10813640 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review article delves into the critical role of the human microbiota in the development and management of endocrine-related diseases. We explore the complex interactions between the microbiota and the endocrine system, emphasizing the implications of microbiota dysbiosis for the onset and progression of various endocrine disorders. The review aims to synthesize current knowledge, highlighting recent advancements and the potential of novel therapeutic approaches targeting microbiota-endocrine interactions. Key topics include the impact of microbiota on hormone regulation, its role in endocrine pathologies, and the promising avenues of microbiota modulation through diet, probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. We underscore the importance of this research in advancing personalized medicine, offering insights for more tailored and effective treatments for endocrine-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (V.J.C.-S.); (A.R.-Z.); (J.F.T.-A.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | - Laura Redondo-Flórez
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/ Tajo s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
| | - Alejandro Rubio-Zarapuz
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (V.J.C.-S.); (A.R.-Z.); (J.F.T.-A.)
| | - Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (V.J.C.-S.); (A.R.-Z.); (J.F.T.-A.)
| | - José Francisco Tornero-Aguilera
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (V.J.C.-S.); (A.R.-Z.); (J.F.T.-A.)
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Tang LT, Feng L, Cao HY, Shi R, Luo BB, Zhang YB, Liu YM, Zhang J, Li SY. Comparative study of type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated gut microbiota between the Dai and Han populations. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:1766-1783. [PMID: 38222790 PMCID: PMC10784794 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i12.1766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing. T2DM is associated with alterations of the gut microbiota, which can be affected by age, illness, and genetics. Previous studies revealed that there are discriminating microbiota compositions between the Dai and the Han populations. However, the specific gut microbiota differences between the two populations have not been elucidated. AIM To compare the gut microbiota differences in subjects with and without T2DM in the Dai and Han populations. METHODS A total of 35 subjects of the Han population (including 15 healthy children, 8 adult healthy controls, and 12 adult T2DM patients) and 32 subjects of the Dai population (including 10 healthy children, 10 adult healthy controls, and 12 adult T2DM patients) were enrolled in this study. Fasting venous blood samples were collected from all the subjects for biochemical analysis. Fecal samples were collected from all the subjects for DNA extraction and 16S rRNA sequencing, which was followed by analyses of the gut microbiota composition. RESULTS No significant difference in alpha diversity was observed between healthy children and adults. The diversity of gut microbiota was decreased in T2DM patients compared to the healthy adults in both the Dai and Han populations. There was a significant difference in gut microbiota between healthy children and healthy adults in the Han population with an increased abundance of Bacteroidetes and decreased Firmicutes in children. However, this difference was less in the Dai population. Significant increases in Bacteroidetes in the Han population and Proteobacteria in the Dai population and decreases in Firmicutes in both the Han and Dai population were observed in T2DM patients compared to healthy adults. Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size analysis also showed that the gut microbiota was different between the Han and Dai populations in heathy children, adults, and T2DM patients. Four bacteria were consistently increased and two consistently decreased in the Han population compared to the Dai population. CONCLUSION Differences in gut microbiota were found between the Han and Dai populations. A significant increase in Bacteroidetes was related to the occurrence of T2DM in the Han population, while a significant increase in Proteobacteria was related to the occurrence of T2DM in the Dai population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Tong Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yan’an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yan’an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hui-Ying Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yan’an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Bei-Bei Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yan-Bi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yan-Mei Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yan’an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yan’an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Shuang-Yue Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yan’an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan Province, China
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Marano G, Traversi G, Gaetani E, Gasbarrini A, Mazza M. Gut microbiota in women: The secret of psychological and physical well-being. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:5945-5952. [PMID: 38131001 PMCID: PMC10731147 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i45.5945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota works in unison with the host, promoting its health. In particular, it has been shown to exert protective, metabolic and structural functions. Recent evidence has revealed the influence of the gut microbiota on other organs such as the central nervous system, cardiovascular and the endocrine-metabolic systems and the digestive system. The study of the gut microbiota is outlining new and broader frontiers every day and holds enormous innovation potential for the medical and pharmaceutical fields. Prevention and treatment of specific women's diseases involves the need to deepen the function of the gut as a junction organ where certain positive bacteria can be very beneficial to health. The gut microbiota is unique and dynamic at the same time, subject to external factors that can change it, and is capable of modulating itself at different stages of a woman's life, playing an important role that arises from the intertwining of biological mechanisms between the microbiota and the female genital system. The gut microbiota could play a key role in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Marano
- Department of Neurosciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
- Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Gianandrea Traversi
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fatebenefratelli Isola Tiberina-Gemelli Isola, Rome 00186, Italy
| | - Eleonora Gaetani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Marianna Mazza
- Department of Neurosciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
- Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome 00168, Italy
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Xi M, Hao G, Yao Q, Duan X, Ge W. Galactooligosaccharide Mediates NF-κB Pathway to Improve Intestinal Barrier Function and Intestinal Microbiota. Molecules 2023; 28:7611. [PMID: 38005333 PMCID: PMC10674247 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of antibiotics to treat diarrhea and other diseases early in life can lead to intestinal disorders in infants, which can cause a range of immune-related diseases. Intestinal microbiota diversity is closely related to dietary intake, with many oligosaccharides impacting intestinal microorganism structures and communities. Thus, oligosaccharide type and quantity are important for intestinal microbiota construction. Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are functional oligosaccharides that can be supplemented with infant formula. Currently, information on GOS and its impact on intestinal microbiota diversity and disorders is lacking. Similarly, GOS is rarely reported within the context of intestinal barrier function. In this study, 16S rRNA sequencing, gas chromatography, and immunohistochemistry were used to investigate the effects of GOS on the intestinal microbiota and barrier pathways in antibiotic-treated mouse models. The results found that GOS promoted Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia proliferation, increased short-chain fatty acid levels, increased tight junction protein expression (occludin and ZO-1), increased secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and albumin levels, significantly downregulated NF-κB expression, and reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin-IL-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 levels. Also, a high GOS dose in ampicillin-supplemented animals provided resistance to intestinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Xi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.X.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Guo Hao
- Shaanxi Sheep Milk Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Center, Xi’an 710000, China;
| | - Qi Yao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.X.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Xuchang Duan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.X.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Wupeng Ge
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.X.); (Q.Y.)
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