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Abdelkhalek AS, Youssef HA, Saleh AS, Bollen P, Zvara P. Anesthetic protocols for urodynamic studies of the lower urinary tract in small rodents-A systematic review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253192. [PMID: 34166394 PMCID: PMC8224928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Urodynamic studies in rats and mice are broadly used to examine pathomechnisms of disease and identify and test therapeutic targets. This review aims to highlight the effects of the anesthetics on the lower urinary tract function and seeks to identify protocols that allow recovery from anesthesia and repeated measurements while preserving the function which is being studied. All studies published in English language, which compared the data obtained under various types of anesthesia and the urodynamics performed in awake animals were included. It appears that urethane, an anesthetic recommended extensively for the investigation of lower urinary tract function, is appropriate for acute urodynamic studies only. Major advantages of urethane are its stability and ability to preserve the micturition reflex. Due to its toxicity and carcinogenicity, urethane anesthesia should not be used for recovery procedures. This review evaluated available alternatives including propofol, isoflurane and combinations of urethane, ketamine/xylazine, ketamine/medetomidine, and/or fentanyl/fluanisone/midazolam. Different effects have been demonstrated among these drugs on the urinary bladder, the urethral sphincter, as well as on their neuroregulation. The lowest incidence of adverse effects was observed with the use of a combination of ketamine and xylazine. Although the variations in the reviewed study protocols represent a limitation, we believe that this summary will help in standardizing and optimizing future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkhalek Samy Abdelkhalek
- Biomedical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology & Radiology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Haroun Ali Youssef
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology & Radiology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Sayed Saleh
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology & Radiology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Peter Bollen
- Biomedical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter Zvara
- Biomedical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Research Unit of Urology, Department of Urology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Isoflurane decreases substantia gelatinosa neuron excitability and synaptic transmission from periphery in the rat spinal dorsal horn. Neuroreport 2020; 32:77-81. [PMID: 33323835 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Isoflurane is an inhaled anesthetic, though its actions at the cellular level remain controversial. By using acute spinal cord slices from adult rats and the whole-cell recording technique, we found that aqueous isoflurane at the minimum alveolar concentration decreased postsynaptic neural excitability and enhanced membrane conductance, while suppressing glutamate release from presynaptic afferent onto substantia gelatinosa (lamina II) neurons in the dorsal horn. The data demonstrate that isoflurane modulates synaptic transmission from peripheral to the spinal cord via both pre- and postsynaptic effects and these actions may underlie its spinal anesthesia.
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Chen YW, Chen CM, Liu KS, Wang JJ, Hung CH. 2-Adamantanamine produces prolonged spinal block in rats. Neurosci Lett 2017; 653:168-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Hung CH, Chiu CC, Liu KS, Chen YW, Wang JJ. Subcutaneous L-tyrosine elicits cutaneous analgesia in response to local skin pinprick in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 765:457-62. [PMID: 26376025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to estimate the ability of L-tyrosine to induce cutaneous analgesia and to investigate the interaction between L-tyrosine and the local anesthetic lidocaine. After subcutaneously injecting the rats with L-tyrosine and lidocaine in a dose-dependent manner, cutaneous analgesia (by blocking the cutaneous trunci muscle reflex-CTMR) was evaluated in response to the local pinprick. The drug-drug interaction was analyzed by using an isobolographic method. We showed that both L-tyrosine and lidocaine produced dose-dependent cutaneous analgesia. On the 50% effective dose (ED50) basis, the rank of drug potency was lidocaine (5.09 [4.88-5.38] μmol)>L-tyrosine (39.1 [36.5-41.8] μmol) (P<0.05). At the equipotent doses (ED25, ED50, and ED75), the duration of cutaneous analgesia caused by L-tyrosine lasted longer than that caused by lidocaine (P<0.01). Lidocaine co-administered with L-tyrosine exhibited an additive effect on infiltrative cutaneous analgesia. Our pre-clinical study demonstrated that L-tyrosine elicits the local/cutaneous analgesia, and the interaction between L-tyrosine and lidocaine is additive. L-tyrosine has a lower potency but much greater duration of cutaneous analgesia than lidocaine. Adding L-tyrosine to lidocaine preparations showed greater duration of cutaneous analgesia compared with lidocaine alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsia Hung
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Chi Chiu
- Department of General Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan and Liouying, Taiwan; Department of Electrical Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Sheng Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Chen
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Jhi-Joung Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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Leung YM, Tzeng JI, Gong CL, Wang YW, Chen YW, Wang JJ. Caramiphen-induced block of sodium currents and spinal anesthesia. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 746:213-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Intrathecal orphenadrine elicits spinal block in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 742:125-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Leung YM, Tzeng JI, Kuo CS, Chen YW, Chu CC, Wang JJ. The use of carbetapentane for spinal anesthesia and use-dependent block of sodium currents. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 714:366-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Leung YM, Chu CC, Kuo CS, Chen YW, Wang JJ. Nisoxetine blocks sodium currents and elicits spinal anesthesia in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 65:350-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Intrathecal chlorprothixene, cis(z)-flupenthixol, chlorpromazine and fluphenazine for prolonged spinal blockades of sensory and motor functions in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 693:31-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chen YW, Shieh JP, Chen YC, Leung YM, Hung CH, Wang JJ. Cutaneous analgesia after subcutaneous injection of memantine and amantadine and their systemic toxicity in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 693:25-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Spinal blockades of class I antiarrythmic drugs with bupivacaine by isobolographic analysis in rats. Neurosci Lett 2012; 528:46-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Leung YM, Chu CC, Kuo CS, Chen YW, Hung CH, Wang JJ. Isobolographic analysis of interaction between nisoxetine- and mepivacaine-induced spinal blockades in rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2012; 28:88-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2012.01070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuk-Man Leung
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chen Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology; Chi-Mei Medical Center; Tainan Taiwan
- Department of Recreation and Health-Care Management; Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Chang-Shin Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
- Department of Physical Therapy; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsia Hung
- Institute & Department of Physical Therapy; National Cheng Kung University; No.1 Ta-Hsueh Road Tainan Taiwan
| | - Jhi-Joung Wang
- Department of Medical Research; Chi-Mei Medical Center; Tainan Taiwan
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Chen YW, Chu CC, Chen YC, Kan CD, Wang JJ. Promazine and chlorpromazine for prolonged spinal anesthesia in rats. Neurosci Lett 2012; 521:115-8. [PMID: 22668855 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Though promazine and chlorpromazine elicited cutaneous anesthesia, no study of spinal anesthesia with chlorpromazine and promazine has been reported. This study was to examine whether chlorpromazine and promazine produce spinal anesthesia. Using a rat model via intrathecal injection, we tested spinal blockades of motor function and nociception by promazine, chlorpromazine or bupivacaine, and so were dose-response studies and durations. We demonstrated that chlorpromazine and promazine elicited dose-dependent spinal blockades in motor function and nociception. On the 50% effective dose (ED(50)) basis, the rank of potency of these drugs was bupivacaine>promazine>chlorpromazine (P<0.05 for the differences). On an equipotent basis (25% effective dose [ED(25)], ED(50), and ED(75)), the block duration caused by chlorpromazine or promazine was longer than that caused by the long-lasting local anesthetic bupivacaine (P<0.01 for the differences). Chlorpromazine and promazine, as well as bupivacaine, showed longer duration of sensory block than that of motor block. Our data reported that intrathecal promazine and chlorpromazine with a more sensory-selective action over motor blockade had less potent and longer-lasting spinal blockades when compared with bupivacaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Chen
- Department of Physical Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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