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Robert C, Weiblen R, Wagner-Altendorf TA, Paulus T, Müller-Vahl K, Münchau A, Krämer UM, Heldmann M, Roessner V, Münte TF. Slips of the tongue in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Neurol Res Pract 2024; 6:25. [PMID: 38693574 PMCID: PMC11064284 DOI: 10.1186/s42466-024-00324-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor and vocal tics are the main symptom of Gilles de la Tourette-syndrome (GTS). A particular complex vocal tic comprises the utterance of swear words, termed coprolalia. Since taboo words are socially inappropriate, they are normally suppressed by people, which implies cognitive control processes. METHOD To investigate the control of the unintentional pronunciation of taboo words and the associated processes of conflict monitoring, we used the "Spoonerisms of Laboratory Induced Predisposition" (SLIP) paradigm. Participants read multiple inductor word pairs with the same phonemes, followed by pronouncing a target pair with inverse phonemes. This led to a conflict between two competing speech plans: the correct word pair and the word pair with inverted phonemes. Latter speech error, a spoonerism, could result in a neutral or taboo word. We investigated 19 patients with GTS and 23 typically developed controls (TDC) and measured participants' electroencephalography (EEG) during the SLIP task. RESULTS At the behavioral level less taboo than neutral word spoonerisms occurred in both groups without significant differences. Event-related brain potentials (ERP) revealed a difference between taboo and neutral word conditions in the GTS group at the midline electrodes in a time range of 250-400 ms after the speech prompt, which was not found in the TDC group. The extent of this effect depended on the number of inductor word pairs, suggesting an increasing level of cognitive control in the GTS group. CONCLUSION The differences between taboo and neutral word conditions in patients with GTS compared to TDC suggest an altered recruitment of cognitive control processes in GTS, likely enlisted to suppress taboo words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Robert
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Marie-Curie-Straße, Building 66, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ronja Weiblen
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Marie-Curie-Straße, Building 66, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Theresa Paulus
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Marie-Curie-Straße, Building 66, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Systems Motor Science, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kirsten Müller-Vahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Münchau
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Marie-Curie-Straße, Building 66, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Systems Motor Science, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ulrike M Krämer
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Marie-Curie-Straße, Building 66, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Medical Psychology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marcus Heldmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Marie-Curie-Straße, Building 66, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Veit Roessner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas F Münte
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Marie-Curie-Straße, Building 66, 23562, Lübeck, Germany.
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Sokmen O, Tezer FI, Oguz KK, Volkan-Salanci B, Ergün EL, Saygi S. Ictal Coprolalia: Three Cases with Nondominat Frontal Lobe Involvement and Review of the Literature. Clin EEG Neurosci 2024:15500594241247108. [PMID: 38656238 DOI: 10.1177/15500594241247108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Objective: Coprolalia is defined as the involuntary use of obscene, socially unacceptable, and derogatory words. Ictal coprolalia is a rare presentation of epilepsy. This study aimed to determine the localizing and lateralizing value and frequency of ictal coprolalia in epilepsy patients. Methods: Medical files, discharge summaries, and electroencephalography (EEG) reports of 2238 patients were reviewed retrospectively. We identified patients who suffered from ictal coprolalia. Electroencephalography reports, neuroimaging [brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT)] records, F-18 FDG fused on MRI images, and ictal SPECT fused on MRI images were evaluated. Also, original and review articles were identified through a systematic search of Pubmed, Scopus, and Clarivate Analytics. Results: Ictal coprolalia was detected in 3 male (0.15%) patients. In all patients, ictal semiology was extratemporal-frontal type, and potential/proven epileptic focus was non-dominant hemisphere frontal lobe. Topectomy was done in one of the patients, including the suspected dysplastic area plus the area where the electroencephalographic ictal and interictal changes occur, on the left frontal lobe, and the patient had an Engel's classification class IIA. The data depending on the published cases showed that ictal coprolalia was dominant in the male gender and the responsible epileptic area tended to be located in the non-dominant hemisphere frontotemporal region. Conclusion: The rate of ictal coprolalia in the Turkish population is lower compared to other series. Our results are consistent with previous studies in which reported that male preponderance for ictal coprolalia and involvement of non-dominant frontal lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okan Sokmen
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - F Irsel Tezer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kader Karli Oguz
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bilge Volkan-Salanci
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Eser Lay Ergün
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serap Saygi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Sulpizio S, Günther F, Badan L, Basclain B, Brysbaert M, Chan YL, Ciaccio LA, Dudschig C, Duñabeitia JA, Fasoli F, Ferrand L, Filipović Đurđević D, Guerra E, Hollis G, Job R, Jornkokgoud K, Kahraman H, Kgolo-Lotshwao N, Kinoshita S, Kos J, Lee L, Lee NH, Mackenzie IG, Manojlović M, Manouilidou C, Martinic M, Del Carmen Méndez M, Mišić K, Chiangmai NN, Nikolaev A, Oganyan M, Rusconi P, Samo G, Tse CS, Westbury C, Wongupparaj P, Yap MJ, Marelli M. Taboo language across the globe: A multi-lab study. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:3794-3813. [PMID: 38724878 PMCID: PMC11133054 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-024-02376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The use of taboo words represents one of the most common and arguably universal linguistic behaviors, fulfilling a wide range of psychological and social functions. However, in the scientific literature, taboo language is poorly characterized, and how it is realized in different languages and populations remains largely unexplored. Here we provide a database of taboo words, collected from different linguistic communities (Study 1, N = 1046), along with their speaker-centered semantic characterization (Study 2, N = 455 for each of six rating dimensions), covering 13 languages and 17 countries from all five permanently inhabited continents. Our results show that, in all languages, taboo words are mainly characterized by extremely low valence and high arousal, and very low written frequency. However, a significant amount of cross-country variability in words' tabooness and offensiveness proves the importance of community-specific sociocultural knowledge in the study of taboo language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Sulpizio
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126, Milan, Italy.
- Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
| | - Fritz Günther
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Linda Badan
- Department of Humanities, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Benjamin Basclain
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marc Brysbaert
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yuen Lai Chan
- Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Laura Anna Ciaccio
- Brain Language Laboratory, Department of Philosophy and Humanities, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Dudschig
- Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jon Andoni Duñabeitia
- Centro de Investigación Nebrija en Cognición (CINC), Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabio Fasoli
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ludovic Ferrand
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Ernesto Guerra
- Center for Advanced Research in Education, Institute of Education, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Geoff Hollis
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Remo Job
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Khanitin Jornkokgoud
- Cognitive Science and Innovation Research Unit (CSIRU), College of Research Methodology and Cognitive Science, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Hasibe Kahraman
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Sachiko Kinoshita
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Julija Kos
- Department of Comparative and General Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Leslie Lee
- Department of English, Linguistics, & Theatre Studies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nala H Lee
- Department of English, Linguistics, & Theatre Studies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Christina Manouilidou
- Department of Comparative and General Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mirko Martinic
- Center for Advanced Research in Education, Institute of Education, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Ksenija Mišić
- Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natinee Na Chiangmai
- Cognitive Science and Innovation Research Unit (CSIRU), College of Research Methodology and Cognitive Science, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Alexandre Nikolaev
- School of Humanities, Foreign Languages and Translation Studies, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Marina Oganyan
- Department of Linguistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Patrice Rusconi
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Psychology, Education and Cultural Studies, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Samo
- Department of Linguistics, Beijing Language and Culture University, Beijing, China
| | - Chi-Shing Tse
- Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chris Westbury
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Peera Wongupparaj
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Melvin J Yap
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marco Marelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126, Milan, Italy.
- Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
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Bervoets J, Beljaars D, De Jaegher H. Letting Tourette's be: The importance of understanding lived experience in research and the clinic. Dev Med Child Neurol 2023; 65:1422-1428. [PMID: 36811148 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The most common clinical research question regarding Tourette syndrome focuses on tic reduction, which follows from classical 'lack of inhibition' models. Rooted in views about brain deficits, this model suggests that with higher severity and frequency, tics are necessarily disruptive and should therefore be inhibited. However, emerging calls from people with lived experience of Tourette syndrome suggest that this is too narrow a definition. This narrative literature review analyses issues with brain deficit views and qualitative research on tic context and feelings of compulsion. The results suggest the need for a more positive and encompassing theoretical and ethical position on Tourette's. The article puts forward an enactive analytical approach of 'letting be', that is, approaching a phenomenon without forcing preconceived reference structures onto it. We suggest using the identity-first term 'Tourettic'. Prioritizing the perspective of the 'Tourettic patient', it urges attentiveness to the everyday issues diagnosed people encounter and how these are embedded in further life. This approach highlights the strong relationship between the Tourettic persons' felt impairment, their adoption of an outsider's perspective, and feeling under constant scrutiny. It suggests that this felt impairment of tics can be reduced by creating a physical and social environment in which the person is 'let be' but not 'let go of'. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Its theoretical position allows a more holistic view of Tourette's, integrating tics with oft-overlooked complex compulsions. The 'letting be' position also allows us to view why the presentation of Tourette's is likely to vary with gender and age of onset. 'Letting be' is a promising approach to improve a clinical understanding of Tourettic well-being over and above tic severity and frequency. It integrates quantitative research on Tourette syndrome in the neurosciences with qualitative neurodiversity literature in the medical humanities. It integrates ethical frameworks as developed in enactive philosophy with the conceptualization and treatment of tics and compulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Bervoets
- Department of Philosophy, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Hanne De Jaegher
- IAS-Research Centre for Life, Mind, and Society, Department of Philosophy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
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Vicario CM, Maugeri N, Lucifora C, Prato A, Mucciardi M, Martino D, Rizzo R. Evidence for a dissociation between moral reasoning and moral decision-making in Tourette syndrome. J Neuropsychol 2023. [PMID: 37789746 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the growing interest on how Tourette syndrome (TS) affects social cognition skills, this field remains to date relatively under-explored. Here, we aim to advance knowledge on the topic by studying moral decision-making and moral reasoning in a group of adolescents with TS and a group of healthy controls. Overall, we found higher endorsement (i.e. a greater 'yes' response rate) for utilitarian solutions of incidental and instrumental moral dilemmas in TS compared to controls. By contrast, we reported an overall higher tendency of TS individuals to apply principles described in the moral foundation questionnaire to establish whether something is morally right or wrong. Our results document intact moral reasoning in TS and suggest that a deficit in suppressing inappropriate behaviours and/or altered sense of agency might be responsible for their higher utilitarian moral decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Mario Vicario
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Psychology, Education and Cultural Studies, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Maugeri
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Adriana Prato
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Psychology, Education and Cultural Studies, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Mucciardi
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Psychology, Education and Cultural Studies, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Davide Martino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Renata Rizzo
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders-version 2.0. Part I: assessment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:383-402. [PMID: 34661764 PMCID: PMC8521086 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01842-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In 2011 a working group of the European Society for the Study of Tourette Syndrome (ESSTS) has developed the first European assessment guidelines for Tourette syndrome (TS). Now, we present an updated version 2.0 of these European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders, part I: assessment. Therefore, the available literature has been thoroughly screened, supplemented with national guidelines across countries and discussions among ESSTS experts. Diagnostic changes between DSM-IV and DSM-5 classifications were taken into account and new information has been added regarding differential diagnoses, with an emphasis on functional movement disorders in both children and adults. Further, recommendations regarding rating scales to evaluate tics, comorbidities, and neuropsychological status are provided. Finally, results from a recently performed survey among ESSTS members on assessment in TS are described. We acknowledge that the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) is still the gold standard for assessing tics. Recommendations are provided for scales for the assessment of tics and psychiatric comorbidities in patients with TS not only in routine clinical practice, but also in the context of clinical research. Furthermore, assessments supporting the differential diagnosis process are given as well as tests to analyse cognitive abilities, emotional functions and motor skills.
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Paulus T, Bäumer T, Verrel J, Weissbach A, Roessner V, Beste C, Münchau A. Pandemic Tic-like Behaviors Following Social Media Consumption. Mov Disord 2021; 36:2932-2935. [PMID: 34558735 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there is a marked increase of young people with sudden onset of tic-like behaviors (TLBs) resembling movements and vocalizations presented on social media videos as "Tourette's syndrome." OBJECTIVE To delineate clinical phenomenology of TLBs after social media exposure in comparison with clinical features of Tourette's syndrome. METHODS We compared demographic and clinical variables between 13 patients with TLBs and 13 age- and sex-related patients with Tourette's syndrome. RESULTS Patients with TLBs had several characteristics allowing to distinguish them from patients with Tourette's syndrome, some of which discriminated perfectly (ie, abrupt symptom onset, lack of spontaneous symptom fluctuations, symptom deterioration in the presence of others) and some nearly perfectly (ie, predominantly complex movements involving trunk/extremities). Also, symptom onset was significantly later. CONCLUSIONS TLBs after social media consumption differ from tics in Tourette's syndrome, strongly suggesting that these phenomena are categorically different conditions. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Paulus
- Institute of Systems Motor Science, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tobias Bäumer
- Institute of Systems Motor Science, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Julius Verrel
- Institute of Systems Motor Science, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anne Weissbach
- Institute of Systems Motor Science, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Veit Roessner
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,TU Dresden, University Neuropsychology Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden, Germany.,Cognitive Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Alexander Münchau
- Institute of Systems Motor Science, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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