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Tanaka M, Vécsei L. A Decade of Dedication: Pioneering Perspectives on Neurological Diseases and Mental Illnesses. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1083. [PMID: 38791045 PMCID: PMC11117868 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Welcome to Biomedicines' 10th Anniversary Special Issue, a journey through the human mind's labyrinth and complex neurological pathways [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Tanaka
- HUN-REN-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, University of Szeged, Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - László Vécsei
- HUN-REN-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, University of Szeged, Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
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Holmgaard S, Kiilerich P, Borbye-Lorenzen N, Skogstrand K. Maternal pre-pregnancy and prenatal penicillin, neonatal inflammation and growth factors are associated to ADHD in the offspring. Brain Behav Immun Health 2024; 36:100739. [PMID: 38425710 PMCID: PMC10901857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is generally unknown, but both genetics, biology and environment have been shown to increase the risk. The purpose of this study was to explore the prenatal risk factors, especially maternal antibiotics consumed before and during pregnancy, for the offspring for later being diagnosed with ADHD, and to find associations with neonatal biomarkers. Methods We included new-borns from the CODIBINE study, 465 children were ADHD cases and 10 954 children were controls. Ten biomarkers reflecting inflammation, neonatal stress, and/or neurologic development or damage were measured in dried blood spot samples drawn 2-3 days after birth. Maternal and child prescriptions of medication, birth data, and disorder codes were included in the statistical analyses. Results We found that maternal penicillin prescriptions until 2 years before birth increased the risk for offspring ADHD. The risk was higher with multiple prescriptions, both before and during pregnancy. Cases with maternal penicillin prescriptions had lower neonatal levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor I (sTNF RI). Maternal prescriptions for psychotropic medication have, as expected, the highest correlation to offspring ADHD, but we found no differences in biomarkers in this group. Conclusion The fact that the offspring risk for ADHD was increased also with pre-pregnancy prescriptions of penicillin, indicates that it is not the penicillin that is the direct cause of the adverse effects. The significant differences in biomarkers strengthens the findings, as these could not be associated to other factors than maternal penicillin and offspring ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Holmgaard
- Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pia Kiilerich
- Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nis Borbye-Lorenzen
- Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristin Skogstrand
- Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wernberg CW, Kjer MF, Grønkjaer LL, Jacobsen BG, Lauridsen MM. Steatotic liver disease is the most important somatic determinant of quality of life in patients with obesity: A cross-sectional study. Liver Int 2024; 44:191-201. [PMID: 37904634 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) are often comorbid and stigmatized. This can negatively affect quality of life (QOL). Other studies have primarily used the Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire (CLDQ), which focuses on liver-related symptoms, to characterize QOL, but most MASLD patients have only mild liver disease, and CLDQ might overlook QOL issues pertaining to them. We aimed to determine the impact of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) on QOL in obese patients using a 136-item generic QOL questionnaire. METHODS We included participants with BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 who all fully answered the sickness impact profile (SIP, range 0-100, normal = 3.4, 100 = worst) and had a liver biopsy to diagnose MASLD. Sociodemographics, comorbidity and biometric data were obtained from all participants. RESULTS Of 176 (mean age 45.9 years, 70% female, 12.6 years of education), 132 had no-MASH and 44 MASH. On stepwise multivariable regression analysis, divorce (p = .011), unemployment (p < .003) and hepatic steatosis (p = .01) were associated with poor overall QOL. No other somatic comorbidity was associated. MASH patients more frequently than no-MASH reported physical discomfort (48% vs. 30%, p = .04), inability to do daily activities (29% vs. 54%, p = .006) and attention problems (32% vs. 57%, p = .003). CONCLUSION MASLD severity was the only somatic determinant of QOL in patients with obesity in this cohort, and a large fraction reported debilitating symptoms. Patients and caregivers should consider the limitations this poses when planning interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Wilhelmina Wernberg
- Liver Research Group, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of South Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
- ATLAS Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mads Fallesen Kjer
- Liver Research Group, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of South Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
- OPEN Open Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lea Ladegaard Grønkjaer
- Liver Research Group, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of South Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
- OPEN Open Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Gade Jacobsen
- Liver Research Group, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of South Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
- OPEN Open Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mette Munk Lauridsen
- Liver Research Group, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of South Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
- ATLAS Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Thanos PK, Hanna C, Mihalkovic A, Hoffman A, Posner A, Butsch J, Blum K, Georger L, Mastrandrea LD, Quattrin T. Genetic Correlates as a Predictor of Bariatric Surgery Outcomes after 1 Year. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2644. [PMID: 37893019 PMCID: PMC10603884 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed genetic risk assessments in patients undergoing bariatric surgery to serve as a predictive factor for weight loss parameters 1 year after the operation. Thirty (30) patients were assessed for Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS), which analyzes neurogenetic polymorphisms involved in addiction and reward deficiency. Genetic and psychosocial data collected before the operation were correlated with weight loss data, including changes in weight, body mass index (BMI), and percent of expected weight loss (%EWL). Results examined correlations between individual gene risk alleles, 1-year body weight data, and psychosocial trait scores. Spearman's correlations revealed that the OPRM1 (rs1799971) gene polymorphism had significant negative correlation with 1-year weight (rs = -0.4477, p < 0.01) and BMI (rs = -0.4477, p < 0.05). In addition, the DRD2 risk allele (rs1800497) was correlated negatively with BMI at 1 year (rs = -0.4927, p < 0.05), indicating that one risk allele copy was associated with lower BMI. However, this allele was positively correlated with both ∆Weight (rs = 0.4077, p < 0.05) and %EWL (rs = 0.5521, p < 0.05) at 1 year post-surgery. Moreover, the overall GARS score was correlated with %EWL (rs = 0.4236, p < 0.05), ∆Weight (rs = 0.3971, p < 0.05) and ∆BMI (rs = 0.3778, p < 0.05). Lastly, Food Cravings Questionnaire (FCQ) scores were negatively correlated with %EWL (rs = -0.4320, p < 0.05) and ∆Weight at 1 year post-surgery (rs = -0.4294, p < 0.05). This suggests that individuals with a higher genetic addiction risk are more responsive to weight loss treatment, especially in the case of the DRD2 polymorphism. These results should translate clinically to improve positivity and attitude related to weight management by those individuals born with the risk alleles (rs1800497; rs1799971).
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (C.H.)
| | - Colin Hanna
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (C.H.)
| | - Abrianna Mihalkovic
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (C.H.)
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Aaron Hoffman
- Department of Surgery, Methodist Hospital Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75208, USA
| | - Alan Posner
- Department of Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - John Butsch
- Department of Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Division of Nutrigenomics, SpliceGen, Therapeutics, Inc., Austin, TX 78701, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine and Dayton VA Medical Center, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Exercise Sports & Global Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX 78701, USA
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur 721172, West Bengal, India
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Lesley Georger
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, D’Youville University, Buffalo, NY 14201, USA;
| | - Lucy D. Mastrandrea
- UBMD Pediatrics, JR Oishei Children’s Hospital, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA (T.Q.)
| | - Teresa Quattrin
- UBMD Pediatrics, JR Oishei Children’s Hospital, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA (T.Q.)
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Handley ED, Russotti J, Ross AJ, Toth SL, Cicchetti D. A person-centered data analytic approach to dopaminergic polygenic moderation of child maltreatment exposure. Dev Psychobiol 2023; 65:e22403. [PMID: 37338249 PMCID: PMC10287038 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The present study illustrates the utility of latent class analysis, a person-centered data analytic approach, as an innovative method for identifying naturally occurring patterns of polygenic risk, specifically within the dopaminergic system. Moreover, this study tests whether latent classes of polygenic variation moderate the effect of child maltreatment exposure on internalizing symptoms among African ancestry youth. African ancestry youth were selected for this study because youth of color are overrepresented in the child welfare system and because African ancestry individuals are significantly underrepresented in genomics research. Results identified three latent classes of dopaminergic gene variation. Class 1 was marked predominately by homozygous minor alleles, Class 2 was characterized by homozygous major and heterozygous presentations, and Class 3 was marked by heterozygous alleles on the DAT-1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a combination of homozygous major and minor alleles on the other SNPs. Results indicated that a greater number of maltreatment subtypes experienced were associated with higher internalizing symptoms only for children with the latent polygenic Class 2 pattern. This latent class was distinctly characterized by more homozygous major or heterozygous allelic presentations along all three DAT-1 SNPs. This significant latent polygenic class by environment interaction was replicated in an independent replication sample. Together, findings suggest that African ancestry children with a pattern of dopaminergic variation characterized by this specific combination of polygenic variation are more vulnerable to developing internalizing symptoms following maltreatment exposure, relative to their peers with other dopamine-related polygenic patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dante Cicchetti
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester
- University of Minnesota
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Pruccoli J, Guardi G, La Tempa A, Valeriani B, Chiavarino F, Parmeggiani A. Food and Development: Children and Adolescents with Neurodevelopmental and Comorbid Eating Disorders-A Case Series. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:499. [PMID: 37366751 DOI: 10.3390/bs13060499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of psychiatric comorbidities in the diagnosis and treatment of feeding and eating disorders (FEDs) represents an emerging research topic. The current literature, nonetheless, lacks studies investigating the developmental paths of individuals with FEDs and comorbid neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Here, we report 11 cases of children and adolescents with comorbid FEDs and NDDs, as assessed along the neuropsychological, psychopathological, and nutritional developmental pathways. The onset of FED-related psychopathology was preceded, sometimes undiagnosed, by altered neurodevelopmental features leading to specific NDD diagnoses (autism spectrum disorder-ASD; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-ADHD; specific learning disorder-SLD). NDDs appeared to influence the diagnoses and treatments of FEDs, frequently with an impact on socio-relational and emotional premorbid features, and on the possibility to receive and attend FED-targeted treatments. Further studies should longitudinally contribute to assessing the experiences of care and neurodevelopmental pathways of children with FEDs and specific NDD comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Pruccoli
- Centro Regionale per i Disturbi della Nutrizione e dell'Alimentazione in età Evolutiva, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, U.O. Neuropsichiatria dell'età Pediatrica, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Guardi
- Centro Regionale per i Disturbi della Nutrizione e dell'Alimentazione in età Evolutiva, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, U.O. Neuropsichiatria dell'età Pediatrica, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela La Tempa
- Centro Regionale per i Disturbi della Nutrizione e dell'Alimentazione in età Evolutiva, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, U.O. Neuropsichiatria dell'età Pediatrica, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Valeriani
- Centre for Chronic Intestinal Failure-Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Unit, Universitaria di Bologna, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Chiavarino
- Centro Regionale per i Disturbi della Nutrizione e dell'Alimentazione in età Evolutiva, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, U.O. Neuropsichiatria dell'età Pediatrica, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonia Parmeggiani
- Centro Regionale per i Disturbi della Nutrizione e dell'Alimentazione in età Evolutiva, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, U.O. Neuropsichiatria dell'età Pediatrica, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Mooney MA, Ryabinin P, Morton H, Selah K, Gonoud R, Kozlowski M, Nousen E, Tipsord J, Antovich D, Schwartz J, Herting MM, Faraone SV, Nigg JT. Joint polygenic and environmental risks for childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and ADHD symptom dimensions. JCPP ADVANCES 2023; 3:e12152. [PMID: 37753156 PMCID: PMC10519744 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with both polygenic liability and environmental exposures, both intrinsic to the family, such as family conflict, and extrinsic, such as air pollution. However, much less is known about the interplay between environmental and genetic risks relevant to ADHD-a better understanding of which could inform both mechanistic models and clinical prediction algorithms. Methods Two independent data sets, the population-based Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) (N = 11,876) and the case-control Oregon-ADHD-1000 (N = 1449), were used to examine additive (G + E) and interactive (GxE) effects of selected polygenic risk scores (PRS) and environmental factors in a cross-sectional design. Genetic risk was measured using PRS for nine mental health disorders/traits. Exposures included family income, family conflict/negative sentiment, and geocoded measures of area deprivation, lead exposure risk, and air pollution exposure (nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter). Results ADHD PRS and family conflict jointly predicted concurrent ADHD symptoms in both cohorts. Additive-effects models, including both genetic and environmental factors, explained significantly more variation in symptoms than any individual factor alone (joint R 2 = .091 for total symptoms in ABCD; joint R 2 = .173 in Oregon-ADHD-1000; all delta-R 2 p-values <2e-7). Significant effect size heterogeneity across ancestry groups was observed for genetic and environmental factors (e.g., Q = 9.01, p = .011 for major depressive disorder PRS; Q = 13.34, p = .001 for area deprivation). GxE interactions observed in the full ABCD cohort suggested stronger environmental effects when genetic risk is low, though they did not replicate. Conclusions Reproducible additive effects of PRS and family environment on ADHD symptoms were found, but GxE interaction effects were not replicated and appeared confounded by ancestry. Results highlight the potential value of combining exposures and PRS in clinical prediction algorithms. The observed differences in risks across ancestry groups warrant further study to avoid health care disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Mooney
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational BiologyDepartment of Medical Informatics and Clinical EpidemiologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
- Knight Cancer InstituteOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Peter Ryabinin
- Knight Cancer InstituteOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Hannah Morton
- Department of PsychiatryCenter for ADHD ResearchOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Katharine Selah
- Department of PsychiatryCenter for ADHD ResearchOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Rose Gonoud
- Department of PsychiatryCenter for ADHD ResearchOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Michael Kozlowski
- Department of PsychiatryCenter for ADHD ResearchOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Elizabeth Nousen
- Department of PsychiatryCenter for ADHD ResearchOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Jessica Tipsord
- Department of PsychiatryCenter for ADHD ResearchOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Dylan Antovich
- Department of PsychiatryCenter for ADHD ResearchOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental HealthHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Megan M. Herting
- Department of Population and Public Health SciencesKeck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PediatricsChildren's Hospital Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Department of PsychiatrySUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | - Joel T. Nigg
- Department of PsychiatryCenter for ADHD ResearchOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
- Department of Behavioral NeuroscienceOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
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Kranz TM, Grimm O. Update on genetics of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: current status 2023. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2023; 36:257-262. [PMID: 36728054 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) shows consistently high heritability in genetic research. In this review article, we give an overview of the analysis of common and rare variants and some insight into current genetic methodology and their link to clinical practice. RECENT FINDINGS The heritability of about 80% is also high in comparison to other psychiatric diseases. However, recent studies estimate the proportion of heritability based on single nucleotide variants at 22%. The hidden heritability is an ongoing question in ADHD genetics. Common variants derived from mega genome-wide association analyses (GWAS) and subsequent meta-analyses usually display small effect sizes and explain only a small fraction of phenotypic variance. Rare variants, on the contrary, not only display large effect sizes but also rather explain, due to their rareness, a small fraction on phenotypic variance. Applying polygenic risk score (PRS) analysis is an improved approach of combining effect sizes of many common variants with clinically relevant measures in ADHD. SUMMARY We provide a concise overview on how genetic analysis, with a focus on GWAS and PRS, can help explain different behavioural phenotypes in ADHD and how they can be used for diagnosis and therapy prediction. Increased sample sizes of GWAS, meta-analyses and use of PRS is increasingly informative and sets the course for a new era in genetics of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten M Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Lawn T, Martins D, O'Daly O, Williams S, Howard M, Dipasquale O. The effects of propofol anaesthesia on molecular-enriched networks during resting-state and naturalistic listening. Neuroimage 2023; 271:120018. [PMID: 36935083 PMCID: PMC10410200 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Placing a patient in a state of anaesthesia is crucial for modern surgical practice. However, the mechanisms by which anaesthetic drugs, such as propofol, impart their effects on consciousness remain poorly understood. Propofol potentiates GABAergic transmission, which purportedly has direct actions on cortex as well as indirect actions via ascending neuromodulatory systems. Functional imaging studies to date have been limited in their ability to unravel how these effects on neurotransmission impact the system-level dynamics of the brain. Here, we leveraged advances in multi-modal imaging, Receptor-Enriched Analysis of functional Connectivity by Targets (REACT), to investigate how different levels of propofol-induced sedation alter neurotransmission-related functional connectivity (FC), both at rest and when individuals are exposed to naturalistic auditory stimulation. Propofol increased GABA-A- and noradrenaline transporter-enriched FC within occipital and somatosensory regions respectively. Additionally, during auditory stimulation, the network related to the dopamine transporter showed reduced FC within bilateral regions of temporal and mid/posterior cingulate cortices, with the right temporal cluster showing an interaction between auditory stimulation and level of consciousness. In bringing together these micro- and macro-scale systems, we provide support for both direct GABAergic and indirect noradrenergic and dopaminergic-related network changes under propofol sedation. Further, we delineate a cognition-related reconfiguration of the dopaminergic network, highlighting the utility of REACT to explore the molecular substrates of consciousness and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Lawn
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's college London, London, UK.
| | - Daniel Martins
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's college London, London, UK
| | - Owen O'Daly
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's college London, London, UK
| | - Steve Williams
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's college London, London, UK
| | - Matthew Howard
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's college London, London, UK
| | - Ottavia Dipasquale
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's college London, London, UK
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