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Kanwal H, Sangineto M, Ciarnelli M, Castaldo P, Villani R, Romano AD, Serviddio G, Cassano T. Potential Therapeutic Targets to Modulate the Endocannabinoid System in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4050. [PMID: 38612861 PMCID: PMC11012768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disease (NDD), is characterized by chronic neuronal cell death through progressive loss of cognitive function. Amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins are considered the hallmarks of AD pathology. Different therapeutic approaches approved by the Food and Drug Administration can only target a single altered pathway instead of various mechanisms that are involved in AD pathology, resulting in limited symptomatic relief and almost no effect in slowing down the disease progression. Growing evidence on modulating the components of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) proclaimed their neuroprotective effects by reducing neurochemical alterations and preventing cellular dysfunction. Recent studies on AD mouse models have reported that the inhibitors of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol (MAGL), hydrolytic enzymes for N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), respectively, might be promising candidates as therapeutical intervention. The FAAH and MAGL inhibitors alone or in combination seem to produce neuroprotection by reversing cognitive deficits along with Aβ-induced neuroinflammation, oxidative responses, and neuronal death, delaying AD progression. Their exact signaling mechanisms need to be elucidated for understanding the brain intrinsic repair mechanism. The aim of this review was to shed light on physiology and pathophysiology of AD and to summarize the experimental data on neuroprotective roles of FAAH and MAGL inhibitors. In this review, we have also included CB1R and CB2R modulators with their diverse roles to modulate ECS mediated responses such as anti-nociceptive, anxiolytic, and anti-inflammatory actions in AD. Future research would provide the directions in understanding the molecular mechanisms and development of new therapeutic interventions for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Kanwal
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.S.); (M.C.); (R.V.); (A.D.R.); (G.S.); (T.C.)
| | - Moris Sangineto
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.S.); (M.C.); (R.V.); (A.D.R.); (G.S.); (T.C.)
| | - Martina Ciarnelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.S.); (M.C.); (R.V.); (A.D.R.); (G.S.); (T.C.)
| | - Pasqualina Castaldo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University “Politecnica delle Marche”, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Rosanna Villani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.S.); (M.C.); (R.V.); (A.D.R.); (G.S.); (T.C.)
| | - Antonino Davide Romano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.S.); (M.C.); (R.V.); (A.D.R.); (G.S.); (T.C.)
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.S.); (M.C.); (R.V.); (A.D.R.); (G.S.); (T.C.)
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.S.); (M.C.); (R.V.); (A.D.R.); (G.S.); (T.C.)
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He Y, Delparente A, Jie CVML, Keller C, Humm R, Heer D, Collin L, Schibli R, Gobbi L, Grether U, Mu L. Preclinical Evaluation of the Reversible Monoacylglycerol Lipase PET Tracer (R)-[ 11C]YH132: Application in Drug Development and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300819. [PMID: 38441502 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) plays a crucial role in the degradation of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), one of the major endocannabinoids in the brain. Inhibiting MAGL could lead to increased levels of 2-AG, which showed beneficial effects on pain management, anxiety, inflammation, and neuroprotection. In the current study, we report the characterization of an enantiomerically pure (R)-[11C]YH132 as a novel MAGL PET tracer. It demonstrates an improved pharmacokinetic profile compared to its racemate. High in vitro MAGL specificity of (R)-[11C]YH132 was confirmed by autoradiography studies using mouse and rat brain sections. In vivo, (R)-[11C]YH132 displayed a high brain penetration, and high specificity and selectivity toward MAGL by dynamic PET imaging using MAGL knockout and wild-type mice. Pretreatment with a MAGL drug candidate revealed a dose-dependent reduction of (R)-[11C]YH132 accumulation in WT mouse brains. This result validates its utility as a PET probe to assist drug development. Moreover, its potential application in neurodegenerative diseases was explored by in vitro autoradiography using brain sections from animal models of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfang He
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Present address: Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Xietu Road 2094, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Aro Delparente
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caitlin V M L Jie
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Keller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland Humm
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Heer
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Collin
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schibli
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Gobbi
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Grether
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Linjing Mu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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Butini S, Grether U, Jung KM, Ligresti A, Allarà M, Postmus AGJ, Maramai S, Brogi S, Papa A, Carullo G, Sykes D, Veprintsev D, Federico S, Grillo A, Di Guglielmo B, Ramunno A, Stevens AF, Heer D, Lamponi S, Gemma S, Benz J, Di Marzo V, van der Stelt M, Piomelli D, Campiani G. Development of Potent and Selective Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibitors. SARs, Structural Analysis, and Biological Characterization. J Med Chem 2024; 67:1758-1782. [PMID: 38241614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
New potent, selective monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitors based on the azetidin-2-one scaffold ((±)-5a-v, (±)-6a-j, and (±)-7a-d) were developed as irreversible ligands, as demonstrated by enzymatic and crystallographic studies for (±)-5d, (±)-5l, and (±)-5r. X-ray analyses combined with extensive computational studies allowed us to clarify the binding mode of the compounds. 5v was identified as selective for MAGL when compared with other serine hydrolases. Solubility, in vitro metabolic stability, cytotoxicity, and absence of mutagenicity were determined for selected analogues. The most promising compounds ((±)-5c, (±)-5d, and (±)-5v) were used for in vivo studies in mice, showing a decrease in MAGL activity and increased 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol levels in forebrain tissue. In particular, 5v is characterized by a high eudysmic ratio and (3R,4S)-5v is one of the most potent irreversible inhibitors of h/mMAGL identified thus far. These results suggest that the new MAGL inhibitors have therapeutic potential for different central and peripheral pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Uwe Grether
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kwang-Mook Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Alessia Ligresti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Marco Allarà
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Annemarieke G J Postmus
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University and Oncode Institute, 2300 CC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Samuele Maramai
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Simone Brogi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Papa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - David Sykes
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT Birmingham, Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry Veprintsev
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Federico
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Grillo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Bruno Di Guglielmo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Ramunno
- Department of Pharmacy/DIFARMA, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Salerno 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Anna Floor Stevens
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University and Oncode Institute, 2300 CC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dominik Heer
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefania Lamponi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Jörg Benz
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur La Nutrition Et Les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), École de Nutrition, Université Laval, 2440 Boulevard Hochelaga, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- Canada Excellence Research Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, PO Box 2325, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Médecine, Université Laval, PO Box 2725, Québec G1V 4G5, Canada
- Unité Mixte Internationale en Recherche Chimique et Biomoléculaire sur le Microbiome et Son Impact Sur la Santé Métabolique et la Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu), Université Laval, PO Box 2325, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University and Oncode Institute, 2300 CC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Bioinformatics Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-7346, Iran
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He Y, Krämer SD, Grether U, Wittwer MB, Collin L, Kuhn B, Topp A, Heer D, O'Hara F, Honer M, Pavlovic A, Richter H, Ritter M, Rombach D, Keller C, Gobbi L, Mu L. Identification of ( R)-[ 18F]YH134 for Monoacylglycerol Lipase Neuroimaging and Exploration of Its Use for Central Nervous System and Peripheral Drug Development. J Nucl Med 2024; 65:300-305. [PMID: 38164615 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.123.266426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate (R)-[18F]YH134 as a novel PET tracer for imaging monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). Considering the ubiquitous expression of MAGL throughout the whole body, the impact of various MAGL inhibitors on (R)-[18F]YH134 brain uptake and its application in brain-periphery crosstalk were explored. Methods: MAGL knockout and wild-type mice were used to evaluate (R)-[18F]YH134 in in vitro autoradiography and PET experiments. To explore the impact of peripheral MAGL occupancy on (R)-[18F]YH134 brain uptake, PET kinetics with an arterial input function were studied in male Wistar rats under baseline and blocking conditions. Results: In in vitro autoradiography, (R)-[18F]YH134 revealed a heterogeneous distribution pattern with high binding to MAGL-rich brain regions in wild-type mouse brain slices, whereas the radioactive signal was negligible in MAGL knockout mouse brain slices. The in vivo brain PET images of (R)-[18F]YH134 in wild-type and MAGL knockout mice demonstrated its high specificity and selectivity in mouse brain. A Logan plot with plasma input function was applied to estimate the distribution volume (V T) of (R)-[18F]YH134. V T was significantly reduced by a brain-penetrant MAGL inhibitor but was unchanged by a peripherally restricted MAGL inhibitor. The MAGL target occupancy in the periphery was estimated using (R)-[18F]YH134 PET imaging data from the brain. Conclusion: (R)-[18F]YH134 is a highly specific and selective PET tracer with favorable kinetic properties for imaging MAGL in rodent brain. Our results showed that blocking of the peripheral target influences brain uptake but not the V T of (R)-[18F]YH134. (R)-[18F]YH134 can be used for estimating the dose of MAGL inhibitor at half-maximal peripheral target occupancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfang He
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Stefanie D Krämer
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Uwe Grether
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias B Wittwer
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Collin
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Kuhn
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Topp
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Heer
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fionn O'Hara
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Honer
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anto Pavlovic
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans Richter
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Ritter
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Didier Rombach
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Keller
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Luca Gobbi
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Linjing Mu
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
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Luo B. Insights into the advances in therapeutic drugs for neuroinflammation-related diseases. Int J Neurosci 2023:1-26. [PMID: 37722706 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2023.2260088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that neurodegenerative diseases such as AD and PD are related to neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation is a common inflammatory condition that can lead to a variety of dysfunction in the body. At present, it is no medications specifically approved to prevent or cure neuroinflammation, so even though many drugs can temporarily control the neurological symptoms of neuroinflammation, but no one can reverse the progress of neuroinflammation, let al.one completely cure neuroinflammation. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new drug development for neuroinflammation treatment. In this review, we highlight the therapeutic advancement in the field of neurodegenerative disorders, by focusing on the impact of neuroinflammation treatment has on these conditions, and the effective drugs for the treatment of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases and their latest research progress are reviewed according to the related signaling pathway, as well as the prospect of their clinical application is also discussed. The purpose of this review is to enable specialists to better understand the mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation and anti-inflammatory drugs, promote the development of therapeutic drugs for neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases, and further provide therapeutic references for clinical neurologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozhi Luo
- School of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Chen C. Inhibiting degradation of 2-arachidonoylglycerol as a therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 244:108394. [PMID: 36966972 PMCID: PMC10123871 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipid signaling mediators that participate in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is the most abundant endocannabinoid and is a full agonist of G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors (CB1R and CB2R), which are targets of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the main psychoactive ingredient in cannabis. While 2-AG has been well recognized as a retrograde messenger modulating synaptic transmission and plasticity at both inhibitory GABAergic and excitatory glutamatergic synapses in the brain, growing evidence suggests that 2-AG also functions as an endogenous terminator of neuroinflammation in response to harmful insults, thus maintaining brain homeostasis. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is the key enzyme that degrades 2-AG in the brain. The immediate metabolite of 2-AG is arachidonic acid (AA), a precursor of prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes. Several lines of evidence indicate that pharmacological or genetic inactivation of MAGL, which boosts 2-AG levels and reduces its hydrolytic metabolites, resolves neuroinflammation, mitigates neuropathology, and improves synaptic and cognitive functions in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease (PD), and traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced neurodegenerative disease. Thus, it has been proposed that MAGL is a potential therapeutic target for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. As the main enzyme hydrolyzing 2-AG, several MAGL inhibitors have been identified and developed. However, our understanding of the mechanisms by which inactivation of MAGL produces neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative diseases remains limited. A recent finding that inhibition of 2-AG metabolism in astrocytes, but not in neurons, protects the brain from TBI-induced neuropathology might shed some light on this unsolved issue. This review provides an overview of MAGL as a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases and discusses possible mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of restraining degradation of 2-AG in the brain.
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Urbi B, Lee Y, Hughes I, Thorning S, Broadley SA, Sabet A, Heshmat S. Effects of cannabinoids in Parkinson's disease animal models: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 6:e100302. [PMID: 36618606 PMCID: PMC9812814 DOI: 10.1136/bmjos-2022-100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Cannabis has been proposed as a potential treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) due to its neuroprotective benefits. However, there has been no rigorous review of preclinical studies to evaluate any potential treatment effect. This systematic review was undertaken to provide evidence in support or against a treatment effect of cannabinoids in animal models of PD. Methods Databases were searched for any controlled comparative studies that assessed the effects of any cannabinoid, cannabinoid-based treatment or endocannabinoid transport blocker on behavioural symptoms in PD animal models. Results A total of 41 studies were identified to have met the criteria for this review. 14 of these studies were included in meta-analyses of rotarod, pole and open field tests. Meta-analysis of rotarod tests showed a weighted mean difference of 31.63 s for cannabinoid-treated group compared with control. Meta-analysis of pole tests also showed a positive treatment effect, evidenced by a weighted mean difference of -1.51 s for cannabinoid treat group compared with control. However, meta-analysis of open field test demonstrated a standardised mean difference of only 0.36 indicating no benefit. Conclusion This review demonstrates cannabinoid treatment effects in alleviating motor symptoms of PD animal models and supports the conduct of clinical trials of cannabis in PD population. However, there is no guarantee of successful clinical translation of this outcome because of the many variables that might have affected the results, such as the prevalent unclear and high risk of bias, the different study methods, PD animal models and cannabinoids used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berzenn Urbi
- Office for Research Governance and Development, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, Queensland, Australia,Medicine, Griffith University Faculty of Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yunjoo Lee
- Medicine, Griffith University Faculty of Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian Hughes
- Office for Research Governance and Development, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah Thorning
- Office for Research Governance and Development, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Simon A Broadley
- Medicine, Griffith University Faculty of Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia,Department of Neurology, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Arman Sabet
- Medicine, Griffith University Faculty of Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia,Department of Neurology, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Saman Heshmat
- Department of Neurology, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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Wang M, Liu H, Ma Z. Roles of the Cannabinoid System in the Basal Ganglia in Parkinson’s Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:832854. [PMID: 35264932 PMCID: PMC8900732 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.832854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease usually caused by neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and other etiologies. Recent studies have found that the cannabinoid system present in the basal ganglia has a strong influence on the progression of PD. Altering the cannabinoid receptor activation status by modulating endogenous cannabinoid (eCB) levels can exert an anti-movement disorder effect. Therefore, the development of drugs that modulate the endocannabinoid system may be a novel strategy for the treatment of PD. However, eCB regulation is complex, with diverse cannabinoid receptor functions and the presence of dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and γ-aminobutyric signals interacting with cannabinoid signaling in the basal ganglia region. Therefore, the study of eCB is challenging. Here, we have described the function of the cannabinoid system in the basal ganglia and its association with PD in three parts (eCBs, cannabinoid receptors, and factors regulating the cannabinoid metabolism) and summarized the mechanisms of action related to the cannabinoid analogs currently aimed at treating PD. The shortcomings identified from previous studies and the directions that should be explored in the future will provide insights into new approaches and ideas for the future development of cannabinoid-based drugs and the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huayuan Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zegang Ma
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Zegang Ma,
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Papa A, Pasquini S, Contri C, Gemma S, Campiani G, Butini S, Varani K, Vincenzi F. Polypharmacological Approaches for CNS Diseases: Focus on Endocannabinoid Degradation Inhibition. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030471. [PMID: 35159280 PMCID: PMC8834510 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypharmacology breaks up the classical paradigm of “one-drug, one target, one disease” electing multitarget compounds as potential therapeutic tools suitable for the treatment of complex diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, psychiatric or degenerative central nervous system (CNS) disorders, and cancer. These diseases often require a combination therapy which may result in positive but also negative synergistic effects. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is emerging as a particularly attractive therapeutic target in CNS disorders and neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Huntington’s disease (HD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), pain, and epilepsy. ECS is an organized neuromodulatory network, composed by endogenous cannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors type 1 and type 2 (CB1 and CB2), and the main catabolic enzymes involved in the endocannabinoid inactivation such as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). The multiple connections of the ECS with other signaling pathways in the CNS allows the consideration of the ECS as an optimal source of inspiration in the development of innovative polypharmacological compounds. In this review, we focused our attention on the reported polypharmacological examples in which FAAH and MAGL inhibitors are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Papa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (S.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Silvia Pasquini
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.); (F.V.)
| | - Chiara Contri
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.); (F.V.)
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (S.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (S.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (S.G.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0577-234161
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.); (F.V.)
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.); (F.V.)
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10
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Takahata K, Seki C, Kimura Y, Kubota M, Ichise M, Sano Y, Yamamoto Y, Tagai K, Shimada H, Kitamura S, Matsuoka K, Endo H, Shinotoh H, Kawamura K, Zhang MR, Takado Y, Higuchi M. First-in-human in vivo undefined imaging and quantification of monoacylglycerol lipase in the brain: a PET study with 18F-T-401. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:3150-3161. [PMID: 35022846 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05671-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) regulates cannabinoid neurotransmission and the pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid pathway by degrading endocannabinoids. MAGL inhibitors may accordingly act as cannabinoid-potentiating and anti-inflammatory agents. Although MAGL dysfunction has been implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders, it has never been visualized in vivo in human brain. The primary objective of the current study was to visualize MAGL in the human brain using the novel PET ligand 18F-T-401. METHODS Seven healthy males underwent 120-min dynamic 18F-T-401-PET scans with arterial blood sampling. Six subjects also underwent a second PET scan with 18F-T-401 within 2 weeks of the first scan. For quantification of MAGL in the human brain, kinetic analyses using one- and two-tissue compartment models (1TCM and 2TCM, respectively), along with multilinear analysis (MA1) and Logan graphical analysis, were performed. Time-stability and test-retest reproducibility of 18F-T-401-PET were also evaluated. RESULTS 18F-T-401 showed rapid uptake and gradual washout from the brain. Logan graphical analysis showed linearity in all subjects, indicating reversible radioligand kinetics. Using a metabolite-corrected arterial input function, MA1 estimated regional total distribution volume (VT) values by best identifiability. VT values were highest in the cerebral cortex, moderate in the thalamus and putamen, and lowest in white matter and the brainstem, which was in agreement with regional MAGL expression in the human brain. Time-stability analysis showed that MA1 estimated VT values with a minimal bias even using truncated 60-min scan data. Test-retest reliability was also excellent with the use of MA1. CONCLUSIONS Here, we provide the first demonstration of in vivo visualization of MAGL in the human brain. 18F-T-401 showed excellent test-retest reliability, reversible kinetics, and stable estimation of VT values consistent with known regional MAGL expressions. PET with 18F-T-401-PET is promising tool for measurement of central MAGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Takahata
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan. .,Department of Neuro-Psychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Chie Seki
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kimura
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Manabu Kubota
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masanori Ichise
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasunori Sano
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Yamamoto
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Tagai
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shimada
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.,Department of Functional Neurology & Neurosurgery, Center for Integrated Human Brain Science, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kitamura
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Matsuoka
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hironobu Endo
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shinotoh
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kawamura
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuhei Takado
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
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Shen W, Jiang L, Zhao J, Wang H, Hu M, Chen L, Chen Y. Bioactive lipids and their metabolism: new therapeutic opportunities for Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:846-872. [PMID: 34904314 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder characterized by motor dysfunction, which can also be associated with non-motor symptoms. Its pathogenesis is thought to stem from a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the formation of Lewy bodies containing aggregated α-synuclein. Recent works suggested that lipids might play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of PD. In particular, the so-called "bioactive" lipids whose changes in the concentration may lead to functional consequences and affect many pathophysiological processes, including neuroinflammation, are closely related to PD in terms of symptoms, disease progression, and incidence. This study aimed to explore the molecular metabolism and physiological functions of bioactive lipids, such as fatty acids (mainly unsaturated fatty acids), eicosanoids, endocannabinoids, oxysterols, representative sphingolipids, diacylglycerols, and lysophosphatidic acid, in the development of PD. The knowledge of bioactive lipids in PD gained through preclinical and clinical studies is expected to improve the understanding of disease pathogenesis and provide novel therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Shen
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingyi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Haili Wang
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Meng Hu
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central Sounth University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lanlan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingzhu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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12
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On the Biomedical Properties of Endocannabinoid Degradation and Reuptake Inhibitors: Pre-clinical and Clinical Evidence. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:2072-2097. [PMID: 34741755 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00424-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is composed of endogenous cannabinoids; components involved in their synthesis, transport, and degradation; and an expansive variety of cannabinoid receptors. Hypofunction or deregulation of the ECS is related to pathological conditions. Consequently, endogenous enhancement of endocannabinoid levels and/or regulation of their metabolism represent promising therapeutic approaches. Several major strategies have been suggested for the modulation of the ECS: (1) blocking endocannabinoids degradation, (2) inhibition of endocannabinoid cellular uptake, and (3) pharmacological modulation of cannabinoid receptors as potential therapeutic targets. Here, we focused in this review on degradation/reuptake inhibitors over cannabinoid receptor modulators in order to provide an updated synopsis of contemporary evidence advancing mechanisms of endocannabinoids as pharmacological tools with therapeutic properties for the treatment of several disorders. For this purpose, we revisited the available literature and reported the latest advances regarding the biomedical properties of fatty acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors in pre-clinical and clinical studies. We also highlighted anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol reuptake inhibitors with promising results in pre-clinical studies using in vitro and animal models as an outlook for future research in clinical trials.
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13
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Targeting Monoacylglycerol Lipase in Pursuit of Therapies for Neurological and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185668. [PMID: 34577139 PMCID: PMC8468992 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological and neurodegenerative diseases are debilitating conditions, and frequently lack an effective treatment. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a key enzyme involved in the metabolism of 2-AG (2-arachidonoylglycerol), a neuroprotective endocannabinoid intimately linked to the generation of pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules. Consequently, synthesizing selective MAGL inhibitors has become a focus point in drug design and development. The purpose of this review was to summarize the diverse synthetic scaffolds of MAGL inhibitors concerning their potency, mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic applications, focusing on the results of studies published in the past five years. The main irreversible inhibitors identified were derivatives of hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol carbamates, glycol carbamates, azetidone triazole ureas and benzisothiazolinone, whereas the most promising reversible inhibitors were derivatives of salicylketoxime, piperidine, pyrrolidone and azetidinyl amides. We reviewed the results of in-depth chemical, mechanistic and computational studies on MAGL inhibitors, in addition to the results of in vitro findings concerning selectivity and potency of inhibitors, using the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) as an indicator of their effect on MAGL. Further, for highlighting the potential usefulness of highly selective and effective inhibitors, we examined the preclinical in vivo reports regarding the promising therapeutic applications of MAGL pharmacological inhibition.
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14
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Tung MC, Fung KM, Hsu HM, Tseng TS. Discovery of 8-prenylnaringenin from hop ( Humulus lupulus L.) as a potent monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor for treatments of neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31062-31072. [PMID: 35498911 PMCID: PMC9041313 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05311f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), a serine hydrolase, converts endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) to arachidonic acid (AA) and glycerol in the brain and plays a bidirectional role in controlling nueroinflammation. MAGL, involved in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, is a promising target for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. However, the irreversible inhibitors of MAGL lead to the desensitization of CB1 receptors further impairing the benefits associated with the indirect CB1 stimulation. Therefore, development of potent reversible inhibitors from natural products (NPs) and traditional chinese medicines (TCMs) are safer and free from adverse side effects and feasible to avoid drawbacks which irreversible inhibitors cause. Here, we employed pharmacophore-based screening of drug candidates coupled with molecular docking, biochemical assay and Ligplot analyses to identify and characterize inhibitors targeting human MAGL (hMAGL). The built pharmacophore model, Phar-MAGL successfully identified inhibitors NP-2 (IC50 = 9.5 ± 1.2 μM), NP-5 (IC50 = 14.5 ± 1.3 μM), and NP-3 (IC50 = 15.2 ± 1.4 μM), which apparently attenuated the activities of hMAGL in vitro. The evident activities of the identified inhibitors against hMAGL showed that the pharmacophore model, Phar-MAGL is reliable and efficient in screening inhibitors against hMAGL. Our study successfully identified a natrual product inhibitor, NP-2 (8-PN), from the plant Humulus lupulus L. (hops) and its positive effects in neurogenesis and neurodifferentiation along with the evident inhibitory potency against hMAGL revealed the potential for further optimizing and developing into drugs to treat neuroinflammation, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Discovery of natural product inhibitors against human monoacylglycerol lipase by pharmacophore-based drug screening, LibDock molecular docking and in vitro biochemical examinations.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Che Tung
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital Taichung 435 Taiwan
| | - Kit-Man Fung
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Mie Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Tien-Sheng Tseng
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan
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15
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In vivo Bidirectional Modulation of Cannabinoid on the Activity of Globus Pallidus in Rats. Neuroscience 2021; 468:123-138. [PMID: 34129911 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are bioactive substances which participate in central motor control. The globus pallidus (GP) is a major nucleus in the basal ganglia circuit, which plays an important function in movement regulation. Both cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) and cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R) are expressed in the GP suggesting GP as a main action area of endocannabinoids. To investigate the direct electrophysiological and behavioral effects of cannabinoids in GP, in vivo single unit extracellular recordings and behavioral tests were performed in rats. Administration of WIN 55,212-2 exerted three neuronal response patterns from all sampled neurons of GP, including (1) increase of the firing rate; (2) decrease of the firing rate; (3) increase and then decrease of the firing rate. Selectively blocking CB1R by AM 251 decreased the firing rate and increased the firing rate. Selectively blocking CB2R by AM 630 did not change the firing rate significantly, which suggested that endocannabinoids modulated the spontaneous firing activity of pallidal neurons mainly via CB1R. Furthermore, co-application of AM 251, but not AM 630, blocked WIN 55,212-2-induced modulation of firing activity of pallidal neurons. Finally, both haloperidol-induced postural behavioral test and elevated body swing test (EBST) showed that unilateral microinjection of WIN 55,212-2 mainly induced contralateral-biased swing and deflection behaviors. Meanwhile, AM 251 produced opposite effect. The present in vivo study revealed that cannabinoids produced complicated electrophysiological and behavioral effects in the GP, which further demonstrated that the GP is a major functional region of endocannabinoid.
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16
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Xiong F, Ding X, Zhang H, Luo X, Chen K, Jiang H, Luo C, Xu H. Discovery of novel reversible monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors via docking-based virtual screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 41:127986. [PMID: 33766770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is the major enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of monoacylglycerols (MAGs). MAGL is responsible for degrading 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) to arachidonic acid (AA) and glycerol in the brain and specific tissues. The inhibition of MAGL could attenuate the inflammatory response. Here, we report a series of reversible non-covalent MAGL inhibitors via virtual screening combined with biochemical analysis. The hit, DC630-8 showed low-micromolar activity against MAGL in vitro, and exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengmin Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ding
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaomin Luo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Heng Xu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China.
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17
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Kasatkina LA, Rittchen S, Sturm EM. Neuroprotective and Immunomodulatory Action of the Endocannabinoid System under Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115431. [PMID: 34063947 PMCID: PMC8196612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are lipid-based retrograde messengers with a relatively short half-life that are produced endogenously and, upon binding to the primary cannabinoid receptors CB1/2, mediate multiple mechanisms of intercellular communication within the body. Endocannabinoid signaling is implicated in brain development, memory formation, learning, mood, anxiety, depression, feeding behavior, analgesia, and drug addiction. It is now recognized that the endocannabinoid system mediates not only neuronal communications but also governs the crosstalk between neurons, glia, and immune cells, and thus represents an important player within the neuroimmune interface. Generation of primary endocannabinoids is accompanied by the production of their congeners, the N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), which together with N-acylneurotransmitters, lipoamino acids and primary fatty acid amides comprise expanded endocannabinoid/endovanilloid signaling systems. Most of these compounds do not bind CB1/2, but signal via several other pathways involving the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α and non-cannabinoid G-protein coupled receptors (GPRs) to mediate anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective activities. In vivo generation of the cannabinoid compounds is triggered by physiological and pathological stimuli and, specifically in the brain, mediates fine regulation of synaptic strength, neuroprotection, and resolution of neuroinflammation. Here, we review the role of the endocannabinoid system in intrinsic neuroprotective mechanisms and its therapeutic potential for the treatment of neuroinflammation and associated synaptopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila A. Kasatkina
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.A.K.); (S.R.)
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sonja Rittchen
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Eva M. Sturm
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.A.K.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Wilkerson JL, Bilbrey JA, Felix JS, Makriyannis A, McMahon LR. Untapped endocannabinoid pharmacological targets: Pipe dream or pipeline? Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 206:173192. [PMID: 33932409 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been established that the endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system plays key modulatory roles in a wide variety of pathological conditions. The endocannabinoid system comprises both cannabinoid receptors, their endogenous ligands including 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), N-arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide, AEA), and enzymes that regulate the synthesis and degradation of endogenous ligands which include diacylglycerol lipase alpha (DAGL-α), diacylglycerol lipase beta (DAGL-β), fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), α/β hydrolase domain 6 (ABHD6). As the endocannabinoid system exerts considerable involvement in the regulation of homeostasis and disease, much effort has been made towards understanding endocannabinoid-related mechanisms of action at cellular, physiological, and pathological levels as well as harnessing the various components of the endocannabinoid system to produce novel therapeutics. However, drug discovery efforts within the cannabinoid field have been slower than anticipated to reach satisfactory clinical endpoints and raises an important question into the validity of developing novel ligands that therapeutically target the endocannabinoid system. To answer this, we will first examine evidence that supports the existence of an endocannabinoid system role within inflammatory diseases, neurodegeneration, pain, substance use disorders, mood disorders, as well as metabolic diseases. Next, this review will discuss recent clinical studies, within the last 5 years, of cannabinoid compounds in context to these diseases. We will also address some of the challenges and considerations within the cannabinoid field that may be important in the advancement of therapeutics into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Wilkerson
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Joshua A Bilbrey
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jasmine S Felix
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lance R McMahon
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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19
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Liu H, Zhou C, Qi D, Gao Y, Zhu M, Tao T, Sun X, Xiao J. Inhibiting Monoacylglycerol Lipase Suppresses RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis and Alleviates Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:640867. [PMID: 33777947 PMCID: PMC7994615 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.640867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common chronic metabolic bone disease characterized by reduced trabecular bone and increased bone fragility. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a lipolytic enzyme to catalyze the hydrolysis of monoglycerides and specifically degrades the 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG). Previous studies have identified that 2-AG is the mainly source for arachidonic acid and the most abundant endogenous agonist of cannabinoid receptors. Considering the close relationship between inflammatory mediators/cannabinoid receptors and bone metabolism, we speculated that MAGL may play a role in the osteoclast differentiation. In the present study, we found that MAGL protein expression increased during osteoclast differentiation. MAGL knockdown by adenovirus-mediated shRNA in bone marrow-derived macrophages demonstrated the suppressive effects of MAGL on osteoclast formation and bone resorption. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of MAGL by JZL184 suppressed osteoclast differentiation, bone resorption, and osteoclast-specific gene expression. Activation of the Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathways was inhibited by JZL184 and deletion of MAGL. Our in vivo study indicated that JZL184 ameliorated bone loss in an ovariectomized mouse model. Furthermore, overexpressing H1 calponin partially alleviated the inhibition caused by JZL184 or MAGL deletion on osteoclastogenesis. Therefore, we conclude that targeting MAGL may be a novel therapeutic strategy for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuankun Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dahu Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yutong Gao
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meipeng Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tenghui Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuying Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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20
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Everett TJ, Gomez DM, Hamilton LR, Oleson EB. Endocannabinoid modulation of dopamine release during reward seeking, interval timing, and avoidance. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 104:110031. [PMID: 32663486 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are neuromodulators that influence a wide range of neural systems and behaviors. In the current review, we describe our recent research showing how eCBs, particularly 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), concurrently shape mesolimbic dopamine (DA) release and associated behavior. We will restrict our discussion by emphasizing three distinct behaviors: reward seeking, interval timing, and active avoidance. During reward seeking we find that 2-AG is necessary to observe cue-evoked DA release events that are thought to represent the value of a rewarding outcome. We then describe data showing that 2-AG modulates unique patterns of DA release and behavior observed under conditions of periodic reinforcement. These data are discussed within the context of interval timing and adjunctive behavior. eCB modulation of DA release is also implicated in defensive behavior, including the avoidance of harm. As in reward seeking, our data suggest that the concentration of DA that is evoked by a warning signal can represent the value of an avoidance outcome. And, disrupting eCB signaling concomitantly reduces the concentration of the avoidance value signal and active avoidance. Disruptions in reward seeking, interval timing, and defensive behavior are commonly observed in a variety of movement disorders (e.g., Parkinson's and Huntington's disease) and disorders of motivation (e.g., addiction). We believe our data on eCB-DA interactions have implications for the development of novel pharmacotherapies to treat these disorders. Thus, we conclude by discussing how eCB pharmacology might be harnessed to treat disorders of movement and motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Devan M Gomez
- Psychology Department, University of Colorado Denver, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, USA
| | | | - Erik B Oleson
- Psychology Department, University of Colorado Denver, USA; Integrative Biology Department, University of Colorado Denver, USA.
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21
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Tyukhtenko S, Ma X, Rajarshi G, Karageorgos I, Anderson KW, Hudgens JW, Guo JJ, Nasr ML, Zvonok N, Vemuri K, Wagner G, Makriyannis A. Conformational gating, dynamics and allostery in human monoacylglycerol lipase. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18531. [PMID: 33116203 PMCID: PMC7595040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75497-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of human Monoacylglycerol Lipase (hMGL) offers a novel approach for treating neurological diseases. The design of inhibitors, targeting active-inactive conformational transitions of the enzyme, can be aided by understanding the interplay between structure and dynamics. Here, we report the effects of mutations within the catalytic triad on structure, conformational gating and dynamics of hMGL by combining kinetics, NMR, and HDX-MS data with metadynamics simulations. We found that point mutations alter delicate conformational equilibria between active and inactive states. HDX-MS reveals regions of the hMGL that become substantially more dynamic upon substitution of catalytic acid Asp-239 by alanine. These regions, located far from the catalytic triad, include not only loops but also rigid α-helixes and β-strands, suggesting their involvement in allosteric regulation as channels for long-range signal transmission. The results identify the existence of a preorganized global communication network comprising of tertiary (residue-residue contacts) and quaternary (rigid-body contacts) networks that mediate robust, rapid intraprotein signal transmission. Catalytic Asp-239 controls hMGL allosteric communications and may be considered as an essential residue for the integration and transmission of information to enzymes' remote regions, in addition to its well-known role to facilitate Ser-122 activation. Our findings may assist in the identification of new druggable sites in hMGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy Tyukhtenko
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115-5000, USA.
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115-5000, USA
| | - Girija Rajarshi
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115-5000, USA
| | - Ioannis Karageorgos
- BioProcess Measurements Group, Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.,Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Kyle W Anderson
- BioProcess Measurements Group, Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.,Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Hudgens
- BioProcess Measurements Group, Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.,Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Jason J Guo
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115-5000, USA.,Barnett Institute for Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115-5000, USA
| | - Mahmoud L Nasr
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Renal Division and Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nikolai Zvonok
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115-5000, USA
| | - Kiran Vemuri
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115-5000, USA
| | - Gerhard Wagner
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115-5000, USA.
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22
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Potential application of endocannabinoid system agents in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases-focusing on FAAH/MAGL inhibitors. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:1263-1271. [PMID: 32203086 PMCID: PMC7608191 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has received extensive attention for its neuroprotective effect on the brain. This system comprises endocannabinoids, endocannabinoid receptors, and the corresponding ligands and proteins. The molecular players involved in their regulation and metabolism are potential therapeutic targets for neuropsychiatric diseases including anxiety, depression and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). The inhibitors of two endocannabinoid hydrolases, i.e., fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), have the capacity to increase the level of endocannabinoids indirectly, causing fewer side effects than those associated with direct supplementation of cannabinoids. Their antidepressant and anxiolytic mechanisms are considered to modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and regulate synaptic and neural plasticity. In terms of AD/PD, treatment with FAAH/MAGL inhibitors leads to reduction in amyloid β-protein deposition and inhibition of the death of dopamine neurons, which are commonly accepted to underlie the pathogenesis of AD and PD, respectively. Inflammation as the cause of depression/anxiety and PD/AD is also the target of FAAH/MAGL inhibitors. In this review, we summarize the application and involvement of FAAH/MAGL inhibitors in related neurological diseases. Focus on the latest research progress using FAAH/MAGL inhibitors is expected to facilitate the development of novel approaches with therapeutic potential.
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23
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Wilt S, Kodani S, Le TNH, Nguyen L, Vo N, Ly T, Rodriguez M, Hudson PK, Morisseau C, Hammock BD, Pecic S. Development of multitarget inhibitors for the treatment of pain: Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modeling studies. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104165. [PMID: 32891856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Multitarget-directed ligands are a promising class of drugs for discovering innovative new therapies for difficult to treat diseases. In this study, we designed dual inhibitors targeting the human fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) enzyme and human soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) enzyme. Targeting both of these enzymes concurrently with single target inhibitors synergistically reduces inflammatory and neuropathic pain; thus, dual FAAH/sEH inhibitors are likely to be powerful analgesics. Here, we identified the piperidinyl-sulfonamide moiety as a common pharmacophore and optimized several inhibitors to have excellent inhibition profiles on both targeted enzymes simultaneously. In addition, several inhibitors show good predicted pharmacokinetic properties. These results suggest that this series of inhibitors has the potential to be further developed as new lead candidates and therapeutics in pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Wilt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, United States
| | - Sean Kodani
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Thanh N H Le
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, United States
| | - Lato Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, United States
| | - Nghi Vo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, United States
| | - Tanya Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, United States
| | - Mark Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, United States
| | - Paula K Hudson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, United States
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Stevan Pecic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, United States.
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24
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Remodeling microglia to a protective phenotype in Parkinson's disease? Neurosci Lett 2020; 735:135164. [PMID: 32561452 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most widespread movement disorder with a prevalence of 1 in 1000 individuals above 60 years of age. Until now, understanding the pathological mechanisms of PD to translate them into therapy has remained a high research priority. In this review, we highlight evidence describing the involvement of microglial dysfunction in PD. Thereafter, we provide current knowledge suggesting that the substantia nigra pars compacta and putamen, compared to other brain regions, show a reduced microglial density, as well as altered morphological and functional properties in homeostatic conditions, while presenting dystrophic features associated with aging. Further, we describe that this defective microglial programing emerges as early as the second postnatal week, persists until adulthood and impacts negatively on their transcriptional pattern and provision of local trophic support. We emphasize the role of α-synuclein oligomers as a major dysfunctional signal underlining microglial-mediated phenotypic switch and adaptive response contributing to neurodegeneration. Moreover, we explore available avenues should microglia be considered as target for neuroprotective or restorative strategies including preventing the aggregation of α-synuclein protofibrils formation. However, we provide a note of caution regarding the success of microglial-targeted PD strategies, using minocycline as an example. In conclusion, we discuss putative neuroprotective agents that were unsuccessful in previous trials but could be reconsidered by focusing on the stage of microglial-dependent pathogenic events during PD in suitable cohorts of patients.
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25
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Manza P, Yuan K, Shokri-Kojori E, Tomasi D, Volkow ND. Brain structural changes in cannabis dependence: association with MAGL. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:3256-3266. [PMID: 31695165 PMCID: PMC7200265 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0577-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis use is rising, yet there is poor understanding of biological processes that might link chronic cannabis use to brain structural abnormalities. To lend insight into this topic, we examined white matter microstructural integrity and gray matter cortical thickness/density differences between 89 individuals with cannabis dependence (CD) and 89 matched controls (64 males, 25 females in each group) from the Human Connectome Project. We tested whether cortical patterns for expression of genes relevant for cannabinoid signaling (from Allen Human Brain Atlas postmortem tissue) were associated with spatial patterns of cortical thickness/density differences in CD. CD had lower fractional anisotropy than controls in white matter bundles innervating posterior cingulate and parietal cortex, basal ganglia, and temporal cortex. The CD group also had significantly less gray matter thickness and density in precuneus, relative to controls. Sibling-pair analysis found support for causal and graded liability effects of cannabis on precuneus structure. Spatial patterns of gray matter differences in CD were significantly associated with regional differences in monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) expression in postmortem brain tissue, such that regions with higher MAGL expression (but not fatty-acid amide hydrolase or FAAH) were more vulnerable to cortical thinning. In sum, chronic cannabis use is associated with structural differences in white and gray matter, which was most prominent in precuneus and associated white matter tracts. Regions with high MAGL expression, and therefore with potentially physiologically restricted endogenous cannabinoid signaling, may be more vulnerable to the effects of chronic cannabis use on cortical thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Manza
- National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Kai Yuan
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.440736.20000 0001 0707 115XSchool of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, 710071 Xi’an, Shaanxi PR China
| | - Ehsan Shokri-Kojori
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Dardo Tomasi
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
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26
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Martínez-Torres S, Cutando L, Pastor A, Kato A, Sakimura K, de la Torre R, Valjent E, Maldonado R, Kano M, Ozaita A. Monoacylglycerol lipase blockade impairs fine motor coordination and triggers cerebellar neuroinflammation through cyclooxygenase-2. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:399-409. [PMID: 31251974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is the main enzyme implicated in the degradation of the most abundant endocannabinoid in the brain, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), producing arachidonic acid (AA) and glycerol. MAGL pharmacological inhibition with JZL184 or genetic deletion results in an exacerbated 2-AG signaling and reduced synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs), due to the reduced AA precursor levels. We found that acute JZL184 administration, previously described to exert anti-inflammatory effects, and MAGL knockout (KO) mice display cerebellar, but not hippocampal, microglial reactivity, accompanied with increased expression of the mRNA levels of neuroinflammatory markers, such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Notably, this neuroinflammatory phenotype correlated with relevant motor coordination impairment in the beam-walking and the footprint tests. Treatment with the COX-2 inhibitor NS398 during 5 days prevented the deficits in cerebellar function and the cerebellar microglia reactivity in MAGL KO, without affecting hippocampal reactivity. Altogether, this study reveals the brain region-specific response to MAGL inhibition, with an important role of COX-2 in the cerebellar deficits associated, which should be taken into account for the use of MAGL inhibitors as anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Martínez-Torres
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-NeuroPhar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Cutando
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-NeuroPhar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Antoni Pastor
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ako Kato
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emmanuel Valjent
- IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-NeuroPhar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Andrés Ozaita
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-NeuroPhar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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27
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Kebebe D, Wu Y, Zhang B, Yang J, Liu Y, Li X, Ma Z, Lu P, Liu Z, Li J. Dimeric c(RGD) peptide conjugated nanostructured lipid carriers for efficient delivery of Gambogic acid to breast cancer. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:6179-6195. [PMID: 31447559 PMCID: PMC6683963 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s202424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: Gambogic acid (GA) is a natural compound that exhibited a promising multi-target antitumor activity against several types of cancer. However, the clinical application of this drug is limited due to its poor solubility and low tumor cell-specific delivery. In this study, the monomeric and dimeric Cyclo (Arg-Gly-Asp) c(RGD) tumor targeting peptides (c(RGDfK) and E-[c(RGDfK)2]) were used to modify GA loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) to reduce the limitations associated with GA and improve its antitumor activity. Methods: GA-NLC was prepared by emulsification and solvent evaporation methods and the surface of the NLC was conjugated with the c(RGD) peptides via an amide bond. The formulations were characterized for particle size, morphology and zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and drug loading. The in-vitro cytotoxicity and cell uptake studies were conducted using 4T1 cell. Furthermore, the in-vivo antitumor activity and bio-distribution study were performed on female BALB/c nude mice. Results: The c(RGD) peptides modified GA-NLC was successfully prepared with the particles size about 20 nm. The HPLC analysis, FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectra confirmed the successful conjugation of the peptides with the NLC. The in-vitro cytotoxicity study on 4T1 cells revealed that c(RGD) peptides modified GA-NLCs showed significantly higher cytotoxicity at 0.25 and 0.5 µg/mL as compared to unmodified GA-NLC. Furthermore, the cell uptake study demonstrated that better accumulation of E-[c(RGDfK)2] peptides modified NLC in 4T1 cell after 12 h incubation. Moreover, the in-vivo study showed that c(RGD)s functionalized GA-NLC exhibited better accumulation in tumor tissue and tumor growth inhibition. In contrast to the monomeric c(RGD) peptide, the dimeric c(RGD) peptide (E-[c(RGDfK)2]) conjugated GA-NLC showed the improved antitumor activity and tumor targeting ability of GA-NLC. Conclusion: These data provide further support for the potential clinical applications of E-[c(RGDfK)2]-GA-NLC in breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Kebebe
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
, Tianjin301617, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
, Tianjin301617, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yumei Wu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
, Tianjin301617, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
, Tianjin301617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
, Tianjin301617, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
, Tianjin301617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Yang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
, Tianjin301617, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
, Tianjin301617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
, Tianjin301617, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
, Tianjin301617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Li
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
, Tianjin301617, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
, Tianjin301617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe Ma
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
, Tianjin301617, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
, Tianjin301617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Lu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
, Tianjin301617, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
, Tianjin301617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
, Tianjin301617, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
, Tianjin301617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
, Tianjin301617, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
, Tianjin301617, People’s Republic of China
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28
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Szeremeta J, Karlsson J, Alhouayek M, Fowler CJ. Low mRNA expression and activity of monoacylglycerol lipase in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 142:59-67. [PMID: 30978461 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Relatively little is known about the endocannabinoid system in human neuroblastoma cell lines. In the present study, we have investigated the expression of the genes coding for the enzymes involved in the synthesis and catabolism of endocannabinoids in the SH-SY5Y cell line. The expression of MGLL, the gene coding for the 2-arachidonoylglycerol hydrolytic enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), was found to be 85 and 340 fold lower than the expression levels for the genes coding for alpha/beta-hydrolase domain containing 6 and 12 (ABHD6, ABHD12), which are alternative hydrolytic enzymes for this endocannabinoid. In comparison, mRNA levels of MGLL were 1.5 fold higher than ABHD6 and 2 fold lower than the levels of ABHD12 in DU-145 human prostate cells. In functional assays, the hydrolysis of the 2-arachidonoylglycerol homologue 2-oleoylglycerol by intact SH-SY5Y cells was partially inhibited by the ABHD6 inhibitor WWL70, but not by the MAGL inhibitor JZL184, whereas the reverse was true in DU-145 cells. The combination of JZL184 + WWL70 did, however produce a significantly greater inhibition of 2-OG hydrolysis than seen with WWL70 alone in the SH-SY5Y cells. The low MGLL expression in the SH-SY5Y cells was not due to epigenetic silencing, since levels were not affected by treatment with the methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine and/or the histone acetylase inhibitor trichostatin A. The low MGLL expression in SH-SY5Y cells should be taken into account when using these cells in experiments investigating the involvement of the endocannabinoid system in models of physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Szeremeta
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jessica Karlsson
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mireille Alhouayek
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christopher J Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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29
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Granchi C, Lapillo M, Glasmacher S, Bononi G, Licari C, Poli G, el Boustani M, Caligiuri I, Rizzolio F, Gertsch J, Macchia M, Minutolo F, Tuccinardi T, Chicca A. Optimization of a Benzoylpiperidine Class Identifies a Highly Potent and Selective Reversible Monoacylglycerol Lipase (MAGL) Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2019; 62:1932-1958. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Granchi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Margherita Lapillo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sandra Glasmacher
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Bononi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Licari
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulio Poli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maguie el Boustani
- Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, National Cancer Institute and Center for Molecular Biomedicine, 33081 Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
- Doctoral School in Molecular Biomedicine, University of Trieste, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Isabella Caligiuri
- Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, National Cancer Institute and Center for Molecular Biomedicine, 33081 Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, National Cancer Institute and Center for Molecular Biomedicine, 33081 Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University, 30123 Venezia, Italy
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marco Macchia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Minutolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Chicca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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30
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Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons from the nigrostriatal pathway, formation of Lewy bodies, and microgliosis. During the past decades multiple cellular pathways have been associated with PD pathology (i.e., oxidative stress, endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and immune response), yet disease-modifying treatments are not available. We have recently used genetic data from familial and sporadic cases in an unbiased approach to build a molecular landscape for PD, revealing lipids as central players in this disease. Here we extensively review the current knowledge concerning the involvement of various subclasses of fatty acyls, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols, and lipoproteins in PD pathogenesis. Our review corroborates a central role for most lipid classes, but the available information is fragmented, not always reproducible, and sometimes differs by sex, age or PD etiology of the patients. This hinders drawing firm conclusions about causal or associative effects of dietary lipids or defects in specific steps of lipid metabolism in PD. Future technological advances in lipidomics and additional systematic studies on lipid species from PD patient material may improve this situation and lead to a better appreciation of the significance of lipids for this devastating disease.
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31
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Neuroprotective effect of crocin on substantia nigra in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease model of mice. Anat Sci Int 2018; 94:119-127. [PMID: 30159851 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-018-0457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is caused by damage to substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. Factors such as oxidative stress, inflammatory factors, and acetylcholinesterase activity may induce this disease. On the other hand, crocin-one of the active ingredients of saffron-has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study was performed to evaluate the protective effect of crocin to decrease dopaminergic neuron damage and Parkinson's disease complications induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). A set of 24 male BALB/c Mice were divided randomly into four groups: (1) MPTP group receiving 30 mg/kg MPTP for 5 days; (2) MPTP + crocin group receiving 30 mg/kg MPTP for 5 days and 30 mg/kg crocin for 15 days; (3) NS group receiving normal saline for 5 days; and (4) NSIG group receiving normal saline intraperitoneally for 5 days and also normal saline by gavage for 15 days. After the treatment period, pole and hanging motor tests were performed in all groups. Then, the brains of all the animals were removed and fixed in formalin, prepared according to routine histologic methods and cut into sections of 5 µm thickness. Prepared sections were stained by immunohistochemistry techniques and toluidine blue to detect tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons and dark neurons, respectively. Finally, the mean number of these cells were calculated by stereological methods and compared with the statistical tests in different groups. The results showed a significant increase in the time taken for the animal to fall from the pole in the MPTP group in comparison with other groups (P < 0.001). The time taken for them to stay on the wire in the hanging test decreased significantly in the MPTP group compared to the other groups (P < 0.001).,while in the MPTP + crocin group, the time to falling decreased (P < 0.05) and the time staying on the wire increased (P < 0.001) compared to the MPTP group. The number of TH-positive neurons in the MPTP group also decreased significantly in comparison with saline and MPTP + crocin groups (P < 0.001). The number of dark neuron sin the MPTP group increased significantly as compared with saline and the MPTP + Crocin groups (P < 0.001). Our results showed that crocin improves MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease complications and decreases cell death in the substantia nigra.
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32
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Gil-Ordóñez A, Martín-Fontecha M, Ortega-Gutiérrez S, López-Rodríguez ML. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) as a promising therapeutic target. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 157:18-32. [PMID: 30059673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) has been characterized as the main enzyme responsible for the inactivation of the most abundant brain endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Besides this role, MAGL has progressively acquired a growing importance as an integrative metabolic hub that controls not only the in vivo levels of 2-AG but also of other monoacylglycerides and, indirectly, the levels of free fatty acids derived from their hydrolysis as well as other lipids with pro-inflammatory or pro-tumorigenic effects, coming from the further metabolism of fatty acids. All these functions have only started to be elucidated in the last years due to the progress made in the knowledge of the structure of MAGL and in the development of genetic and chemical tools. In this review we report the advances made in the field with a special focus on the last decade and how MAGL has become a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of several diseases that currently lack appropriate therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gil-Ordóñez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Martín-Fontecha
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Ortega-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María L López-Rodríguez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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33
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McAllister LA, Butler CR, Mente S, O’Neil SV, Fonseca KR, Piro JR, Cianfrogna JA, Foley TL, Gilbert AM, Harris AR, Helal CJ, Johnson DS, Montgomery JI, Nason DM, Noell S, Pandit J, Rogers BN, Samad TA, Shaffer CL, da Silva RG, Uccello DP, Webb D, Brodney MA. Discovery of Trifluoromethyl Glycol Carbamates as Potent and Selective Covalent Monoacylglycerol Lipase (MAGL) Inhibitors for Treatment of Neuroinflammation. J Med Chem 2018; 61:3008-3026. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. McAllister
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher R. Butler
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Scot Mente
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Steven V. O’Neil
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kari R. Fonseca
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Justin R. Piro
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Julie A. Cianfrogna
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Timothy L. Foley
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Adam M. Gilbert
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Anthony R. Harris
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christopher J. Helal
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Douglas S. Johnson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Justin I. Montgomery
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Deane M. Nason
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Stephen Noell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jayvardhan Pandit
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Bruce N. Rogers
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tarek A. Samad
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher L. Shaffer
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rafael G. da Silva
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel P. Uccello
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Damien Webb
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael A. Brodney
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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34
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Granchi C, Caligiuri I, Minutolo F, Rizzolio F, Tuccinardi T. A patent review of Monoacylglycerol Lipase (MAGL) inhibitors (2013-2017). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 27:1341-1351. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1389899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabella Caligiuri
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, National Cancer Institute and Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
| | | | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari Università di Venezia, Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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