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Rahmanian M, Ghahremani A, Kesharwani P, Oroojalian F, Sahebkar A. Nanomedicine innovations in spinal cord injury management: Bridging the gap. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 235:116563. [PMID: 37423366 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) has devastating effects on a person's physical, social, and professional well-being. It is a life-altering neurological condition that significantly impacts individuals and their caregivers on a socioeconomic level. Recent advancements in medical therapy have greatly improved the diagnosis, stability, survival rates, and overall well-being of SCI patients. However, there are still limited options available for enhancing neurological outcomes in these patients. The complex pathophysiology of SCI, along with the numerous biochemical and physiological changes that occur in the damaged spinal cord, contribute to this gradual improvement. Currently, there are no therapies that offer the possibility of recovery for SCI, although several therapeutic approaches are being developed. However, these therapies are still in the early stages and have not yet demonstrated effectiveness in repairing the damaged fibers, which hinders cellular regeneration and the full restoration of motor and sensory functions. Considering the importance of nanotechnology and tissue engineering in treating neural tissue injuries, this review focuses on the latest advancements in nanotechnology for SCI therapy and tissue healing. It examines research articles from the PubMed database that specifically address SCI in the field of tissue engineering, with an emphasis on nanotechnology as a therapeutic approach. The review evaluates the biomaterials used for treating this condition and the techniques employed to create nanostructured biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Rahmanian
- School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnord, Iran
| | - Amirali Ghahremani
- Department of Neurology, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnord, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India; Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
| | - Fatemeh Oroojalian
- Department of Advanced Technologies, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran; Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Cai M, Chen L, Wang T, Liang Y, Zhao J, Zhang X, Li Z, Wu H. Hydrogel scaffolds in the treatment of spinal cord injury: a review. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1211066. [PMID: 37325033 PMCID: PMC10266534 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1211066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a disease of the central nervous system often caused by accidents, and its prognosis is unsatisfactory, with long-term adverse effects on patients' lives. The key to its treatment lies in the improvement of the microenvironment at the injury and the reconstruction of axons, and tissue repair is a promising therapeutic strategy. Hydrogel is a three-dimensional mesh structure with high water content, which has the advantages of biocompatibility, degradability, and adjustability, and can be used to fill pathological defects by injectable flowing hydrophilic material in situ to accurately adapt to the size and shape of the injury. Hydrogels mimic the natural extracellular matrix for cell colonization, guide axon extension, and act as a biological scaffold, which can be used as an excellent carrier to participate in the treatment of SCI. The addition of different materials to make composite hydrogel scaffolds can further enhance their performance in all aspects. In this paper, we introduce several typical composite hydrogels and review the research progress of hydrogel for SCI to provide a reference for the clinical application of hydrogel therapy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqi Cai
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Department of Surgery, The Third Hospital of Guangdong Medical University (Longjiang Hospital of Shunde District), Foshan, China
| | - Liji Chen
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Surgery, The Third Hospital of Guangdong Medical University (Longjiang Hospital of Shunde District), Foshan, China
| | - Yinru Liang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Hongfu Wu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
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Zarepour A, Bal Öztürk A, Koyuncu Irmak D, Yaşayan G, Gökmen A, Karaöz E, Zarepour A, Zarrabi A, Mostafavi E. Combination Therapy Using Nanomaterials and Stem Cells to Treat Spinal Cord Injuries. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 177:224-240. [PMID: 35850168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a part of the central nervous system, the spinal cord (SC) provides most of the communications between the brain and other parts of the body. Any damage to SC interrupts this communication, leading to serious problems, which may remain for the rest of their life. Due to its significant impact on patients' quality of life and its exorbitant medical costs, SC injury (SCI) is known as one of the most challengeable diseases in the world. Thus, it is critical to introduce highly translatable therapeutic platforms for SCI treatment. So far, different strategies have been introduced, among which utilizing various types of stem cells is one of the most interesting ones. The capability of stem cells to differentiate into several types of cell lines makes them promising candidates for the regeneration of injured tissues. One of the other interesting and novel strategies for SCI treatment is the application of nanomaterials, which could appear as a carrier for therapeutic agents or as a platform for culturing the cells. Combining these two approaches, stem cells and nanomaterials, could provide promising therapeutic strategies for SCI management. Accordingly, in this review we have summarized some of the recent advancements in which the applications of different types of stem cells and nanomaterials, alone and in combination forms, were evaluated for SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezou Zarepour
- Radiology Department, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ayça Bal Öztürk
- Department of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Health Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istinye University, Zeytinburnu, Turkey
| | | | - Gökçen Yaşayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aylin Gökmen
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bahcesehir University, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdal Karaöz
- Liv Hospital, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Manufacturing (LivMedCell), İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Atefeh Zarepour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34396, Turkey
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34396, Turkey.
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Ma X, Wang J. Formononetin: A Pathway to Protect Neurons. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:908378. [PMID: 35910340 PMCID: PMC9326316 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.908378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Formononetin (FMN) is a phytoestrogen member of the flavonoid family, which has the pharmacological effects of antioxidative, antihypertensive, antitumor, and anti-infective. FMN demonstrates potential in the prevention and treatment of diseases, specifically neurological diseases, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury (SCI), ischemic stroke, cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, Alzheimer’s disease, and nerve tumor. Herein, a literature search is conducted to provide information on the signaling pathways of neuroprotection of formononetin based on the neuroprotective study. The significant neuroprotective function of FMN makes it a novel candidate for the development of drugs targeting the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ma
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juejin Wang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Juejin Wang,
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Targeting Nrf2-Mediated Oxidative Stress Response in Traumatic Brain Injury: Therapeutic Perspectives of Phytochemicals. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1015791. [PMID: 35419162 PMCID: PMC9001080 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1015791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), known as mechanical damage to the brain, impairs the normal function of the brain seriously. Its clinical symptoms manifest as behavioral impairment, cognitive decline, communication difficulties, etc. The pathophysiological mechanisms of TBI are complex and involve inflammatory response, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and so on. Among them, oxidative stress, one of the important mechanisms, occurs at the beginning and accompanies the whole process of TBI. Most importantly, excessive oxidative stress causes BBB disruption and brings injury to lipids, proteins, and DNA, leading to the generation of lipid peroxidation, damage of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, neuronal apoptosis, and neuroinflammatory response. Transcription factor NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), a basic leucine zipper protein, plays an important role in the regulation of antioxidant proteins, such as oxygenase-1(HO-1), NAD(P)H Quinone Dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), to protect against oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal apoptosis. Recently, emerging evidence indicated the knockout (KO) of Nrf2 aggravates the pathology of TBI, while the treatment of Nrf2 activators inhibits neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammatory responses via reducing oxidative damage. Phytochemicals from fruits, vegetables, grains, and other medical herbs have been demonstrated to activate the Nrf2 signaling pathway and exert neuroprotective effects in TBI. In this review, we emphasized the contributive role of oxidative stress in the pathology of TBI and the protective mechanism of the Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response for the treatment of TBI. In addition, we summarized the research advances of phytochemicals, including polyphenols, terpenoids, natural pigments, and otherwise, in the activation of Nrf2 signaling and their potential therapies for TBI. Although there is still limited clinical application evidence for these natural Nrf2 activators, we believe that the combinational use of phytochemicals such as Nrf2 activators with gene and stem cell therapy will be a promising therapeutic strategy for TBI in the future.
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Development of a New Formulation Based on In Situ Photopolymerized Polymer for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244274. [PMID: 34960825 PMCID: PMC8705720 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) promotes a cascade of inflammatory events that are responsible for neuronal death and glial scar formation at the site of the injury, hindering tissue neuroregeneration. Among the main approaches for the treatment of SCI, the use of biomaterials, especially gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), has been proposed because it is biocompatible, has excellent mechanical properties, favoring cell adhesion and proliferation. In addition, it can act as a carrier of anti-inflammatory drugs, preventing the formation of glial scars. The present work presents the development and in situ application of a light-curing formulation based on GelMA containing a natural extract rich in anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective substances (hydroalcoholic extract of red propolis—HERP) in an experimental model of SCI in rats. The formulations were prepared and characterized by time of UV exposition, FTIR, swelling and degradation. The hydrogels containing 1 mg/mL of HERP were obtained by the exposure to UV radiation of 2 μL of the formulation for 60 s. The locomotor evaluation of the animals was performed by the scale (BBB) and demonstrated that after 3 and 7 days of the injury, the GelMA-HERP group (BBB = 5 and 7) presented greater recovery compared to the GelMA group (BBB = 4 and 5). Regarding the inflammatory process, using histomorphological techniques, there was an inflammation reduction in the groups treated with GelMA and GelMA-HERP, with decreases of cavitation in the injury site. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the use of GelMA and GelMA-HERP hydrogel formulations is a promising strategy for the treatment of SCI when applied in situ, as soon as possible after the injury, improving the clinical and inflammatory conditions of the treated animals.
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