1
|
Aoki W, Bergius N, Kozlan S, Fukuzawa F, Okuda H, Murata H, Ishida TA, Vaario LM, Kobayashi H, Kalmiş E, Fukiharu T, Gisusi S, Matsushima KI, Terashima Y, Narimatsu M, Matsushita N, Ka KH, Yu F, Yamanaka T, Fukuda M, Yamada A. New findings on the fungal species <i>Tricholoma matsutake</i> from Ukraine, and revision of its taxonomy and biogeography based on multilocus phylogenetic analyses. MYCOSCIENCE 2022; 63:197-214. [PMID: 37090201 PMCID: PMC10033251 DOI: 10.47371/mycosci.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Matsutake mushrooms are among the best-known edible wild mushroom taxa worldwide. The representative Tricholoma matsutake is from East Asia and the northern and central regions of Europe. Here, we report the existence of T. matsutake under fir trees in Eastern Europe (i.e., Ukraine), as confirmed by phylogenetic analysis of nine loci on the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. All specimens from Japan, Bhutan, China, North Korea, South Korea, Sweden, Finland, and Ukraine formed a T. matsutake clade according to the phylogeny of the internal transcribed spacer region. The European population of T. matsutake was clustered based on the β2 tubulin gene, with a moderate bootstrap value. In contrast, based on analyses of three loci, i.e., rpb2, tef1, and the β2 tubulin gene, T. matsutake specimens sampled from Bhutan and China belonged to a clade independent of the other specimens of this species, implying a genetically isolated population. As biologically available type specimens of T. matsutake have not been designated since its description as a new species from Japan in 1925, we established an epitype of this fungus, sampled in a Pinus densiflora forest in Nagano, Japan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Aoki
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lu-Min Vaario
- Department of Forest Science, University of Helsinki
| | | | - Erbil Kalmiş
- Ministry of Industry and Technology, Izmir Branch
| | | | - Seiki Gisusi
- Forest Products Research Institute, Hokkaido Research Organization
| | - Ken-ichi Matsushima
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University
| | | | | | | | | | - Fuqiang Yu
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Tohoku Research Center, Forest Research and Management Organization
| | - Masaki Fukuda
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nakano S, Gao Q, Aimi T, Shimomura N. Effect of sodium chloride on basidiospore germination and vegetative mycelial growth of the ectomycorrhizal fungus <i>Rhizopogon roseolus</i>. MYCOSCIENCE 2022; 63:96-101. [PMID: 37089629 PMCID: PMC10042318 DOI: 10.47371/mycosci.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rhizopogon roseolus is a basidiomycetous ectomycorrhizal fungus that inhabits mainly coastal areas. Understanding the response of this fungus to salinity at each stage of its life cycle will lead to elucidation of the strategies for its propagation. This study examined the effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) on basidiospore germination and mycelial growth of both homokaryotic and heterokaryotic strains of R. roseolus, on nutrient agar media with varying concentrations of NaCl (0, 50, 150, and 300 mM). Regardless of the presence of NaCl, R. roseolus basidiospores germinated and the germlings grew, forming compatible fusions. In addition, all multispore strains, including homokaryons and heterokaryons, grew under these NaCl conditions. Most of these strains had an effective concentration inhibiting mycelial growth by 50% value greater than 300 mM of NaCl. These results indicate that R. roseolus can germinate, grow, and mate in the presence of NaCl, allowing it to propagate in saline habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shota Nakano
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University
| | - Qi Gao
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Horimai Y, Misawa H, Suzuki K, Tateishi Y, Furukawa H, Yamanaka T, Yamashita S, Takayama T, Fukuda M, Yamada A. Spore germination and ectomycorrhizae formation of Tricholoma matsutake on pine root systems with previously established ectomycorrhizae from a dikaryotic mycelial isolate of T. matsutake. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:335-347. [PMID: 33761015 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In vitro ectomycorrhizal synthesis of Tricholoma matsutake with host plants has been widely conducted to elucidate fungal symbiotic properties for future cultivation practices. Here, we report on the importance of basidiospore inocula for this fungus to provide ectomycorrhizal seedlings in vitro. Ectomycorrhizal pine seedlings synthesized in vitro with cultured mycelium of T. matsutake (isolate #45 or #84) in a 250-mL culture vessel (soil volume) were transplanted to a large 1-L culture vessel. Fresh basidiospores of this fungus were aseptically inoculated on the ectomycorrhizal root system. The ectomycorrhizal seedlings in the 1-L vessel were grown for 9 months, and some plants were further grown for 6 more months under non-aseptic conditions in 4.1-L jars. The ectomycorrhizal seedlings previously inoculated with isolate #84 in the 1-L vessel showed significant ectomycorrhizal biomass (mycorrhizal root length) after spore inoculation. The ectomycorrhizal seedlings in the 4.1-L vessel showed large shiro structures (> 10 cm in diameter). PCR amplification of intergenic spacer 1 of the rRNA gene and long terminal repeat retroelement of T. matsutake in ectomycorrhizal root tips in both the 1-L vessels and 4.1-L jars revealed the presence of amplicons of the previously inoculated culture isolate of T. matsutake and the new genet(s) that established via germination of the inoculated basidiospores. This is the first report that inoculated basidiospores of T. matsutake germinated and colonized the host root to generate ectomycorrhizae in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Horimai
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Minami-minowa, 8304399-4598, Japan
| | - Hiroki Misawa
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Minami-minowa, 8304399-4598, Japan
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Minami-minowa, 8304399-4598, Japan
| | - Yu Tateishi
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Minami-minowa, 8304399-4598, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Minami-minowa, 8304399-4598, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Furukawa
- Nagano Prefectural Forest Research Center, Kataoka, Shiojiri, Nagano, 399-0711, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | | | | | - Masaki Fukuda
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Minami-minowa, 8304399-4598, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Minami-minowa, 8304399-4598, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Yamada
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Minami-minowa, 8304399-4598, Japan.
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Minami-minowa, 8304399-4598, Japan.
- Division of Mountain Ecosystem, Institute for Mountain Science, Shinshu University, Nagano, Minami-minowa, 8304399-4598, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guerin-Laguette A. Successes and challenges in the sustainable cultivation of edible mycorrhizal fungi – furthering the dream. MYCOSCIENCE 2021; 62:10-28. [PMID: 37090021 PMCID: PMC9157773 DOI: 10.47371/mycosci.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cultivation of edible mycorrhizal fungi (EMF) has made great progress since the first cultivation of Tuber melanosporum in 1977 but remains in its infancy. Five cultivation steps are required: (1) mycorrhizal synthesis, (2) mycorrhiza development and acclimation, (3) out-planting of mycorrhizal seedlings, (4) onset of fructification, and (5) performing tree orchards. We provide examples of successes and challenges associated with each step, including fruiting of the prestigious chanterelles in Japan recently. We highlight the challenges in establishing performing tree orchards. We report on the monitoring of two orchards established between Lactarius deliciosus (saffron milk cap) and pines in New Zealand. Saffron milk caps yields reached 0.4 and 1100 kg/ha under Pinus radiata and P. sylvestris 6 and 9 y after planting, respectively. Canopy closure began under P. radiata 7 y after planting, followed by a drastic reduction of yields, while P. sylvestris yields still hovered at 690 to 780 kg/ha after 11 y, without canopy closure. The establishment of full-scale field trials to predict yields is crucial to making the cultivation of EMF a reality in tomorrow's cropping landscape. Sustainable EMF cultivation utilizing trees in non-forested land could contribute to carbon storage, while providing revenue and other ecosystem services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Guerin-Laguette
- Microbial Systems for Plant Protection, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Effects of imidazole-4-carboxamide and 2-azahypoxanthine on the growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization of Pinus densiflora seedlings inoculated with Tricholoma matsutake. MYCOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
7
|
Horimai Y, Misawa H, Suzuki K, Fukuda M, Furukawa H, Masuno K, Yamanaka T, Yamada A. Sibling spore isolates of Tricholoma matsutake vary significantly in their ectomycorrhizal colonization abilities on pine hosts in vitro and form multiple intimate associations in single ectomycorrhizal roots. FUNGAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.100874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|