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Oliveira FFD, de Almeida SS, Smith MC, Bertolucci PHF. Behavioural effects of the ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism in Alzheimer's disease depend upon stratification according to APOE-ϵ4 carrier status. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2021; 26:293-305. [PMID: 34034613 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2021.1931085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The inherited risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) is genetically determined. We aimed to examine associations of genetic variants of APOE and ACE with age at AD onset and with neuropsychiatric symptoms according to each dementia stage.Methods: Consecutive outpatients with AD were assessed for demographic features, Clinical Dementia Rating scores, and the 10-item Neuropsychiatric Inventory, and genotyped for rs7412 and rs429358 (APOE haplotypes, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reactions), and the ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism (Polymerase Chain Reactions). Combined genetic variants of APOE and ACE were associated with age at dementia onset, and with neuropsychiatric symptoms in each dementia stage (adjusted for sex and age at dementia onset).Results: Over two-thirds of the 238 patients were women, whereas the mean age at dementia onset was 73.82 ± 6.2 years-old. APOE-ϵ4/ϵ4 carriers had earlier dementia onset (p<.001). The ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p=.37) but was not associated with age at dementia onset, regardless of APOE-ϵ4 carrier status. The only results that survived corrections for false discovery rates were higher scores of dysphoria for APOE-ϵ4 carriers (n=122) who also carried ACE deletion/deletion (p=.031). No results survived corrections for false discovery rates for APOE-ϵ4 non-carriers (n=116).Conclusions: Though only the APOE-ϵ4/ϵ4 haplotype affected AD onset, effects of the ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism over behavioural features might differ according to APOE-ϵ4 carrier status in genetic associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio Ferreira de Oliveira
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro Soares de Almeida
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marilia Cardoso Smith
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Hsieh SW, Liu MW, Huang LC, Wu MN, Yang YH. The Impact of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene on Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia in Alzheimer’s Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:1269-1275. [DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666200103114550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) gene has drawn attention for its
possible role in regulating the degradation of β-amyloid (Aβ), yet its role in affecting the cognitive and
psychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer`s Disease (AD) patients has yet to be elucidated.
Objective:
This study aimed to investigate whether the ACE gene acts as a risk factor of Behavioral and
Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) in the AD population.
Method:
The genotyping of ACE and Apolipoprotein E gene with allele ε4(APOEε4) was determined
among 360s clinically diagnosed AD patients. Symptoms and severity of BPSD were evaluated annually
via Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI).
Results:
At the base measurement of the first year of patient recruitment, there were no significant contributory
risk factors to NPI score. In the two-year follow-up, ACE insertion polymorphism showed a
significant risk (adjusted odds ratio=1.65, 95% CI=1.1- 2.5, p=0.019) of progression of NPI total score.
Conclusion:
ACE gene is involved in aggravating BPSD among AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Wung Hsieh
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Liu
- Department of Surgery, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Chun Huang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ni Wu
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Han Yang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Li Y, Zhang Z, Deng L, Bai F, Shi Y, Yu H, Xie C, Yuan Y, Zhang Z. Genetic variation in angiotensin converting-enzyme affects the white matter integrity and cognitive function of amnestic mild cognitive impairment patients. J Neurol Sci 2017; 380:177-181. [PMID: 28870562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been implicated in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Most human genetic studies have focused on ACE insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism and yielded conflicting results. In this work, we evaluated the relationships between cognitive function, serum ACE level, brain white matter (WM) integrity, and ACE I/D polymorphism in 48 patients with aMCI and 36 well matched control subjects from south China. In aMCI patients, D allele frequency was higher (D/I ratio=0.51:0.49) than that of the control subjects (D/I ratio=0.43:0.57); however, the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The D carriers in aMCI subjects performed significantly poorer on auditory-verbal learning test (AVLT) -delayed recall than the I homozygous group (p=0.035). These carriers had higher serum ACE level than the I homozygous carriers of aMCI (p=0.037). In the aMCI group, D carriers showed significantly lower fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the left middle frontal gyrus, left anterior cingulate, right gyrus parahippocampalis, right inferior parietal lobule, and bilateral anterior central gyrus than the I homozygotes carriers. However, no significant difference was observed in FA values between I homozygotes and D carriers in the control subjects. The ACE D allele in aMCI patients may increase the risk of cognitive impairment. A high serum ACE level possibly plays an important role in the incidence of aMCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhi Li
- Geriatric Department of Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Zhengsheng Zhang
- Neurologic Department of Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Neuropsychiatric Institute and Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Linglong Deng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Feng Bai
- Neurologic Department of Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Neuropsychiatric Institute and Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Yongmei Shi
- Neurologic Department of Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Neuropsychiatric Institute and Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Hui Yu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chunming Xie
- Neurologic Department of Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Neuropsychiatric Institute and Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Yonggui Yuan
- Psychiatric Department of Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Geriatric Department of Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
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4
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Fekih-Mrissa N, Bedoui I, Sayeh A, Derbali H, Mrad M, Mrissa R, Nsiri B. Association between an angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease in a Tunisian population. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2017; 16:41. [PMID: 29176997 PMCID: PMC5693601 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-017-0164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D or indel) polymorphism has long been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the interpretation of established data remains controversial. The aim of this study was to determine whether the angiotensin-converting enzyme is associated with the risk of Alzheimer's disease in Tunisian patients. METHODS We analyzed the genotype and allele frequency distribution of the ACE I/D gene polymorphism in 60 Tunisian AD patients and 120 healthy controls. RESULTS There is a significantly increased risk of AD in carriers of the D/D genotype (51.67% in patients vs. 31.67% in controls; p = .008, OR = 2.32). The D allele was also more frequently found in patients compared with controls (71.67% vs. 56.25%; p = .003, OR = 2.0). Moreover, as assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination, patient D/D carriers were more frequently found to score in the severe category of dementia (65%) as compared to the moderate category (32%) or mild category (3%). CONCLUSIONS The D/D genotype and D allele of the ACE I/D polymorphism were associated with an increased risk in the development of AD in a Tunisian population. Furthermore, at the time of patient evaluation (average age 75 years), patients suffering with severe dementia were found predominantly in D/D carriers and, conversely, the D/D genotype and D allele were more frequently found in AD patients with severe dementia. These preliminary exploratory results should be confirmed in larger studies and further work is required to explore and interpret possible alternative findings in diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najiba Fekih-Mrissa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Hematology, Military Hospital of Tunisia, Mont Fleury, 1008 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ines Bedoui
- Department of Neurology, Military Hospital of Tunisia, Montfleury, Tunis, 1008 Tunisia
| | - Aycha Sayeh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Hematology, Military Hospital of Tunisia, Mont Fleury, 1008 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hajer Derbali
- Department of Neurology, Military Hospital of Tunisia, Montfleury, Tunis, 1008 Tunisia
| | - Meriem Mrad
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Hematology, Military Hospital of Tunisia, Mont Fleury, 1008 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ridha Mrissa
- Department of Neurology, Military Hospital of Tunisia, Montfleury, Tunis, 1008 Tunisia
| | - Brahim Nsiri
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Hematology, Military Hospital of Tunisia, Mont Fleury, 1008 Tunis, Tunisia
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Chou PS, Wu MN, Chou MC, Chien I, Yang YH. Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and the longitudinal progression of Alzheimer's disease. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 17:1544-1550. [PMID: 27862810 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE) insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism is considered a biologically plausible gene for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in cross-sectional studies. The present study aimed to investigate the longitudinal effect of ACE I/D polymorphism on AD progression. METHODS This 3-year observational study investigated the longitudinal effect of ACE I/D polymorphism on AD progression. Clinically diagnosed AD patients with a clinical dementia rating (CDR) of 0.5 or 1 were enrolled in the study. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Cognitive Assessment Screening Instrument (CASI) and the CDR scale were carried out for all patients on the date of the initial interview and 36 ± 6 months after the initial evaluation. RESULTS A total of 177 patients with sporadic AD were enrolled in this study. Among all patients, those with the I/I genotype showed a higher risk of CDR deterioration (I/I versus I/D + D/D: adjusted OR 2.103, 95% CI 1.113-3.972; adjusted P = 0.022). Among 74 AD patients without hypertension, those with the I/I genotype showed significantly greater differences in the MMSE, CASI and the CDR-sum of box scores, and a higher risk of CDR deterioration (I/I versus I/D + D/D: adjusted OR 3.255, 95% CI 1.099-9.639; adjusted P = 0.033) after adjustment for possible confounders during the 3-year follow up. CONCLUSIONS Patients with AD who were homozygous for the I allele presented with a more rapid AD deterioration than did those who had other ACE genotypes, particularly those patients without hypertension. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1544-1550.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Song Chou
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ni Wu
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chuan Chou
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - I Chien
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Han Yang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of and Master's Program in Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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6
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Chou PS, Wu SJ, Kao YH, Chou MC, Tai SY, Yang YH. Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism is associated with cerebral white matter changes in Alzheimer's disease. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 17:945-950. [PMID: 27273771 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM The presence of cerebral white matter changes (WMC) has been reported as an important predictor of the rapidity of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The association between the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and WMC in AD is yet to be elucidated. The present study aimed to examine the association between the ACE I/D polymorphism and WMC among AD patients in Taiwan. METHODS A total of 403 patients clinically diagnosed with AD were recruited in a cross-sectional study carried out in an area hospital in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. The ACE I/D polymorphism was genotyped, and cerebral white matter rating was carried out using the visual rating scale for age-related white matter changes. RESULTS The I allele was associated with a significantly lower total age-related white matter changes scale score compared with the D allele (4.83 vs 5.93, P = 0.013). The total age-related white matter changes scale score was significantly lower for the I/I genotype than for the I/D (4.37 vs 5.87, P = 0.009) and I/D + D/D genotypes (4.37 vs 5.91, P = 0.006), with no differences observed between the I/I + I/D and the D/D genotypes (5.08 vs 6.09, P = 0.373), after adjustment for age and hypertension. A stratified analysis by sex demonstrated that the I/I genotype was associated with significant lower WMC than other genotypes in women, but not in men. CONCLUSIONS The present study supports the hypothesis that the ACE I/D polymorphism is associated with the severity of WMC in patients with AD. Patients with AD who are homozygous for the I allele might be less likely to develop WMC, especially women. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 945-950.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Song Chou
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Jong Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hui Kao
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chuan Chou
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yu Tai
- Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Han Yang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of and Master's Program in Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Association of insertion–deletion polymorphism of ACE gene and Alzheimer’s disease in Egyptian patients. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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9
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The levels of renin-angiotensin related components are modified in the hippocampus of rats submitted to pilocarpine model of epilepsy. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:54-62. [PMID: 22542773 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) present an increased expression of angiotensin II (AngII) AT1 and AT2 receptors in the hippocampus, supporting the idea of an upregulation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in this disease. This study aimed to verify the relationship between the RAS and TLE during epileptogenesis. Levels of the peptides angiotensin I (AngI), angiotensin II (AngII) and angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7), were detected by HPLC assay. Angiotensin AT1 and AT2 receptors, Mas mRNA receptors and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), tonin and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) mRNA were also quantified at the hippocampus of Wistar rats by real time PCR, during acute (n=10), silent (n=10) and chronic (n=10) phases of pilocarpine-induced epilepsy. We observed an increased peptide level of Ang1-7 into acute and silent phases, decreasing importantly (p≤0.05) in the chronic phase, suggesting that AngI may be converted into Ang 1-7 by NEP, which is present in high levels in these periods. Our results also showed increased peptide level of AngII in the chronic phase of this model. In contraposition, the ACE expression is reduced in all periods. These data suggest that angiotensinogen or AngI may be cleaved to AngII by tonin, which showed increased expression in all phases. We found changes in AT1, AT2 and Mas mRNA receptors levels suggesting that Ang1-7 could act at Mas receptor during the silent period. Herein, we demonstrated for the first time, changes in angiotensin-related peptides, their receptors as well as the releasing enzymes in the hippocampus of rats during pilocarpine-induced epilepsy.
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Wang Z, Yuan Y, Bai F, You J, Li L, Zhang Z. Abnormal default-mode network in angiotensin converting enzyme D allele carriers with remitted geriatric depression. Behav Brain Res 2012; 230:325-32. [PMID: 22348891 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Using a cross-sectional case-control study of remitted geriatric depression (RGD), we characterised the relationships among cognitive function, whole-brain functional connectivity of the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion or deletion (I/D) polymorphism during resting state. A total of 26 RGD patients and 24 matched controls were recruited, and neuropsychological tests, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and ACE I/D genotype were examined for each subject. A 2 × 2 factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) model (presence/absence of depression and presence/absence of ACE-D) was used to detect the interaction effect. Subsequent analyses were restricted to the significant interaction regions. There were significant interactions between disease and genotype at two clusters: left superior temporal gyrus/middle temporal gyrus and left cerebellum. And the ACE I/D polymorphism has disease-specific effects on the left superior temporal gyrus/middle temporal gyrus and cerebellum crus I. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between the functional connection of PCC-left cerebellum crus I and the CFT-delayed recall test scores (r=0.668, P=0.003) in RGD group ACE-D allele carriers. These results suggest that the ACE I/D polymorphism can modulate the pathology of RGD, and the status of geriatric depression and the ACE-D allele may synergistically induce altered resting state network activity, which could influence the cognitive function and increase the mortality risk for cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Wang
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital and Institute of Neuropsychiatry of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
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11
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James BD, Caffo B, Stewart WF, Yousem D, Davatzikos C, Schwartz BS. Genetic risk factors for longitudinal changes in structural MRI in former organolead workers. J Aging Res 2011; 2011:362189. [PMID: 22028967 PMCID: PMC3199062 DOI: 10.4061/2011/362189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined associations between polymorphisms in three genes, apolipoprotein E (APOE), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), and vitamin D receptor (VDR), and longitudinal change in brain volumes and white matter lesions (WML) as well as effect modification by cardiovascular factors and tibia lead concentrations. Two MRIs, an average of 5 years apart, were obtained for 317 former organolead workers and 45 population-based controls. Both regions-of-interest and voxel-wise analyses were conducted. APOE ε3/ε4 and ε4/ε4 genotypes were associated with less decline in white matter volumes. There was some evidence of interaction between genetic polymorphisms and cardiovascular risk factors (ACE and high-density lipoprotein; VDR and diabetes) on brain volume decline. The VDR FokI ff genotype was associated with an increase in WML (no association for APOE or ACE). This study expands our understanding of how genetic precursors of dementia and cardiovascular diseases are related to changes in brain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D. James
- Rush University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Room 1038, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Brian Caffo
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Walter F. Stewart
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Center for Health Research and Rural Advocacy, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - David Yousem
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21278, USA
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brian S. Schwartz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21278, USA
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12
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Lucatelli JF, Barros AC, Silva VKD, Machado FDS, Constantin PC, Dias AAC, Hutz MH, de Andrade FM. Genetic influences on Alzheimer's disease: evidence of interactions between the genes APOE, APOC1 and ACE in a sample population from the South of Brazil. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:1533-9. [PMID: 21533863 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a complex neurodegenerative disorder. Several genes have been suggested as Alzheimer's susceptibility factors, the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene being an established susceptibility gene and the genes coding angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and apolipoprotein C1 (APOC1) being considered possible candidate genes for the disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of ACE and APOC1 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease and dementia in general, both alone and combined with the APOE gene. Forty-seven patients with dementia in general (35 of them with Alzheimer's disease) and 85 controls were investigated. The haplotypes E*3/-317*ins and E*4/-317*ins of APOE/APOC1 genes were significantly more frequent in the groups with Alzheimer's disease and dementia in general (P < 0.001). The frequency of the ACE*ins allele was also greater in the groups with Alzheimer's disease and dementia in general (P = 0.022; P = 0.045), but genotype frequencies were only different in groups without the E*4/-317*ins haplotype (P = 0.012 for Alzheimer's disease; P = 0.04 for dementia). Our data point to important genetic interactions involved in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Fagion Lucatelli
- Health Science Institute, Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Inovação, PROPI Sala 201 F, Universidade Feevale, RS 239, No. 2755, B. Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, RS, 93352-000, Brazil
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13
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Hladikova M, Vašků A, Štourač P, Benešová Y, Bednařík J. Two frequent polymorphisms of angiotensinogen and their association with multiple sclerosis progression rate. J Neurol Sci 2011; 303:31-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhang Z, Deng L, Bai F, Shi Y, Yu H, Yuan Y, Jiang T, Jia J, Zhang Z. ACE I/D polymorphism affects cognitive function and gray-matter volume in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Behav Brain Res 2010; 218:114-20. [PMID: 21108975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To characterize the correlates of cognitive function, serum concentrations of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and brain structure with the ACE insertion or deletion (I/D) polymorphism were analyzed in subjects with amnestic-mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). A group of 48 subjects meeting criteria for aMCI and 36 age-matched control subjects were assessed using a comprehensive battery of standardized neuropsychological tests and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The ACE gene's I/D polymorphism was analyzed by means of PCR, and serum ACE concentrations were measured using ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Genotype effects on neuropsychological domains and MRI gray matter volume (GMV) measurements (optimized voxel-based morphometry) were examined using general linear models. The D carriers among the aMCI subjects performed significantly worse on AVLT-delayed recall compared to the I homozygous group. The D carriers had higher serum ACE concentrations than did the I homozygous carriers, though this difference only reached statistical significance in the aMCI group. Compared with the I homozygous carriers, in the aMCI group, D carriers showed smaller GMV of the bilateral middle frontal gyrus, right cuneus, right precentral gyrus, right medial frontal gyrus, right superior frontal gyrus, and left postcentral gyrus. However, there was no significant difference in GMV between I homozygous and D carriers in the normal control group. The study suggests that ACE genotype has considerable effect on the cognitive performance of aMCI subjects, particularly episodic memory, serum activity of ACE, and the structure of specified brain regions. The ACE D allele may be a genetic risk factor for greater atrophy of gray matter in aMCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengsheng Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Zhang Z, Deng L, Bai F, Shi Y, Yu H, Yuan Y, Wang K, Jiang T, Jia J, Zhang Z. Alteration of resting brain function by genetic variation in angiotensin converting enzyme in amnestic-type mild cognitive impairment of Chinese Han. Behav Brain Res 2010; 208:619-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Albrecht D. Physiological and pathophysiological functions of different angiotensins in the brain. Br J Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00648.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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17
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Argañaraz GA, Konno AC, Perosa SR, Santiago JFC, Boim MA, Vidotti DB, Varella PPV, Costa LG, Canzian M, Porcionatto MA, Yacubian EM, Sakamoto AC, Carrete H, Centeno RS, Amado D, Cavalheiro EA, Junior JAS, Mazzacoratti MDGN. The renin-angiotensin system is upregulated in the cortex and hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy related to mesial temporal sclerosis. Epilepsia 2008; 49:1348-57. [PMID: 18363708 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE As reported by several authors, angiotensin II (AngII) is a proinflammatory molecule that stimulates the release of inflammatory cytokines and activates nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB), being also associated with the increase of cellular oxidative stress. Its production depends on the activity of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) that hydrolyzes the inactive precursor angiotensin I (AngI) into AngII. It has been suggested that AngII underlies the physiopathological mechanisms of several brain disorders such as stroke, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and disease. The aim of the present work was to localize and quantify AngII AT1 and AT2 receptors in the cortex and hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy related to mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) submitted to corticoamygdalohippocampectomy for seizure control. METHOD Immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and real-time PCR techniques were employed to analyze the expression of these receptors. RESULTS The results showed an upregulation of AngII AT1 receptor as well as its messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression in the cortex and hippocampus of patients with MTS. In addition, an increased immunoexpression of AngII AT2 receptors was found only in the hippocampus of these patients with no changes in its mRNA levels. DISCUSSION These data show, for the first time, changes in components of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that could be implicated in the physiopathology of MTS.
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ACE I/D polymorphism in Alzheimer’s disease. Open Life Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-007-0051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAngiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has been reported to show altered activity in patients with neurological diseases. The recent studies found that a 287 bp insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the ACE gene may be associated with susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) but the results have been heterogenous between studies in Europe. In the present study we examined for the first time the association of ACE I/D polymorphism along with APOE genotype in 70 sporadic AD and 126 control subjects in Slovak Caucasians (Central Europe). An increased risk for AD was observed in subjects with at least one APOE*E4 allele (OR=3.99, 95% CI=1.97–8.08). No significant differences for the genotype distribution or the allele frequency were revealed comparing controls and patients for ACE gene. Gene-gene interaction analysis showed increase of the risk to develop AD in subjects carrying both the ACE DD genotype and the APOE*E4 allele (OR=10.32, 95% C.I. 2.67–39.81).
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Abstract
Pharmacological treatment in Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounts for 10-20% of direct costs, and fewer than 20% of AD patients are moderate responders to conventional drugs (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, memantine), with doubtful cost-effectiveness. Both AD pathogenesis and drug metabolism are genetically regulated complex traits in which hundreds of genes cooperatively participate. Structural genomics studies demonstrated that more than 200 genes might be involved in AD pathogenesis regulating dysfunctional genetic networks leading to premature neuronal death. The AD population exhibits a higher genetic variation rate than the control population, with absolute and relative genetic variations of 40-60% and 0.85-1.89%, respectively. AD patients also differ in their genomic architecture from patients with other forms of dementia. Functional genomics studies in AD revealed that age of onset, brain atrophy, cerebrovascular hemodynamics, brain bioelectrical activity, cognitive decline, apoptosis, immune function, lipid metabolism dyshomeostasis, and amyloid deposition are associated with AD-related genes. Pioneering pharmacogenomics studies also demonstrated that the therapeutic response in AD is genotype-specific, with apolipoprotein E (APOE) 4/4 carriers the worst responders to conventional treatments. About 10-20% of Caucasians are carriers of defective cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 polymorphic variants that alter the metabolism and effects of AD drugs and many psychotropic agents currently administered to patients with dementia. There is a moderate accumulation of AD-related genetic variants of risk in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PMs) and ultrarapid metabolizers (UMs), who are the worst responders to conventional drugs. The association of the APOE-4 allele with specific genetic variants of other genes (e.g., CYP2D6, angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE]) negatively modulates the therapeutic response to multifactorial treatments affecting cognition, mood, and behavior. Pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic factors may account for 60-90% of drug variability in drug disposition and pharmacodynamics. The incorporation of pharmacogenetic/pharmacogenomic protocols to AD research and clinical practice can foster therapeutics optimization by helping to develop cost-effective pharmaceuticals and improving drug efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders, Bergondo, Coruña, Spain
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Dominant inheritance of retinal ganglion cell resistance to optic nerve crush in mice. BMC Neurosci 2007; 8:19. [PMID: 17338819 PMCID: PMC1831479 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-8-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several neurodegenerative diseases are influenced by complex genetics that affect an individual's susceptibility, disease severity, and rate of progression. One such disease is glaucoma, a chronic neurodegenerative condition of the eye that targets and stimulates apoptosis of CNS neurons called retinal ganglion cells. Since ganglion cell death is intrinsic, it is reasonable that the genes that control this process may contribute to the complex genetics that affect ganglion cell susceptibility to disease. To determine if genetic background influences susceptibility to optic nerve damage, leading to ganglion cell death, we performed optic nerve crush on 15 different inbred lines of mice and measured ganglion cell loss. Resistant and susceptible strains were used in a reciprocal breeding strategy to examine the inheritance pattern of the resistance phenotype. Because earlier studies had implicated Bax as a susceptibility allele for ganglion cell death in the chronic neurodegenerative disease glaucoma, we conducted allelic segregation analysis and mRNA quantification to assess this gene as a candidate for the cell death phenotype. Results Inbred lines showed varying levels of susceptibility to optic nerve crush. DBA/2J mice were most resistant and BALB/cByJ mice were most susceptible. F1 mice from these lines inherited the DBA/2J phenotype, while N2 backcross mice exhibited the BALB/cByJ phenotype. F2 mice exhibited an intermediate phenotype. A Wright Formula calculation suggested as few as 2 dominant loci were linked to the resistance phenotype, which was corroborated by a Punnett Square analysis of the distribution of the mean phenotype in each cross. The levels of latent Bax mRNA were the same in both lines, and Bax alleles did not segregate with phenotype in N2 and F2 mice. Conclusion Inbred mice show different levels of resistance to optic nerve crush. The resistance phenotype is heritable in a dominant fashion involving relatively few loci. Bax was excluded as a candidate gene for this phenotype.
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Lovrecić L, Ristić S, Starcević-Cizmarević N, Jazbec SS, Sepcić J, Kapović M, Peterlin B. Angiotensin-converting enzyme I/D gene polymorphism and risk of multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2006; 114:374-7. [PMID: 17083336 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity is increased in blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). In addition, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, the blockade of ACE suppresses the disease itself. To analyze the genetic association of the ACE gene with MS, we examined ACE gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in MS patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 313 MS patients from Slovenia and Croatia and 376 healthy controls were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction method. RESULTS We found statistically significant differences in the distribution of ACE I/D allele frequencies (P < 0.01) and genotypes (P < 0.04) in male patients. ACE DD genotype was associated with MS in men at an odds ratio of 1.86 (95% CI 1.09-3.19, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS DD genotype of ACE gene might contribute to a higher risk of developing MS in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lovrecić
- Department of Medical Genetics, UMC, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Purandare N, Oude Voshaar RC, Davidson Y, Gibbons L, Hardicre J, Byrne J, McCollum C, Jackson A, Burns A, Mann DMA. Deletion/Insertion Polymorphism of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene and White Matter Hyperintensities in Dementia: A Pilot Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006; 54:1395-400. [PMID: 16970648 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the association between the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) deletion/insertion (D/I) polymorphism and white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) in patients with dementia. DESIGN Observational pilot study with adjustment for potential confounders using analysis of covariance. SETTING Secondary care old-age psychiatry services in greater Manchester, United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS Ninety-seven patients with dementia: 49 with Alzheimer's disease (AD, National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke/Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria) and 48 with vascular dementia (VaD, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/Association Internationale pour la Recherche et l'Enseignement en Neurosciences criteria). MEASUREMENTS The ACE D/I polymorphism, WMHs (deep WMHs (DWMHs) and periventricular hyperintensities (PVHs)) on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, and potential cardiovascular confounders. RESULTS The D/D polymorphism of the ACE genotype was associated with severity of DWMH (P = .005) but not PVH (P = .34), corrected for age, cardiovascular risk factors, and type of dementia. Post hoc analyses were limited by statistical power but suggested an interaction with the apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele. CONCLUSION The results support previous observations that genetic factors influence the development of WMHs in dementia. The involvement of the ACE D/I polymorphism in the pathogenesis of DWMHs in dementia (AD and VaD), by a mechanism that is independent of its association with cardiovascular risk factors, should be confirmed in a large population-based sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Purandare
- Division of Psychiatry, Education and Research Center, South Manchester University Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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Panegyres PK, Beilby J, Bulsara M, Toufexis K, Wong C. A Study of Potential Interactive Genetic Factors in Huntington’s Disease. Eur Neurol 2006; 55:189-92. [PMID: 16772714 DOI: 10.1159/000093867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the role of genetic factors, other than the CAG repeat length, on the development of Huntington's disease (HD) in an isolated Caucasian population in the south-west of Western Australia. METHODS 114 patients with symptomatic HD according to the Unified HD Rating Scale research criteria were examined along with 51 control patients. The length of the CAG repeat sequence in the IT15 gene and the adjacent CCG and Delta2642 polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction along with common genotypes of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genes. RESULTS The CAG expansion was associated with age of onset and the development of neurological dysfunction. We found no effect of the expanded CCG allele on age of onset, neurological dysfunction or the size of the CAG expansion. We observed a twofold increase in the Delta2642 polymorphism and the risk of developing symptomatic HD which was not significant (OR 2.06; 95% CI 0.60-7.07). The presence of an APOE epsilon4 allele was associated with an increased risk of HD which was not significant either (OR 1.04-1.73; 95% CI 0.10-10.68). ACE genotypes showed no association with risk factors for the disease. CONCLUSION In our study of a geographically isolated Caucasian HD population in the south-west of Western Australia we have not observed that the expanded CCG allele, the Delta2642 polymorphism, the APOE epsilon4 allele and ACE genotypes are associated with an increased risk for the development of symptomatic HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Panegyres
- Neurosciences Unit, Department of Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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Antoine V, Rigaud AS. [Alzheimer's disease: cardiovascular risk factors must be assessed]. Rev Med Interne 2006; 27:21-31. [PMID: 15951064 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2005.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2004] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dementia is nowadays of major importance in public health. Alzheimer's disease and vascular cognitive impairments are its main aetiology in the elderly. The cause of Alzheimer's disease remains unknown. The factor initiating the physiopathology of this neurodegenerative disease is source of controversy. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND KEY POINTS The theory of a neurotoxicity initiated by amyloid deposition is questioned. A growing number of data suggest a central role of cardiovascular risk factors and alteration of arterial walls, inducing chronic brain hypoperfusion, as the primary trigger in the physiopathology of the disease. These data are based on epidemiological, physiopathological, neuroimaging, neuropathological and pharmacological studies. However, the exact link between arteriosclerosis, vascular cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease remains controversial. FUTURE PROSPECTS AND PROJECTS These debates point out the crucial importance of the assessment of cardiovascular risk factors, as a preventable cause, either of cognitive decline, morbidity and mortality. In this aim, major targets could be different when primary or secondary prevention are at stake. These controversies also suggest new research directions towards Alzheimer's disease physiopathology, and for pharmacological interventions aimed on the prevention of cognitive decline or the curative treatment for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Antoine
- Consultation de la mémoire, CHI Poissy-Les Maisonnées, rue du Champ-Gaillard, 78300 Poissy, France.
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Bowirrat A, Cui J, Waraska K, Friedland RP, Oscar-Berman M, Farrer LA, Korczyn A, Baldwin CT. Lack of association between angiotensin-converting enzyme and dementia of the Alzheimer's type in an elderly Arab population in Wadi Ara, Israel. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2005; 1:73-6. [PMID: 18568123 PMCID: PMC2426814 DOI: 10.2147/nedt.1.1.73.52302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a protease involved in blood pressure regulation, has been implicated as an important candidate gene for Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study investigated whether the ACE gene insertion-deletion (ID) polymorphism is associated with risk of developing dementia of Alzheimer's type (DAT) in an Arab-Israeli community, a unique genetic isolate where there is a high prevalence of DAT. In contrast to several other studies, we found no evidence of an association between this polymorphism and either DAT or age-related cognitive decline (ARCD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla Bowirrat
- Genetic Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Cacabelos R. Genomic characterization of Alzheimer’s disease and genotype-related phenotypic analysis of biological markers in dementia. Pharmacogenomics 2004; 5:1049-105. [PMID: 15584876 DOI: 10.1517/14622416.5.8.1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 180 genes distributed across the human genome are potentially involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The AD population shows a higher genetic variation rate than the control population. Significant differences in allelic distribution and frequency exist when AD-related polygenic clusters are compared with other forms of dementia, indicating that the genetic component in neurodegenerative dementia differs from that of other CNS disorders. The characterization of AD genotype-related phenotypic profiles reveals substantial differences in biological markers among AD clusters associated with different genes and/or allelic combinations. AD and dementia with vascular component (DVC) are the most prevalent forms of dementia. Both clinical entities share many similarities, but they differ in their major phenotypic and genotypic profiles, as revealed by structural and functional genomics studies. Comparative phenotypic studies have identified significant differences in 25% of more than 100 parametric variables, including anthropometric values, cardiovascular function, blood pressure, lipid metabolism, uric acid metabolism, peripheral calcium homeostasis, liver function, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, red and white blood cells, regional brain atrophy, and brain blood flow velocity. Functional genomic studies incorporating apolipoprotein E (APOE)-related changes in biological markers extended the difference between AD and DVC by up to 57%. Structural genomic studies with AD-related genes, including APP, MAPT, APOE, PS1, PS2, A2M, ACE, AGT, cFOS, and PRNP, demonstrate different genetic profiles in AD and DVC, with an absolute genetic variation rate in the range of 30–80%, depending upon genes and genetic clusters. The relative polymorphic variation in genetic clusters integrated by two, three or four genes associated with AD ranges from 1 to 3%. The main phenotypic differences in AD are genotype dependent, indicating a powerful influence of polygenic factors on the AD phenotypic profile. All these genotypic and phenotypic variations bring about important consequences for the pharmacogenomics of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Chair of Biotechnology & Genomics, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain.
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