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Brandl S, Reindl M. Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in Neuroinflammation: Current In Vitro Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12699. [PMID: 37628879 PMCID: PMC10454051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier, which is formed by tightly interconnected microvascular endothelial cells, separates the brain from the peripheral circulation. Together with other central nervous system-resident cell types, including pericytes and astrocytes, the blood-brain barrier forms the neurovascular unit. Upon neuroinflammation, this barrier becomes leaky, allowing molecules and cells to enter the brain and to potentially harm the tissue of the central nervous system. Despite the significance of animal models in research, they may not always adequately reflect human pathophysiology. Therefore, human models are needed. This review will provide an overview of the blood-brain barrier in terms of both health and disease. It will describe all key elements of the in vitro models and will explore how different compositions can be utilized to effectively model a variety of neuroinflammatory conditions. Furthermore, it will explore the existing types of models that are used in basic research to study the respective pathologies thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
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2
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Schlotterose L, Beldjilali-Labro M, Schneider G, Vardi O, Hattermann K, Even U, Shohami E, Haustein HD, Leichtmann-Bardoogo Y, Maoz BM. Traumatic Brain Injury in a Well: A Modular Three-Dimensional Printed Tool for Inducing Traumatic Brain Injury In vitro. Neurotrauma Rep 2023; 4:255-266. [PMID: 37095852 PMCID: PMC10122253 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2022.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health problem that affects millions of persons worldwide every year among all age groups, mainly young children, and elderly persons. It is the leading cause of death for children under the age of 16 and is highly correlated with a variety of neuronal disorders, such as epilepsy, and neurodegenerative disease, such as Alzheimer's disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Over the past few decades, our comprehension of the molecular pathway of TBI has improved, yet despite being a major public health issue, there is currently no U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment for TBI, and a gap remains between these advances and their application to the clinical treatment of TBI. One of the major hurdles for pushing TBI research forward is the accessibility of TBI models and tools. Most of the TBI models require costume-made, complex, and expensive equipment, which often requires special knowledge to operate. In this study, we present a modular, three-dimensional printed TBI induction device, which induces, by the pulse of a pressure shock, a TBI-like injury on any standard cell-culture tool. Moreover, we demonstrate that our device can be used on multiple systems and cell types and can induce repetitive TBIs, which is very common in clinical TBI. Further, we demonstrate that our platform can recapitulate the hallmarks of TBI, which include cell death, decrease in neuronal functionality, axonal swelling (for neurons), and increase permeability (for endothelium). In addition, in view of the continued discussion on the need, benefits, and ethics of the use of animals in scientific research, this in vitro, high-throughput platform will make TBI research more accessible to other labs that prefer to avoid the use of animals yet are interested in this field. We believe that this will enable us to push the field forward and facilitate/accelerate the availability of novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Schlotterose
- Institute of Anatomy, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Gaya Schneider
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofir Vardi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Uzi Even
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Esther Shohami
- Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Herman D. Haustein
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Ben M. Maoz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Address correspondence to: Ben M. Maoz, PhD, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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3
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Wu YH, Park TIH, Kwon E, Feng S, Schweder P, Dragunow M, Shim V, Rosset S. Analyzing pericytes under mild traumatic brain injury using 3D cultures and dielectric elastomer actuators. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:994251. [DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.994251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as brain damage due to an external force that negatively impacts brain function. Up to 90% of all TBI are considered in the mild severity range (mTBI) but there is still no therapeutic solution available. Therefore, further understanding of the mTBI pathology is required. To assist with this understanding, we developed a cell injury device (CID) based on a dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA), which is capable of modeling mTBI via injuring cultured cells with mechanical stretching. Our injury model is the first to use patient-derived brain pericyte cells, which are ubiquitous cells in the brain involved in injury response. Pericytes were cultured in our CIDs and mechanically strained up to 40%, and by at least 20%, prior to gene expression analysis. Our injury model is a platform capable of culturing and stretching primary human brain pericytes. The heterogeneous response in gene expression changes in our result may suggest that the genes implicated in pathological changes after mTBI could be a patient-dependent response, but requires further validation. The results of this study demonstrate that our CID is a suitable tool for simulating mTBI as an in vitro stretch injury model, that is sensitive enough to induce responses from primary human brain pericytes due to mechanical impacts.
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Hanna ME, Pfister BJ. Advancements in in vitro models of traumatic brain injury. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2022.100430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wu YH, Rosset S, Lee TR, Dragunow M, Park T, Shim V. In Vitro Models of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:2336-2372. [PMID: 33563092 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health challenge that is also the third leading cause of death worldwide. It is also the leading cause of long-term disability in children and young adults worldwide. Despite a large body of research using predominantly in vivo and in vitro rodent models of brain injury, there is no medication that can reduce brain damage or promote brain repair mainly due to our lack of understanding in the mechanisms and pathophysiology of the TBI. The aim of this review is to examine in vitro TBI studies conducted from 2008-2018 to better understand the TBI in vitro model available in the literature. Specifically, our focus was to perform a detailed analysis of the in vitro experimental protocols used and their subsequent biological findings. Our review showed that the uniaxial stretch is the most frequently used way of load application, accounting for more than two-thirds of the studies reviewed. The rate and magnitude of the loading were varied significantly from study to study but can generally be categorized into mild, moderate, and severe injuries. The in vitro studies reviewed here examined key processes in TBI pathophysiology such as membrane disruptions leading to ionic dysregulation, inflammation, and the subsequent damages to the microtubules and axons, as well as cell death. Overall, the studies examined in this review contributed to the betterment of our understanding of TBI as a disease process. Yet, our review also revealed the areas where more work needs to be done such as: 1) diversification of load application methods that will include complex loading that mimics in vivo head impacts; 2) more widespread use of human brain cells, especially patient-matched human cells in the experimental set-up; and 3) need for building a more high-throughput system to be able to discover effective therapeutic targets for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Han Wu
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Center for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Samuel Rosset
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tae-Rin Lee
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Center for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Park
- Center for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vickie Shim
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Inselman A, Liu F, Wang C, Shi Q, Pang L, Mattes W, White M, Lyn-Cook B, Rosas-Hernandez H, Cuevas E, Lantz S, Imam S, Ali S, Petibone DM, Shemansky JM, Xiong R, Wang Y, Tripathi P, Cao X, Heflich RH, Slikker W. Dr. Daniel Acosta and In Vitro toxicology at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's National Center for Toxicological Research. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 64:104471. [PMID: 31628011 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
For the past five years, Dr. Daniel Acosta has served as the Deputy Director of Research at the National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), a principle research laboratory of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Over his career at NCTR, Dr. Acosta has had a major impact on developing and promoting the use of in vitro assays in regulatory toxicity and product safety assessments. As Dr. Acosta nears his retirement we have dedicated this paper to his many accomplishments at the NCTR. Described within this paper are some of the in vitro studies that have been conducted under Dr. Acosta's leadership. These studies include toxicological assessments involving developmental effects, and the development and application of in vitro reproductive, heart, liver, neurological and airway cell and tissue models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Inselman
- Division of Systems Biology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Division of Neurotoxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- Division of Neurotoxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Qiang Shi
- Division of Systems Biology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Li Pang
- Division of Systems Biology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - William Mattes
- Division of Systems Biology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Matthew White
- Arkansas College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Smith, AR 72916, USA
| | - Beverly Lyn-Cook
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | | | - Elvis Cuevas
- Division of Neurotoxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Susan Lantz
- Division of Neurotoxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Syed Imam
- Division of Neurotoxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Syed Ali
- Division of Neurotoxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Dayton M Petibone
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Jennifer M Shemansky
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Rui Xiong
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Yiying Wang
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Priya Tripathi
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Xuefei Cao
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Robert H Heflich
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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Cuevas E, Rosas-Hernandez H, Burks SM, Ramirez-Lee MA, Guzman A, Imam SZ, Ali SF, Sarkar S. Amyloid Beta 25-35 induces blood-brain barrier disruption in vitro. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:1365-1374. [PMID: 31267346 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) is transported across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by binding with the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). Previously, we demonstrated that the Aβ fraction 25-35 (Aβ25-35) increases RAGE expression in the rat hippocampus, likely contributing to its neurotoxic effects. However, it is still debated if the interaction of Aβ with RAGE compromises the BBB function in Alzheimer' disease (AD). Here, we evaluated the effects of Aβ25-35 in an established in vitro model of the BBB. Rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (rBMVECs) were treated with 20 μM active Aβ25-35 or the inactive Aβ35-25 (control), for 24 h. Exposure to Aβ25-35 significantly decreased cell viability, increased cellular necrosis, and increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which triggered a decrease in the enzyme glutathione peroxidase when compared to the control condition. Aβ25-35 also increased BBB permeability by altering the expression of tight junction proteins (decreasing zonula occludens-1 and increasing occludin). Aβ25-35 induced monolayer disruption and cellular disarrangement of the BBB, with RAGE being highly expressed in the zones of disarrangement. Together, these data suggest that Aβ25-35-induces toxicity by compromising the functionality and integrity of the BBB in vitro. Graphical abstract Aβ25-35 induces BBB dysfunction in vitro, wich is likely mediated by OS and ultimately leads to disruption of BBB integrity and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Cuevas
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
| | - Hector Rosas-Hernandez
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Susan M Burks
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Manuel A Ramirez-Lee
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Aida Guzman
- Escuela Nacional Preparatoria-UNAM, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Syed Z Imam
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Syed F Ali
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Sumit Sarkar
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
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Rosas-Hernandez H, Burks SM, Cuevas E, Ali SF. Stretch-Induced Deformation as a Model to Study Dopaminergic Dysfunction in Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2546-2555. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02872-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Yang DX, Jing Y, Liu YL, Xu ZM, Yuan F, Wang ML, Geng Z, Tian HL. Inhibition of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 Attenuates Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption after Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:1279-1290. [PMID: 30351220 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dian-xu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Jing
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-liang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-ming Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-liang Wang
- Department of Radiology, and Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Geng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng-li Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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