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Ignacio B, Baeza J, Ruiz B, Romero JP, Yañez P, Ramírez C, Caprile T, Farkas C, Recabal-Beyer A. The medial amygdala's neural circuitry: Insights into social processing and sex differences. Front Neuroendocrinol 2025; 77:101190. [PMID: 40294707 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2025.101190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2025] [Revised: 03/26/2025] [Accepted: 04/22/2025] [Indexed: 04/30/2025]
Abstract
The amygdala, a critical part of the limbic system, is essential for processing social stimuli and regulating stress responses. Among its various neuronal nuclei, the medial amygdala (MeA) remains one of the least studied in humans. The MeA plays a key role in receiving inputs from the olfactory system through pheromones, as well as from crucial areas such as the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and reward system. This allows the MeA to integrate external stimuli with the organism's internal state, finetuning social interactions, endocrine responses, and innate behaviors. Recent advances in neuroscience have highlighted the sex differences of the MeA and how they influence behavior and environmental perception. Understanding these sexspecific variations in brain structures, like the MeA in rodents, is vital for applying this knowledge to humans and could help bridge gaps in our understanding and treatment of mental health disorders, which often differ between sexes in both prevalence and presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janina Baeza
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Bastián Ruiz
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Paulina Yañez
- Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Camila Ramírez
- Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Teresa Caprile
- Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Carlos Farkas
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Chile
| | - Antonia Recabal-Beyer
- Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Chile.
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Kovacs-Balint ZA, Raper J, Richardson R, Gopakumar A, Kettimuthu KP, Higgins M, Feczko E, Earl E, Ethun KF, Li L, Styner M, Fair D, Bachevalier J, Sanchez MM. The role of puberty on physical and brain development: A longitudinal study in male Rhesus Macaques. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2023; 60:101237. [PMID: 37031512 PMCID: PMC10114189 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the role of male pubertal maturation on physical growth and development of neurocircuits that regulate stress, emotional and cognitive control using a translational nonhuman primate model. We collected longitudinal data from male macaques between pre- and peri-puberty, including measures of physical growth, pubertal maturation (testicular volume, blood testosterone -T- concentrations) and brain structural and resting-state functional MRI scans to examine developmental changes in amygdala (AMY), hippocampus (HIPPO), prefrontal cortex (PFC), as well as functional connectivity (FC) between those regions. Physical growth and pubertal measures increased from pre- to peri-puberty. The indexes of pubertal maturation -testicular size and T- were correlated at peri-puberty, but not at pre-puberty (23 months). Our findings also showed ICV, AMY, HIPPO and total PFC volumetric growth, but with region-specific changes in PFC. Surprisingly, FC in these neural circuits only showed developmental changes from pre- to peri-puberty for HIPPO-orbitofrontal FC. Finally, testicular size was a better predictor of brain structural maturation than T levels -suggesting gonadal hormones-independent mechanisms-, whereas T was a strong predictor of functional connectivity development. We expect that these neural circuits will show more drastic pubertal-dependent maturation, including stronger associations with pubertal measures later, during and after male puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z A Kovacs-Balint
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - J Raper
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Dept. of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - R Richardson
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - A Gopakumar
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - K P Kettimuthu
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - M Higgins
- Office of Nursing Research, Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - E Feczko
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA; Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - E Earl
- Dept. of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - K F Ethun
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - L Li
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Marcus Autism Center; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M Styner
- Dept. of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - D Fair
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA; Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - J Bachevalier
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - M M Sanchez
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Dept. of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Godfrey JR, Howell BR, Mummert A, Shi Y, Styner M, Wilson ME, Sanchez M. Effects of social rank and pubertal delay on brain structure in female rhesus macaques. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 149:105987. [PMID: 36529113 PMCID: PMC9931669 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Adverse social experience during childhood and adolescence leads to developmental alterations in emotional and stress regulation and underlying neurocircuits. We examined the consequences of social subordination (low social rank) in juvenile female rhesus monkeys, as an ethologically valid model of chronic social stressor exposure, on brain structural and behavioral development through the pubertal transition. Adolescence is a developmental period of extensive brain remodeling and increased emotional and stress reactivity. Puberty-induced increases in gonadal hormones, particularly estradiol (E2), are likely involved due to its organizational effects on the brain and behavior. Thus, we also examined how experimentally delaying pubertal onset with Lupron (gonadotropin releasing hormone -GnRH- agonist used clinically to delay early puberty) interacted with social rank (dominant vs. subordinate) to affect brain and behavioral outcomes. Using a longitudinal experimental design, structural MRI (sMRI) scans were collected on socially housed juvenile female rhesus monkeys living in indoor-outdoor enclosures prior to the onset of puberty (18-25 months), defined as menarche or the initial occurrence of perineal swelling and coloration, and again at 29-36 months, when all control animals had reached puberty but none of the Lupron-treated had. We examined the effects of both social rank and pubertal delay on overall structural brain volume (i.e. intracranial, grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volumes), as well as on cortico-limbic regions involved in emotion and stress regulation: amygdala (AMYG), hippocampus (HC), and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Measures of stress physiology, social behavior, and emotional reactivity were collected to examine functional correlates of the brain structural effects. Apart from expected developmental effects, subordinates had bigger AMYG volumes than dominant animals, most notably in the right hemisphere, but pubertal delay with Lupron-treatment abolished those differences, suggesting a role of gonadal hormones potentiating the brain structural impact of social stress. Subordinates also had elevated baseline cortisol, indicating activation of stress systems. In general, Lupron-treated subjects had smaller AMYG and HC volume than controls, but larger total PFC (driven by bigger GM volumes), and different, region-specific, developmental patterns dependent on age and social rank. These findings highlight a region-specific effect of E2 on structural development during female adolescence, independent of those due to chronological age. Pubertal delay and AMYG volume, in turn, predicted differences in emotional reactivity and social behavior. These findings suggest that exposure to developmental increases in E2 modifies the consequences of adverse social experience on the volume of cortico-limbic regions involved in emotional and stress regulation during maturation. But, even more importantly, they indicate different brain structural effects of chronological age and pubertal developmental stage in females, which are very difficult to disentangle in human studies. These findings have additional relevance for young girls who experience prolonged pubertal delays or for those whose puberty is clinically arrested by pharmacological administration of Lupron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi R Godfrey
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Brittany R Howell
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, 12 Executive Park Drive NE #200, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; Department of Human Development and Family Science, Virginia Tech, 366 Wallace Hall, 295 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Amanda Mummert
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yundi Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, 352 Medical School Wing C, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Martin Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, 352 Medical School Wing C, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mark E Wilson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, 12 Executive Park Drive NE #200, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mar Sanchez
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, 12 Executive Park Drive NE #200, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Rivollier F, Chaumette B, Bendjemaa N, Chayet M, Millet B, Jaafari N, Barhdadi A, Lemieux Perreault LP, Provost S, Dubé MP, Gaillard R, Krebs MO, Kebir O. Methylomic changes in individuals with psychosis, prenatally exposed to endocrine disrupting compounds: Lessons from diethylstilbestrol. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174783. [PMID: 28406917 PMCID: PMC5390994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Western world, between 1940 and 1970, more than 2 million people were exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol (DES). In exposed individuals, and in their descendants, adverse outcomes have been linked to such exposure, including cancers, genital malformations, and less consistently, psychiatric disorders. We aimed to explore whether prenatal DES exposure would be associated with DNA methylation changes, and whether these epigenetic modifications would be associated with increased risk of psychosis. METHODS From 247 individuals born from mothers exposed to DES, we selected 69 siblings from 30 families. In each family, at least one sibling was exposed in utero to DES. We performed a methylome-wide association study using HumanMethylation450 DNA Analysis BeadChip® in peripheral blood. We analyzed methylation changes at individual CpGs or regions in exposed (n = 37) versus unexposed individuals (n = 32). We also compared exposed individuals with (n = 7) and without psychosis (n = 30). RESULTS There were more individuals with schizophrenia in the DES-exposed group. We found no significant differences between exposed and unexposed individuals with respect to differentially methylated CpGs or regions. The largest difference was in a region near the promoter of an ADAMTS proteoglycanase gene (ADAMTS9). Compared to exposed individuals without psychosis, exposed individuals with psychosis had differential methylation in the region encompassing the gene encoding the zinc finger protein 57 (ZFP57). CONCLUSIONS In utero exposure to DES was not associated with methylation changes at specific CpG or regions. In exposed individuals, however, psychosis was associated with specific methylomic modifications that could impact neurodevelopment and neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Rivollier
- Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, UMR S 894, Paris, France
- INSERM, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, UMR S 894, Paris, France
- CNRS, GDR3557-Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Boris Chaumette
- Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, UMR S 894, Paris, France
- INSERM, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, UMR S 894, Paris, France
- CNRS, GDR3557-Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Narjes Bendjemaa
- Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, UMR S 894, Paris, France
- INSERM, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, UMR S 894, Paris, France
- CNRS, GDR3557-Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Chayet
- Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Millet
- Department of Adults Psychiatry, ICM-A-IHU, UPMC UMR S 975, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Nematollah Jaafari
- Unité de Recherche Clinique en Psychiatrie Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, INSERM CIC-P 1402, INSERM U 1084 Laboratoire Expérimental et Clinique en Neurosciences, Univ Poitiers, CHU Poitiers, Groupement De Recherche CNRS 3557, Poitiers, France
| | - Amina Barhdadi
- Université de Montréal, Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center, Montréal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sylvie Provost
- Université de Montréal, Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center, Montréal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubé
- Université de Montréal, Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center, Montréal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Raphaël Gaillard
- Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, UMR S 894, Paris, France
- INSERM, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, UMR S 894, Paris, France
- CNRS, GDR3557-Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, UMR S 894, Paris, France
- INSERM, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, UMR S 894, Paris, France
- CNRS, GDR3557-Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Oussama Kebir
- Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, UMR S 894, Paris, France
- INSERM, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, UMR S 894, Paris, France
- CNRS, GDR3557-Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
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Lisofsky N, Riediger M, Gallinat J, Lindenberger U, Kühn S. Hormonal contraceptive use is associated with neural and affective changes in healthy young women. Neuroimage 2016; 134:597-606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Kumar A, Liu NJ, Madia PA, Gintzler AR. Contribution of Endogenous Spinal Endomorphin 2 to Intrathecal Opioid Antinociception in Rats Is Agonist Dependent and Sexually Dimorphic. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2015; 16:1200-10. [PMID: 26342648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Interactions between exogenous and endogenous opioids are not commonly investigated as a basis for sexually dimorphic opioid analgesia. We investigated the influence of spinal endomorphin 2 (EM2), an endogenous mu-opioid receptor (MOR) ligand, on the spinal antinociception produced by intrathecally administered opioids. Activation of spinal MORs facilitated spinal EM2 release. This effect was sexually dimorphic, occurring in males but not in females. Although activational effects of testosterone were required for opioid facilitation of spinal EM2 release in males, the absence of this facilitation in females did not result from either insufficient levels of testosterone or mitigating effects of estrogens. Strikingly, in males, the contribution of spinal EM2 to the analgesia produced by intrathecally applied MOR agonists depended on their analgesic efficacy relative to that of EM2. Spinal EM2 released by the higher efficacy MOR agonist sufentanil diminished sufentanil's analgesic effect, whereas EM2 released by the lower efficacy morphine had the opposite effect on spinal morphine antinociception. Understanding antithetical contributions of endogenous EM2 to intrathecal opioid antinociception not only enlightens the selection of opioid medications for pain management but also helps to explain variable sex dependence of the antinociception produced by different opioids, facilitating the acceptance of sexually dimorphic antinociception as a basic tenet. PERSPECTIVE The male-specific MOR-coupled enhancement of spinal EM2 release implies a parallel ability to harness endogenous EM2 antinociception. The inferred diminished ability of females to utilize the spinal EM2 antinociceptive system could contribute to their greater frequency and severity of chronic pain syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Kumar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of New York, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Nai-Jiang Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of New York, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Priyanka A Madia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of New York, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Alan R Gintzler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of New York, Brooklyn, New York.
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Tomihara K, Zoshiki T, Kukita SY, Nakamura K, Isogawa A, Ishibashi S, Tanaka A, Kuraoka AS, Matsumoto S. Effects of diethylstilbestrol exposure during gestation on both maternal and offspring behavior. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:79. [PMID: 25852458 PMCID: PMC4360566 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disruption during gestation impairs the physical and behavioral development of offspring. However, it is unclear whether endocrine disruption also impairs maternal behavior and in turn further contributes to the developmental and behavioral dysfunction of offspring. We orally administered the synthetic non-steroidal estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) to pregnant female C57BL/6J mice from gestation day 11-17 and then investigated the maternal behavior of mothers. In addition, we examined the direct effects of in utero DES exposure and the indirect effects of aberrant maternal behavior on offspring using the cross-fostering method. In mothers, endocrine disruption during gestation decreased maternal behavior. In addition, endocrine disruption of foster mother influenced anxiety-related behavior and passive avoidance learning of pups regardless of their exposure in utero. The influence of DES exposure in utero, irrespective of exposure to the foster mother, was also shown in female offspring. These results demonstrate the risks of endocrine disruptors on both mother as well as offspring and suggest that developmental deficits may stem from both in utero toxicity and aberrant maternal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Tomihara
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Law, Economics, and Humanities, Kagoshima University Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takahiro Zoshiki
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Law, Economics, and Humanities, Kagoshima University Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Sayaka Y Kukita
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Law, Economics, and Humanities, Kagoshima University Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kanako Nakamura
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Law, Economics, and Humanities, Kagoshima University Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ayuko Isogawa
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Law, Economics, and Humanities, Kagoshima University Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Sawako Ishibashi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Law, Economics, and Humanities, Kagoshima University Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ayumi Tanaka
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Law, Economics, and Humanities, Kagoshima University Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ayaka S Kuraoka
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Law, Economics, and Humanities, Kagoshima University Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Saki Matsumoto
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Law, Economics, and Humanities, Kagoshima University Kagoshima, Japan
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Kumar V, Vasudevan A, Soh LJT, Le Min C, Vyas A, Zewail-Foote M, Guarraci FA. Sexual attractiveness in male rats is associated with greater concentration of major urinary proteins. Biol Reprod 2014; 91:150. [PMID: 25359898 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.117903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Female rats show a distinct attraction for males. This attraction remains consistent without the necessity for the physical presence of the male. However, the identity of the olfactory cues contributing to attraction in rats remains unknown. Rat urine contains copious amounts of major urinary proteins (MUPs). Here, we investigated the hypothesis that MUPs mediate sexual attractiveness in rats. We first demonstrated that a member of a male dyad receiving greater copulatory opportunities in competitive mate choice tests excrete greater amounts of MUPs. Furthermore, the amount of male MUPs positively correlated with both copulatory opportunities received and female exploration of the urine. Using females and a two-choice olfactory attraction test, we demonstrated that urinary fractions containing MUPs were sufficient to induce attraction and that male MUPs activated neurons in the posterodorsal medial amygdala in female rats. Taken together, these results suggest that olfactory cues associated with MUPs act as an attractant to female rats in estrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Kumar
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anand Vasudevan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Linda Jing Ting Soh
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Choo Le Min
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ajai Vyas
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maha Zewail-Foote
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas
| | - Fay A Guarraci
- Department of Psychology, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas
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Ossewaarde L, van Wingen GA, Rijpkema M, Bäckström T, Hermans EJ, Fernández G. Menstrual cycle-related changes in amygdala morphology are associated with changes in stress sensitivity. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 34:1187-1193. [PMID: 22162177 PMCID: PMC6870478 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Premenstrual increases in negative mood are thought to arise from changes in gonadal hormone levels, presumably by influencing mood regulation and stress sensitivity. The amygdala plays a major role in this context, and animal studies suggest that gonadal hormones influence its morphology. Here, we investigated whether amygdala morphology changes over the menstrual cycle and whether this change explains differences in stress sensitivity. Twenty-eight young healthy women were investigated once during the premenstrual phase and once during the late follicular phase. T1-weighted anatomical images of the brain were acquired using magnetic resonance imaging and analyzed with optimized voxel-based morphometry. To measure mood regulation and stress sensitivity, negative affect was assessed after viewing strongly aversive as well as neutral movie clips. Our results show increased gray matter volume in the dorsal part of the left amygdala during the premenstrual phase when compared with the late follicular phase. This volume increase was positively correlated with the premenstrual increase in stress-induced negative affect. This is the first study showing structural plasticity of the amygdala in humans at the macroscopic level that is associated with both endogenous gonadal hormone fluctuations and stress sensitivity. These results correspond with animal findings of gonadal hormone-mediated neural plasticity in the amygdala and have implications for understanding the pathogenesis of specific mood disorders associated with hormonal fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Ossewaarde
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Izumo N, Ishibashi Y, Ohba M, Morikawa T, Manabe T. Decreased voluntary activity and amygdala levels of serotonin and dopamine in ovariectomized rats. Behav Brain Res 2012; 227:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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