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Wang N, Jia Y, Zhou X, Wang X, Zhou H, Xiao N. Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Pallidum GABAergic Neurons and Motor Function in Rat Models of Kernicterus. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1252. [PMID: 37759853 PMCID: PMC10526431 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Kernicterus is a serious complication of hyperbilirubinemia, caused by neuronal injury due to excessive unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) in specific brain areas. This injury induced by this accumulation in the globus pallidus can induce severe motor dysfunction. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has shown neuroprotective effects in various neurological diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effects of rTMS on pallidal nerve damage and motor dysfunction in a rat model of kernicterus. Rats were divided into a sham group (n = 16), a model group (bilirubin with sham rTMS; n = 16) and an rTMS group (bilirubin with rTMS; n = 16). High-frequency rTMS (10 Hz) was applied starting from 24 h postmodeling for 7 days. The rotarod test, western blotting and immunohistochemical staining were performed to measure motor function and protein expression levels. The rTMS mitigated the negative effects of UCB on the general health of kernicterus-model rats and improved their growth and development. Furthermore, the rTMS alleviated UCB-induced motor dysfunction and increased the expression of GABAergic neuronal marker GAD67 in the globus pallidus. Notably, it also inhibited apoptosis-related protein caspase-3 activation. In conclusion, rTMS could alleviate motor dysfunction by inhibiting apoptosis and increasing globus pallidus GAD67 in kernicterus rat models, indicating that it may be a promising treatment for kernicterus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nong Xiao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing 400010, China; (N.W.); (Y.J.); (X.Z.); (X.W.); (H.Z.)
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2
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Bin-Jumah MN, Gilani SJ, Alabbasi AF, Al-Abbasi FA, AlGhamdi SA, Alshehri OY, Alghamdi AM, Sayyed N, Kazmi I. Protective Effect of Fustin against Huntington's Disease in 3-Nitropropionic Treated Rats via Downregulation of Oxidative Stress and Alteration in Neurotransmitters and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Activity. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123021. [PMID: 36551777 PMCID: PMC9775313 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers have revealed that Rhus verniciflua heartwood, which contains fustin as an important component, possesses antioxidant-mediated, anti-mutagenic, and anti-rheumatoid arthritis characteristics. Additionally, out of the numerous plant-derived secondary metabolites, there are various research papers concentrating on flavonoids for potential advantages in neurological illnesses. The current study aims to assess the neuroprotective potential of fustin in rodents over 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA)-induced Huntington's disease (HD)-like consequences. The efficacy of fustin 50 and 100 mg/kg was studied with multiple-dose administrations of 3-NPA, which experimentally induced HD-like symptoms in rats for 22 days. At the end of the study, several behavioral tests were performed including a beam walk, rotarod, and grip strength tests. Similarly, some biochemical parameters were assessed to support oxidative stress (reduced glutathione-GSH, superoxide dismutase-SOD, catalase-CAT, and malondialdehyde-MDA), alteration in neurotransmitters (gamma-aminobutyric acid-GABA-and glutamate), alteration in brain-derived neurotrophic factor activity, and nitrite levels. Additionally, pro-inflammatory parameters were carried out to evaluate the neuroinflammatory responses associated with streptozotocin such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and COX in the perfused brain. The fustin-treated group exhibited a significant restoration of memory function via modulation in behavioral activities. Moreover, 3-NPA altered biochemical, neurotransmitters, brain protein levels, and neuroinflammatory measures, which fustin efficiently restored. This is the first report demonstrating the efficacy of novel phytoconstituent fustin as a potential future candidate for the treatment of HD via offering neuroprotection by subsiding the oxidative and enzymatic activity in the 3-NPA experimental animal paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Nasser Bin-Jumah
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
- Environment and Biomaterial Unit, Health Sciences Research Center, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
- Saudi Society for Applied Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadaf Jamal Gilani
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Preparatory Year, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Fahad A. Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shareefa A. AlGhamdi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ohoud Y. Alshehri
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira M. Alghamdi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem Sayyed
- School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Saharanpur 247121, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
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3
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Wu C, Yang L, Feng S, Zhu L, Yang L, Liu TCY, Duan R. Therapeutic non-invasive brain treatments in Alzheimer's disease: recent advances and challenges. Inflamm Regen 2022; 42:31. [PMID: 36184623 PMCID: PMC9527145 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the major neurodegenerative diseases and the most common form of dementia. Characterized by the loss of learning, memory, problem-solving, language, and other thinking abilities, AD exerts a detrimental effect on both patients' and families' quality of life. Although there have been significant advances in understanding the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis and progression of AD, there is no cure for AD. The failure of numerous molecular targeted pharmacologic clinical trials leads to an emerging research shift toward non-invasive therapies, especially multiple targeted non-invasive treatments. In this paper, we reviewed the advances of the most widely studied non-invasive therapies, including photobiomodulation (PBM), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and exercise therapy. Firstly, we reviewed the pathological changes of AD and the challenges for AD studies. We then introduced these non-invasive therapies and discussed the factors that may affect the effects of these therapies. Additionally, we review the effects of these therapies and the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. Finally, we summarized the challenges of the non-invasive treatments in future AD studies and clinical applications. We concluded that it would be critical to understand the exact underlying mechanisms and find the optimal treatment parameters to improve the translational value of these non-invasive therapies. Moreover, the combined use of non-invasive treatments is also a promising research direction for future studies and sheds light on the future treatment or prevention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyun Wu
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Luoman Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital (PUTH), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shu Feng
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Luodan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Timon Cheng-Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Rui Duan
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Zadeh-Haghighi H, Simon C. Magnetic field effects in biology from the perspective of the radical pair mechanism. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220325. [PMID: 35919980 PMCID: PMC9346374 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of studies have found that weak magnetic fields can significantly influence various biological systems. However, the underlying mechanisms behind these phenomena remain elusive. Remarkably, the magnetic energies implicated in these effects are much smaller than thermal energies. Here, we review these observations, and we suggest an explanation based on the radical pair mechanism, which involves the quantum dynamics of the electron and nuclear spins of transient radical molecules. While the radical pair mechanism has been studied in detail in the context of avian magnetoreception, the studies reviewed here show that magnetosensitivity is widespread throughout biology. We review magnetic field effects on various physiological functions, discussing static, hypomagnetic and oscillating magnetic fields, as well as isotope effects. We then review the radical pair mechanism as a potential unifying model for the described magnetic field effects, and we discuss plausible candidate molecules for the radical pairs. We review recent studies proposing that the radical pair mechanism provides explanations for isotope effects in xenon anaesthesia and lithium treatment of hyperactivity, magnetic field effects on the circadian clock, and hypomagnetic field effects on neurogenesis and microtubule assembly. We conclude by discussing future lines of investigation in this exciting new area of quantum biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Zadeh-Haghighi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Christoph Simon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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5
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Tateishi H, Setoyama D, Kato TA, Kang D, Matsushima J, Nogami K, Mawatari S, Kojima R, Fujii Y, Sakemura Y, Shiraishi T, Imamura Y, Maekawa T, Asami T, Mizoguchi Y, Monji A. Changes in the metabolites of cerebrospinal fluid induced by rTMS in treatment-resistant depression: A pilot study. Psychiatry Res 2022; 313:114636. [PMID: 35594657 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improves depressive symptoms in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). This study aimed to analyze changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolites in patients with TRD after rTMS. Five patients with TRD were enrolled in a high frequency (10-Hz) rTMS study. The concentration of 72 CSF metabolites were measured at baseline and at the end of the 6-week rTMS treatment. rTMS significantly increased CSF niacinamide, kynurenine, and creatinine levels and significantly decreased CSF cystine levels, but not the levels of the other 68 CSF metabolites. This is the first CSF metabolomics study on patients with TRD who underwent rTMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tateishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga, 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Daiki Setoyama
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi Higashi-ku 3-1-1, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takahiro A Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi Higashi-ku 3-1-1, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Dongchon Kang
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi Higashi-ku 3-1-1, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jun Matsushima
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Kojiro Nogami
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Seiji Mawatari
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kojima
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Yuka Fujii
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Yuta Sakemura
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Takumi Shiraishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiomi Imamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Maekawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi Higashi-ku 3-1-1, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Toyoko Asami
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Saga University Hospital, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshito Mizoguchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Monji
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
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6
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Caballero-Villarraso J, Medina FJ, Escribano BM, Agüera E, Santamaría A, Pascual-Leone A, Túnez I. Mechanisms Involved in Neuroprotective Effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 21:557-573. [PMID: 34370648 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210809121922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is widely used in neurophysiology to study cortical excitability. Research over the last few decades has highlighted its added value as a potential therapeutic tool in the treatment of a broad range of psychiatric disorders. More recently, a number of studies have reported beneficial and therapeutic effects for TMS in neurodegenerative conditions and strokes. Yet, despite its recognised clinical applications and considerable research using animal models, the molecular and physiological mechanisms through which TMS exerts its beneficial and therapeutic effects remain unclear. They are thought to involve biochemical-molecular events affecting membrane potential and gene expression. In this aspect, the dopaminergic system plays a special role. This is the most directly and selectively modulated neurotransmitter system, producing an increase in the flux of dopamine (DA) in various areas of the brain after the application of repetitive TMS (rTMS). Other neurotransmitters, such as glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have shown a paradoxical response to rTMS. In this way, their levels increased in the hippocampus and striatum but decreased in the hypothalamus and remained unchanged in the mesencephalon. Similarly, there are sufficient evidence that TMS up-regulates the gene expression of BDNF (one of the main brain neurotrophins). Something similar occurs with the expression of genes such as c-Fos and zif268 that encode trophic and regenerative action neuropeptides. Consequently, the application of TMS can promote the release of molecules involved in neuronal genesis and maintenance. This capacity may mean that TMS becomes a useful therapeutic resource to antagonize processes that underlie the previously mentioned neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Caballero-Villarraso
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,UGC Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Francisco J Medina
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Begoña M Escribano
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Eduardo Agüera
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,UGC Neurología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Abel Santamaría
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, S.S.A. Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Instituto Guttman de Neurorrehabilitación, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isaac Túnez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
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7
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Stirton H, Meek BP, Edel AL, Solati Z, Surendran A, Aukema H, Modirrousta M, Ravandi A. Oxolipidomics profile in major depressive disorder: Comparing remitters and non-remitters to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246592. [PMID: 33571313 PMCID: PMC7877633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation [rTMS] is increasingly being used to treat Major Depressive Disorder [MDD]. Given that not all patients respond to rTMS, it would be clinically useful to have reliable biomarkers that predict treatment response. Oxidized phosphatidylcholine [OxPC] and some oxylipins are important plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Not only is depression associated with oxidative stress, but rTMS has been shown to have anti-oxidative effects. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether plasma oxolipidomics profiles could predict treatment response in patients with treatment resistant MDD. METHODS Fourty-eight patients undergoing rTMS treatment for MDD were recruited along with nine healthy control subjects. Plasma OxPCs and oxylipins were extracted and analyzed through high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Patients with a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score [Ham-D] ≤7 post-treatment were defined as having entered remission. RESULTS Fifty-seven OxPC and 32 oxylipin species were identified in our subjects. MDD patients who entered remission following rTMS had significantly higher pre-rTMS levels of total and fragmented OxPCs compared to non-remitters and controls [one-way ANOVA, p<0.05]. However, no significant changes in OxPC levels were found as a result of rTMS, regardless of treatment response [p>0.05]. No differences in plasma oxylipins were found between remitters and non-remitters at baseline. CONCLUSION Certain categories of OxPCs may be useful predictive biomarkers for response to rTMS treatment in MDD. Given that elevated oxidized lipids may indicate higher levels of oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain, patients with this phenotype of depression may be more receptive to rTMS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Stirton
- Cardiovascular Lipidomics Laboratory, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Benjamin P. Meek
- Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andrea L. Edel
- Cardiovascular Lipidomics Laboratory, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Zahra Solati
- Cardiovascular Lipidomics Laboratory, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Arun Surendran
- Cardiovascular Lipidomics Laboratory, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Harold Aukema
- Cardiovascular Lipidomics Laboratory, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mandana Modirrousta
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail: (MM); (AR)
| | - Amir Ravandi
- Cardiovascular Lipidomics Laboratory, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail: (MM); (AR)
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8
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Xu X, Xu DS. Prospects for the application of transcranial magnetic stimulation in diabetic neuropathy. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:955-962. [PMID: 33229735 PMCID: PMC8178790 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.297062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Encouraging results have been reported for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation-based nerve stimulation in studies of the mechanisms of neurological regulation, nerve injury repair, and nerve localization. However, to date, there are only a few reviews on the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation for diabetic neuropathy. Patients with diabetic neuropathy vary in disease progression and show neuropathy in the early stage of the disease with mild symptoms, making it difficult to screen and identify. In the later stage of the disease, irreversible neurological damage occurs, resulting in treatment difficulties. In this review, we summarize the current state of diabetic neuropathy research and the prospects for the application of transcranial magnetic stimulation in diabetic neuropathy. We review significant studies on the beneficial effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation in diabetic neuropathy treatment, based on the outcomes of its use to treat neurodegeneration, pain, blood flow change, autonomic nervous disorders, vascular endothelial injury, and depression. Collectively, the studies suggest that transcranial magnetic stimulation can produce excitatory/inhibitory stimulation of the cerebral cortex or local areas, promote the remodeling of the nervous system, and that it has good application prospects for the localization of the injury, neuroprotection, and the promotion of nerve regeneration. Therefore, transcranial magnetic stimulation is useful for the screening and early treatment of diabetic neuropathy. Transcranial magnetic stimulation can also alleviate pain symptoms by changing the cortical threshold and inhibiting the conduction of sensory information in the thalamo-spinal pathway, and therefore it has therapeutic potential for the treatment of pain and pain-related depressive symptoms in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Additionally, based on the effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation on local blood flow and its ability to change heart rate and urine protein content, transcranial magnetic stimulation has potential in the treatment of autonomic nerve dysfunction and vascular injury in diabetic neuropathy. Furthermore, oxidative stress and the inflammatory response are involved in the process of diabetic neuropathy, and transcranial magnetic stimulation can reduce oxidative damage. The pathological mechanisms of diabetic neuropathy should be further studied in combination with transcranial magnetic stimulation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine; School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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9
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Agüera E, Caballero-Villarraso J, Feijóo M, Escribano BM, Conde C, Bahamonde MC, Giraldo AI, Paz-Rojas E, Túnez I. Clinical and Neurochemical Effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in Multiple Sclerosis: A Study Protocol for a Randomized Clinical Trial. Front Neurol 2020; 11:750. [PMID: 32849212 PMCID: PMC7431867 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a technique based on the principles of electromagnetic induction. It applies pulses of magnetic radiation that penetrate the brain tissue, and it is a non-invasive, painless, and practically innocuous procedure. Previous studies advocate the therapeutic capacity of TMS in several neurodegenerative and psychiatric processes, both in animal models and in human studies. Its uses in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and in Huntington's chorea have shown improvement in the symptomatology and in the molecular profile, and even in the cellular density of the brain. Consequently, the extrapolation of these TMS results in the aforementioned neurodegenerative disease to other entities with etiopathogenic and clinical analogy would raise the relevance and feasibility of its use in multiple sclerosis (MS). The overall objective will be to demonstrate the effectiveness of the TMS in terms of safety and clinical improvement, as well as to observe the molecular changes in relation to the treatment. Methods and Design: Phase II clinical trial, unicentric, controlled, randomized, single blind. A total of 90 patients diagnosed with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) who meet all the inclusion criteria and do not present any of the exclusion criteria that are established and from which clinically evaluable results can be obtained. The patients included will be assigned under the 1:1:1 randomization formula, constituting three groups for the present study: 30 patients treated with natalizumab + white (placebo) + 30 patients treated with natalizumab + TMS (1 Hz) + 30 patients treated with natalizumab + TMS (5 Hz). Discussion: Results of this study will inform on the efficiency of the TMS for the treatment of MS. The expected results are that TMS is a useful therapeutic resource to improve clinical status (main parameters) and neurochemical profile (surrogate parameters); both types of parameters will be checked. Ethics and Dissemination: The study is approved by the Local Ethics Committee and registered in https://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04062331). Dissemination will include submission to a peer-reviewed journal, patients, associations of sick people and family members, healthcare magazines and congress presentations. Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04062331 (registration date: 19th/ August/2019). Version Identifier: EMTr-EMRR, ver-3, 21/11/2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Agüera
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Javier Caballero-Villarraso
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Departmento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Montserrat Feijóo
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Departmento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Begoña M Escribano
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Cristina Conde
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - María C Bahamonde
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana I Giraldo
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Departmento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Elier Paz-Rojas
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Canvax Biotech S.L., Córdoba, Spain
| | - Isaac Túnez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Departmento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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10
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Calabrese EJ, Bhatia TN, Calabrese V, Dhawan G, Giordano J, Hanekamp YN, Kapoor R, Kozumbo WJ, Leak RK. Cytotoxicity models of Huntington’s disease and relevance of hormetic mechanisms: A critical assessment of experimental approaches and strategies. Pharmacol Res 2019; 150:104371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Soleimani M, Golab F, Alizadeh A, Rigi S, Samani ZN, Vahabzadeh G, Peirovi T, Sarbishegi M, Katebi M, Azedi F. Evaluation of the neuroprotective effects of electromagnetic fields and coenzyme Q 10 on hippocampal injury in mouse. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:18720-18730. [PMID: 30932191 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are reported to interfere with chemical reactions involving free radical production. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a strong antioxidant with some neuroprotective activities. The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the neuroprotective effects of EMF and CoQ10 in a mouse model of hippocampal injury. Hippocampal injury was induced in mature female mice (25-30 g), using an intraperitoneal injection of trimethyltin hydroxide (TMT; 2.5 mg/kg). The experimental groups were exposed to EMF at a frequency of 50 Hz and intensity of 5.9 mT for 7 hr daily over 1 week or treated with CoQ10 (10 mg/kg) for 2 weeks following TMT injection. A Morris water maze apparatus was used to assess learning and spatial memory. Nissl staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) tests were also performed for the histopathological analysis of the hippocampus. Antiapoptotic genes were studied, using the Western blot technique. The water maze test showed memory improvement following treatment with CoQ10 and coadministration of CoQ10 + EMF. The Nissl staining and TUNEL tests indicated a decline in necrotic and apoptotic cell count following treatment with CoQ10 and coadministration of CoQ10 + EMF. The Western blot study indicated the upregulation of antiapoptotic genes in treatment with CoQ10, as well as coadministration. Also, treatment with EMF had no significant effects on reducing damage induced by TMT in the hippocampus. According to the results, EMF had no significant neuroprotective effects in comparison with CoQ10 on hippocampal injury in mice. Nevertheless, coadministration of EMF and CoQ10 could improve the neuroprotective effects of CoQ10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoureh Soleimani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Golab
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Alizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Sara Rigi
- Department of Anatomy, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Zeinab Nazarian Samani
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Gelareh Vahabzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Peirovi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Urumia University of Medical Sciences, Urumia, Iran
| | - Maryam Sarbishegi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Majid Katebi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Azedi
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Wang Y, Fang K, He S, Fan Y, Yu J, Zhang X. Effects of repetitive magnetic stimulation on the growth of primarily cultured hippocampus neurons in vitro and their expression of iron-containing enzymes. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:927-934. [PMID: 31114204 PMCID: PMC6489628 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s199328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The mechanism of action of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) involves the generation of neuronal and action potentials utilizing induced currents in time-varying magnetic fields. However, the long-lasting and effective biological impact of magnetic stimulation does not appear to be completely explained by the transient magnetic field pulses. In this context, we hypothesized magnetic stimulation may affect the expression of iron-containing enzymes in neurons, mediating the long-lasting biological effects associated with this stimulus. Methods: Primarily cultured hippocampus neurons from SD rats were used as the cell model in this study. These were randomly divided into control, sham, and magnetic stimulation groups to probe into the effect of the magnetic field directly. The latter group received 40%, 60%, and 100% maximal stimulator output Tesla (1.68, 2.52, and 4.2 T) with low-frequency rTMS (1 Hz). The expression of iron-containing enzymes (catalase and aconitase) and non-ferrous enzymes (protein kinase A) was measured with Western blotting and ELISA. Results: The survival rates of neurons in the 40%T and 60%T groups were significantly increased in comparison to the controls (P<0.05), while those in the 100%T group showed cell damage, with slightly disturbed neurite connections and decreased survival rate. Furthermore, catalase and aconitase expression was higher in all of the stimulated groups in comparison to controls (P<0.05). On the other hand, the expression of the iron-containing enzymes decreased in the 100%T group in comparison with the 40%T and 60%T groups (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the expression of protein kinase A was not significantly increased in the groups which underwent magnetic stimulation. Conclusion: rTMS may increase the expression of ferrous enzymes but does not have a strong effect on non-ferrous enzymes. Excessive intensity of magnetic stimulation may reduce neuronal survival rate and affect the expression of iron-containing enzymes. The mechanism underlying the lasting effect of rTMS may be related to the increase of ferriferous expression induced by magnetic stimulation, with a clear correlation with stimulation intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kewei Fang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijia He
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Fan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Juming Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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The Impact of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Oxidative Stress in Subjects With Medication-Resistant Depression. J ECT 2018; 34:127-131. [PMID: 29166316 DOI: 10.1097/yct.0000000000000467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent studies have shown that oxidative stress is involved in the neurobiology of depression. We investigated the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on a novel oxidative stress marker, thiol-disulfide homeostasis, in subjects with medication-resistant major depression (MRD). METHODS Twenty-six subjects with MRD underwent 15 rTMS sessions. Sociodemographic and baseline and post-rTMS Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) data were collected. Serum levels of native thiol, total thiol, and disulfide and their pairwise ratios were measured in baseline and post-rTMS blood samples. RESULTS Serum levels of native and total thiol were significantly decreased after rTMS treatment (P < 0.05). Serum levels of thiol-disulfide and their ratios did not significantly differ (P > 0.05) between rTMS treatment responders (>50% reduction in MADRS score, n = 11) and rTMS treatment nonresponders (n = 15). The percentage MADRS score changes did not correlate with the changes in the levels of serum thiol-disulfide from baseline to post-rTMS treatment in any subject (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that rTMS treatment was effective in subjects with MRD and was associated with changes in serum thiol levels regardless of improvement in depression severity. Thus, the results did not support a possible therapeutic relationship between rTMS and thiol-disulfide homeostasis in subjects with MRD.
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Medina-Fernández FJ, Escribano BM, Padilla-Del-Campo C, Drucker-Colín R, Pascual-Leone Á, Túnez I. Transcranial magnetic stimulation as an antioxidant. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:381-389. [PMID: 29385851 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1434313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, different transcranial magnetic stimulation protocols have been developed as a therapeutic tool against neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, although the biochemical, molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these effects are not well known. Recent data show that those magnetic stimulation protocols showing beneficial effects could trigger an anti-oxidant action that would favour, at least partially, their therapeutic effect. We have aimed to review the molecular effects related to oxidative damage induced by this therapeutic strategy, as well as from them addressing a broader definition of the anti-oxidant concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Medina-Fernández
- a Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería , Universidad de Córdoba , Córdoba , Spain.,b Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC) , Córdoba , Spain
| | - Begoña M Escribano
- a Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería , Universidad de Córdoba , Córdoba , Spain.,c Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología , Universidad de Córdoba , Córdoba , Spain
| | | | - René Drucker-Colín
- e Departmento de Neuropatología Molecular , Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Ciudad de México , DF , México
| | - Álvaro Pascual-Leone
- f Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology , Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Isaac Túnez
- a Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería , Universidad de Córdoba , Córdoba , Spain.,b Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC) , Córdoba , Spain
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Thioredoxin is not a marker for treatment-resistance depression but associated with cognitive function: An rTMS study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 80:322-328. [PMID: 28442424 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Elevated oxidative stress is known to play an important role in development of depression and cognitive dysfunction. To date, thioredoxin (TRX), an antioxidant protein, has been investigated as a marker for psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and autism but its relationship with depression is yet to be unknown. The aim of this study is to detect the TRX levels in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD), analyse the effect of rTMS (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation) application on TRX levels and display the relationship of TRX with cognitive areas. This study included 27 treatment-resistant unipolar depression patients and 29 healthy subjects. Patients were evaluated by Hamilton Depression Scale (HDRS), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HARS) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) before and after rTMS application. 23 of TRD patients were applied high-frequency rTMS over left DLPFC for 2 to 4weeks and plasma TRX levels of patients and healthy subjects were measured. No significant difference was determined between the TRX levels of patients and healthy subjects (p>0.05). After rTMS application there were significant decrease in severity of depression (p<0.001) and anxiety (p<0.001), and explicit improvement in cognitive areas (delayed memory, visual-spatial/executive abilities and language points) (all p<0.05). No difference was detected in TRX levels of the patients after rTMS application (p>0.005). High language scores of the patients were found to be associated with high TRX levels (p<0.005). Our study indicates that TRX levels cannot be used as a marker for TRD or rTMS treatment in TRD. In spite of this TRX levels have a positive correlation with language functions of the patients of TRD. More extensive studies are required to clarify the mechanism of action of TRX and the effect of TRX on cognitive functions.
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Medina-Fernandez FJ, Escribano BM, Agüera E, Aguilar-Luque M, Feijoo M, Luque E, Garcia-Maceira FI, Pascual-Leone A, Drucker-Colin R, Tunez I. Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on oxidative stress in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Free Radic Res 2017; 51:460-469. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1324955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Begoña M. Escribano
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Eduardo Agüera
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Macarena Aguilar-Luque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Montserrat Feijoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Evelio Luque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Histology Section, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - René Drucker-Colin
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Institute of Cell Physiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Ciudad de Mexico, D.F, Mexico
| | - Isaac Tunez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
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High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treating moderate traumatic brain injury in rats: A pilot study. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2247-2254. [PMID: 28565833 PMCID: PMC5443170 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a method of noninvasive brain stimulation that causes neuromodulation by activating neurons or changing excitability in a certain brain area. Considering the known effects of TMS and the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI), TMS was proposed to have potential for treating this condition. Moderate TBI was induced in adult male Sprague Dawley rats using Feeney's weight-dropping method. Injured rats were divided into a TMS group and a control group. Repetitive TMS (rTMS) was administered to rats in the TMS group from post-TBI day 2. At post-TBI days 7, 14 and 28, three or four of the rats were sacrificed, and harvested brains were embedded in paraffin and sectioned. Sections were then treated with hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical staining. Three rats from each group underwent fludeoxyglucose F 18 micro-positron emission tomography scanning on post-TBI day 2 and 13. The unexpected mortality rate after injury was lower in the TMS group than in the control group. The modified neurological severity score of the TMS group was lower compared with the control group at post-TBI day 14. According to the results of hematoxylin eosin staining, relative cerebral parenchyma loss was lower at post-TBI day 28 in the TMS group compared with the control group. However, the aforementioned differences were not found to be statistically significant. There was also no significant difference in glucose metabolism between the two groups. According to immunohistochemical staining, the TMS group showed a significantly higher level of proliferation (indicated by bromodeoxyuridine) in the subventricular zone, as compared with the control group (P<0.05). A significantly higher rate of neuron survival at day 28 (P<0.05; indicated by NeuN) and a significantly reduced rate of apoptosis at days 7 and 14 (P<0.05; indicated by caspase-3) were observed in the perilesional zone of the TMS group, as compared with the control group. The current findings suggest that high-frequency rTMS may promote neurogenesis and provide a basis for further studies in this area.
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation modifies astrocytosis, cell density and lipopolysaccharide levels in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Life Sci 2017; 169:20-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Medeiros LF, Caumo W, Dussán-Sarria J, Deitos A, Brietzke A, Laste G, Campos-Carraro C, de Souza A, Scarabelot VL, Cioato SG, Vercelino R, de Castro AL, Araújo AS, Belló-Klein A, Fregni F, Torres ILS. Effect of Deep Intramuscular Stimulation and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Neurophysiological Biomarkers in Chronic Myofascial Pain Syndrome. PAIN MEDICINE 2016; 17:122-35. [PMID: 26408420 DOI: 10.1111/pme.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to assess the neuromodulation techniques effects (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation [rTMS] and deep intramuscular stimulation therapy [DIMST]) on pain intensity, peripheral, and neurophysiological biomarkers chronic myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) patients. DESIGN Randomized, double blind, factorial design, and controlled placebo-sham clinical trial. SETTING Clinical trial in the Laboratory of Pain and Neuromodulation at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (NCT02381171). SUBJECTS We recruited women aged between 19- and 75-year old, with MPS diagnosis. METHODS Patients were randomized into four groups: rTMS + DIMST, rTMS + sham-DIMST, sham-rTMS + DIMST, sham-rTMS + sham-DIMST; and received 10 sessions for 20 minutes each one (rTMS and DIMST). Pain was assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS); neurophysiological parameters were assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation; biochemical parameters were: BDNF, S100β, lactate dehydrogenase, inflammatory (TNF-α, IL6, and IL10), and oxidative stress parameters. RESULTS We observed the pain relief assessed by VAS immediately assessed before and after the intervention (P < 0.05, F(1,3)= 3.494 and F(1,3)= 4.656, respectively); in the sham-rTMS + DIMST group and both three active groups in relation to sham-rTMS + sham-DIMST group, respectively. There was an increase in the MEP after rTMS + sham-DIMST (P < 0.05). However, there was no change in all-peripheral parameters analyzed across the treatment (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings add additional evidence about rTMS and DIMST in relieving pain in MPS patients without synergistic effect. No peripheral biomarkers reflected the analgesic effect of both techniques; including those related to cellular damage. Additionally, one neurophysiological parameter (increased MEP amplitude) needs to be investigated.
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Bernal-Mondragón C, Arriaga-Avila V, Martínez-Abundis E, Barrera-Mera B, Mercado-Gómez O, Guevara-Guzmán R. Effects of repeated 9 and 30-day exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on social recognition behavior and estrogen receptors expression in olfactory bulb of Wistar female rats. Neurol Res 2016; 39:165-175. [PMID: 27892794 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2016.1252875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the short- and long-term effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) on social recognition behavior and expression of α- and β-estrogen receptors (ER). METHODS Rats were exposed to 60-Hz electromagnetic fields for 9 or 30 days and tested for social recognition behavior. Immunohistochemistry and western blot assays were performed to evaluate α- and β-ER expression in the olfactory bulb of intact, ovariectomized (OVX), and ovariectomized+estradiol (E2) replacement (OVX+E2). RESULTS Ovariectomization showed impairment of social recognition after 9 days of EMF exposure and a complete recovery after E2 replacement and so did those after 30 days. Short EMF exposure increased expression of β-ER in intact, but not in the others. Longer exposure produced a decrease in intact but an increase in OVX and OVX+E2. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest a significant role for β-estrogen receptors and a lack of effect for α-estrogen receptors on a social recognition task. ABBREVIATIONS EMF: extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields; ERs: estrogen receptors; OB: olfactory bulb; OVX: ovariectomized; OVX + E2: ovariectomized + estradiol replacement; IEI: interexposure interval; β-ER: beta estrogen receptor; E2: replacement of estradiol; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; WB: Western blot; PBS: phosphate-buffer saline; PB: phosphate-buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bernal-Mondragón
- a Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , Mexico
| | - V Arriaga-Avila
- a Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , Mexico
| | - E Martínez-Abundis
- b División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco , Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco , Comalcalco , Mexico
| | - B Barrera-Mera
- a Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , Mexico
| | - O Mercado-Gómez
- a Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , Mexico
| | - R Guevara-Guzmán
- a Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , Mexico
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Mancic B, Stevanovic I, Ilic TV, Djuric A, Stojanovic I, Milanovic S, Ninkovic M. Transcranial theta-burst stimulation alters GLT-1 and vGluT1 expression in rat cerebellar cortex. Neurochem Int 2016; 100:120-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kaplan S, Deniz OG, Önger ME, Türkmen AP, Yurt KK, Aydın I, Altunkaynak BZ, Davis D. Electromagnetic field and brain development. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 75:52-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Long-term exposure to ELF-MF ameliorates cognitive deficits and attenuates tau hyperphosphorylation in 3xTg AD mice. Neurotoxicology 2016; 53:290-300. [PMID: 26945731 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have reported the influence of extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) exposure on human health, its effects on cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have remained under debate. Moreover, the influence of ELF-MF on hyperphosphorylated tau, which is one of the most common pathological hallmarks of AD, has not been reported to date. Therefore, transgenic mice (3xTg) were used in the present study. 3xTg mice, which express an APP/PS1 mutation combined with a tau (P301L) mutation and that develop cognitive deficits at 6 months of age, were subjected to ELF-MF (50Hz, 500μT) exposure or sham exposure daily for 3 months. We discovered that ELF-MF exposure ameliorated cognitive deficits and increased synaptic proteins in 3xTg mice. The protective effects of ELF-MF exposure may have also been caused by the inhibition of apoptosis and/or decreased oxidative stress levels that were observed in the hippocampus tissues of treated mice. Furthermore, tau hyperphosphorylation was decreased in vivo because of ELF-MF exposure, and this decrease was induced by the inhibition of GSK3β and CDK5 activities and activation of PP2Ac. We are the first to report that exposure to ELF-MF can attenuate tau phosphorylation. These findings suggest that ELF-MF exposure could act as a valid therapeutic strategy for ameliorating cognitive deficits and attenuating tau hyperphosphorylation in AD.
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Gao Y, Chu SF, Li JP, Zhang Z, Yan JQ, Wen ZL, Xia CY, Mou Z, Wang ZZ, He WB, Guo XF, Wei GN, Chen NH. Protopanaxtriol protects against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced oxidative stress in a rat model of Huntington's disease. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:311-22. [PMID: 25640478 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Protopanaxtriol (Ppt) is extracted from Panax ginseng Mayer. In the present study, we investigated whether Ppt could protect against 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP)-induced oxidative stress in a rat model of Huntington's disease (HD) and explored the mechanisms of action. METHODS Male SD rats were treated with 3-NP (20 mg/kg on d 1, and 15 mg/kg on d 2-5, ip). The rats received Ppt (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, po) daily prior to 3-NP administration. Nimodipine (12 mg/kg, po) or N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, 100 mg/kg, po) was used as positive control drugs. The body weight and behavior were monitored within 5 d. Then the animals were sacrificed, neuronal damage in striatum was estimated using Nissl staining. Hsp70 expression was detected with immunohistochemistry. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was measured using dihydroethidium (DHE) staining. The levels of components in the Nrf2 pathway were measured with immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. RESULTS 3-NP resulted in a marked reduction in the body weight and locomotion activity accompanied by progressive striatal dysfunction. In striatum, 3-NP caused ROS generation mainly in neurons rather than in astrocytes and induced Hsp70 expression. Administration of Ppt significantly alleviated 3-NP-induced changes of body weight and behavior, decreased ROS production and restored antioxidant enzymes activities in striatum. Moreover, Ppt directly scavenged free radicals, increased Nrf2 entering nucleus, and the expression of its downstream products heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H quinone oxidase 1 (NQO1) in striatum. Similar effects were obtained with the positive control drugs nimodipine or NAC. CONCLUSION Ppt exerts a protective action against 3-NP-induced oxidative stress in the rat model of HD, which is associated with its anti-oxidant activity.
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Masoudian N, Riazi GH, Afrasiabi A, Modaresi SMS, Dadras A, Rafiei S, Yazdankhah M, Lyaghi A, Jarah M, Ahmadian S, Seidkhani H. Variations of glutamate concentration within synaptic cleft in the presence of electromagnetic fields: an artificial neural networks study. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:629-42. [PMID: 25577979 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1509-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter that is released by the majority of central nervous system synapses and is involved in developmental processes, cognitive functions, learning and memory. Excessive elevated concentrations of Glu in synaptic cleft results in neural cell apoptosis which is called excitotoxicity causing neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, we investigated the possibility of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) as a risk factor which is able to change Glu concentration in synaptic clef. Synaptosomes as a model of nervous terminal were exposed to ELF-EMF for 15-55 min in flux intensity range from 0.1 to 2 mT and frequency range from 50 to 230 Hz. Finally, all raw data by INForm v4.02 software as an artificial neural network program was analyzed to predict the effect of whole mentioned range spectra. The results showed the tolerance of all effects between the ranges from -35 to +40 % compared to normal state when glutamatergic systems exposed to ELF-EMF. It indicates that glutamatergic system attempts to compensate environmental changes though release or reuptake in order to keep the system safe. Regarding to the wide range of ELF-EMF acquired in this study, the obtained outcomes have potential for developing treatments based on ELF-EMF for some neurological diseases; however, in vivo experiments on the cross linking responses between glutamatergic and cholinergic systems in the presence of ELF-EMF would be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Masoudian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (I.B.B.), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Souza LC, Wilhelm EA, Bortolatto CF, Nogueira CW, Boeira SP, Jesse CR. Involvement of mGlu5 receptor in 3-nitropropionic acid-induced oxidative stress in rat striatum. Neurol Res 2014; 36:833-40. [PMID: 24588139 DOI: 10.1179/1743132814y.0000000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The excitotoxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) induces a suitable experimental model of Huntington's disease (HD). This compound induces neurodegeneration via glutamatergic activation and oxidative stress, suggesting that the metabotropic glutamate receptor blockage and free radical scavenging are potential therapeutic targets in HD. In this study, we evaluated the role of 3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl) ethynyl]-pyridine (MTEP), a selective mGlu5 receptor antagonist, in a 3-NP model of HD. METHODS We administered 3-NP (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) to rats for 4 days. MTEP at doses of 2·5 and 5 mg/kg was administered 30 min before 3-NP. Behavioral tests and biochemical experiments were performed to assess the effects of 3-NP and the ability of MTEP to ameliorate these changes. RESULTS 3-NP administration induced body weight loss, decreased locomotor activity, and inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase and Na(+)-K(+) adenosine triphosphate (ATP)ase activities in rat striatum. We also observed increases in reactive species (RS) levels and glutathione reductase activity, decreased non-protein thiol levels, and an inhibition of glutathione peroxidase activity in the striatum of rats treated with 3-NP. Notably, all of these effects were attenuated by MTEP treatment. DISCUSSION Our results demonstrate the neuroprotective effect of MTEP and reinforce the involvement of mGluR5 in 3-NP-induced oxidative stress in rat striatum.
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Consales C, Merla C, Marino C, Benassi B. Electromagnetic fields, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:683897. [PMID: 22991514 PMCID: PMC3444040 DOI: 10.1155/2012/683897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) originating both from both natural and manmade sources permeate our environment. As people are continuously exposed to EMFs in everyday life, it is a matter of great debate whether they can be harmful to human health. On the basis of two decades of epidemiological studies, an increased risk for childhood leukemia associated with Extremely Low Frequency fields has been consistently assessed, inducing the International Agency for Research on Cancer to insert them in the 2B section of carcinogens in 2001. EMFs interaction with biological systems may cause oxidative stress under certain circumstances. Since free radicals are essential for brain physiological processes and pathological degeneration, research focusing on the possible influence of the EMFs-driven oxidative stress is still in progress, especially in the light of recent studies suggesting that EMFs may contribute to the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders. This review synthesizes the emerging evidences about this topic, highlighting the wide data uncertainty that still characterizes the EMFs effect on oxidative stress modulation, as both pro-oxidant and neuroprotective effects have been documented. Care should be taken to avoid methodological limitations and to determine the patho-physiological relevance of any alteration found in EMFs-exposed biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Consales
- Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health, ENEA-Casaccia, Rome 00123, Italy
| | | | | | - Barbara Benassi
- Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health, ENEA-Casaccia, Rome 00123, Italy
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Neuroprotective effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on a Huntington's disease rat model: effects on neurotrophic factors and neuronal density. Neuroscience 2012; 209:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Antioxidant-like effects and protective action of transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression caused by olfactory bulbectomy. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:1182-7. [PMID: 20428940 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS, 60 Hz and 0.7 mT for 4 h/day for 14 days) on oxidative and cell damage caused by olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) in Wistar rats. The levels of lipid peroxidation products and caspase-3 were enhanced by OBX, whereas it prompted a reduction in reduced glutathione (GSH) content and antioxidative enzymes activities. The treatment with TMS reverted towards normality the biomarkers indicative of oxidative stress and apoptosis. In conclusion, our data show that TMS induced a protection against cell and oxidative damage induced by OBX, as well as they support the hypothesis that oxidative stress may play an important role in depression.
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Kumar P, Kumar A. Protective effects of epigallocatechin gallate following 3-nitropropionic acid-induced brain damage: possible nitric oxide mechanisms. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 207:257-70. [PMID: 19763544 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1652-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of oxidative stress has been well known in neurodegenerative disorders. 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NP) is a plant-based mycotoxin that produces HD like symptoms in animals. Oxidative stress and nitric oxide mechanisms have been recently proposed in the 3-NP-induced neurotoxicity. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is one of the major components of green tea, known for its potent antioxidant activity. Besides, neuroprotective effect of EGCG has also been suggested in different experimental models. OBJECTIVES The present study has been designed to examine possible effect of EGCG against 3-NP induced behavioral, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and striatal damage in rats and its possible interaction with nitric oxide modulators. MATERIAL AND METHODS Systemic 3-NP (10 mg/kg) administration for 14 days significantly reduced locomotor activity, body weight, grip strength, oxidative defense (raised levels of lipid peroxidation, nitrite concentration, depletion of antioxidant enzyme), and mitochondrial enzymes activity in striatum, cortex, and hippocampal regions of the brain. RESULTS Fourteen days of EGCG pretreatment (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) significantly attenuated behavioral alterations, oxidative damage, mitochondrial complex enzymes dysfunction, and striatal damage in 3-NP-treated animals. L-arginine (50 mg/kg) pretreatment with sub-effective dose of EGCG (20 mg/kg) significantly reversed the protective behavioral, biochemical, cellular, and histological effects of EGCG. However, L-NAME (10 mg/kg) pretreatment with EGCG (20 mg/kg) significantly potentiated the protective effect of EGCG which was significant as compared to their effect per se. CONCLUSION The present study shows that EGCG attenuate 3-NP-induced neurotoxicity, and nitric oxide modulation might be involved in its protective action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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Kumar P, Kumar A. Possible neuroprotective effect of Withania somnifera root extract against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced behavioral, biochemical, and mitochondrial dysfunction in an animal model of Huntington's disease. J Med Food 2009; 12:591-600. [PMID: 19627208 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2008.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that results from the destruction of neurons in the basal ganglia, and oxidative stress has been implicated in its pathogenesis. 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NP), a potent neurotoxin, has been reported to induce oxidative/nitrosative stress and causes neurobehavioral and biochemical changes that mimic HD in humans. It also inhibits complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, thereby causing cellular energy deficit. In the present work, we evaluated the effects of a well-known antioxidant on behavioral, biochemical, and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by 3-NP. The study was designed to investigate the effects of Withania somnifera root extract against 3-NP-induced gait abnormalities, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction in striatum and cortex of rat brain. Intraperitoneal administration of 3-NP (10 mg/kg for 14 days) caused a loss in body weight and a decline in motor function (locomotor activity and impaired rotarod activity). Chronic treatment with W. somnifera root extracts (100 and 200 mg/kg) for a period of 2 weeks dose-dependently improved 3-NP-induced behavioral, biochemical, and enzymatic changes (P < .05). Biochemical analysis revealed that systemic 3-NP administration significantly increased lipid peroxidation and nitrite and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme levels, depleted antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase and catalase) levels, and blocked ATP synthesis by inhibiting the mitochondrial complex activity in the different regions (striatum and cortex) of the brain. Chronic administration of W. somnifera root extract (100 and 200 mg/kg) dose-dependently restored biochemical alterations induced by chronic 3-NP treatment (P < .05). These findings suggest that neuroprotective actions of W. somnifera are mediated via its antioxidant activity. However, further studies are required to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in order to support the clinical use of the plant extract as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Kumar
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Feng J, Ma W, Xu Z, He J, Wang Y, Liu J. The effect of iron glycine chelate on tissue mineral levels, fecal mineral concentration, and liver antioxidant enzyme activity in weanling pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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