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Todd TW, Petrucelli L. Modelling amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in rodents. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:231-251. [PMID: 35260846 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00564-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The efficient study of human disease requires the proper tools, one of the most crucial of which is an accurate animal model that faithfully recapitulates the human condition. The study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is no exception. Although the majority of ALS cases are considered sporadic, most animal models of this disease rely on genetic mutations identified in familial cases. Over the past decade, the number of genes associated with ALS has risen dramatically and, with each new genetic variant, there is a drive to develop associated animal models. Rodent models are of particular importance as they allow for the study of ALS in the context of a living mammal with a comparable CNS. Such models not only help to verify the pathogenicity of novel mutations but also provide critical insight into disease mechanisms and are crucial for the testing of new therapeutics. In this Review, we aim to summarize the full spectrum of ALS rodent models developed to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany W Todd
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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2
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Feng SY, Lin H, Che CH, Huang HP, Liu CY, Zou ZY. Phenotype of VCP Mutations in Chinese Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients. Front Neurol 2022; 13:790082. [PMID: 35197922 PMCID: PMC8858817 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.790082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the valosin-containing protein (VCP) gene have been linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in the Caucasian populations. However, the phenotype of VCP mutations in Chinese patients with (ALS) remains unclear. Targeted next-generation sequencing covered 28 ALS-related genes including the VCP gene was undertaken to screen in a Chinese cohort of 275 sporadic ALS cases and 15 familial ALS pedigrees. An extensive literature review was performed to identify all patients with ALS carrying VCP mutations previously reported. The clinical characteristics and genetic features of ALS patients with VCP mutations were reviewed. One known p.R155C mutation in the VCP gene was detected in two siblings from a familial ALS pedigree and two sporadic individuals. In addition, the same VCP p.R155C mutation was detected in an additional patient with ALS referred in 2021. Three patients with VCP p.R155C mutation presented with muscular weakness starting from proximal extremities to distal extremities. The other patient developed a phenotype of Paget's disease of bone in addition to the progressive muscular atrophy. We reported the first VCP mutation carrier manifesting ALS with Paget's disease of bone in the Chinese population. Our findings expand the phenotypic spectrum of the VCP mutations in Chinese patients with ALS and suggest that ALS patients with VCP p.R155C mutations tend to present with relatively young onset, symmetrical involvement of proximal muscles weakness of arms or legs, and then progressed to distal muscles of limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yan Feng
- Department of Neurophysiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Han Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chun-Hui Che
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hua-Pin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chang-Yun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhang-Yu Zou
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhang-Yu Zou
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Vats A, Gourie-Devi M, Ahuja K, Sharma A, Wajid S, Ganguly NK, Taneja V. Expression analysis of protein homeostasis pathways in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. J Neurol Sci 2018; 387:85-91. [PMID: 29571878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Misfolded protein aggregates are the hallmark of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) which suggests involvement of protein homeostasis pathways in etiology of ALS. However, status of protein homeostasis in peripheral blood of ALS is not well established. We analyzed expression levels of key genes of proteostasis pathways in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of sporadic ALS (sALS) patients and healthy controls. Increased protein carbonylation was observed in patients reflecting oxidative damage in PBMCs. We observed increased transcript and protein levels of GRP78 suggesting Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) insult to cells. Further, significant upregulation of spliced XBP1 and two stress sensors: IRE1α/ERN1 and ATF6 indicated induction of unfolded protein response (UPR). Genes involved in autophagosome initiation (ULK1, ULK2, ATG13); nucleation and elongation (BECLIN1, ATG7, ATG16L1, ATG5, ATG10) and vesicular trafficking genes were significantly increased in patients. Increased lipidation of LC3 validated induction of autophagy. Accumulation of low molecular weight ubiquitinated proteins in patients suggested deregulation of proteasome (UPS) pathway. In addition, cytosolic chaperones (HSP70 and HSP27) and HSF1 were elevated in patients. Increased TDP43 indicated role of TDP43 in disease pathology. Our findings suggest that there is oxidative insult and upregulation of UPR, vesicular trafficking and autophagy in PBMCs of sALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Vats
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, Delhi 110060, India; Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mandaville Gourie-Devi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, Delhi 110060, India; Department of Neurology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, New Delhi 110095, India
| | - Kavita Ahuja
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India
| | - Ankkita Sharma
- Department of Neurophysiology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, Delhi 110060, India
| | - Saima Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, Delhi 110062, India
| | - Nirmal Kumar Ganguly
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, Delhi 110060, India
| | - Vibha Taneja
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, Delhi 110060, India.
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Sabatelli M, Marangi G, Conte A, Tasca G, Zollino M, Lattante S. New ALS-Related Genes Expand the Spectrum Paradigm of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2016; 26:266-75. [PMID: 26780671 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. Clinical heterogeneity is a well-recognized feature of the disease as age of onset, site of onset and the duration of the disease can vary greatly among patients. A number of genes have been identified and associated to familial and sporadic forms of ALS but the majority of cases remains still unexplained. Recent breakthrough discoveries have demonstrated that clinical manifestations associated with ALS-related genes are not circumscribed to motor neurons involvement. In this view, ALS appears to be linked to different conditions over a continuum or spectrum in which overlapping phenotypes may be identified. In this review, we aim to examine the increasing number of spectra, including ALS/Frontotemporal Dementia and ALS/Myopathies spectra. Considering all these neurodegenerative disorders as different phenotypes of the same spectrum can help to identify common pathological pathways and consequently new therapeutic targets in these incurable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Sabatelli
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Clinic Center NEMO-Roma. Institute of Neurology
| | - Giuseppe Marangi
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Amelia Conte
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Clinic Center NEMO-Roma. Institute of Neurology
| | | | - Marcella Zollino
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Lattante
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
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Alsultan AA, Waller R, Heath PR, Kirby J. The genetics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: current insights. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2016; 6:49-64. [PMID: 30050368 PMCID: PMC6053097 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s84956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that results in loss of the upper and lower motor neurons from motor cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. While the majority of cases are sporadic, approximately 10% show familial inheritance. ALS is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, although autosomal recessive and X-linked inheritance do occur. To date, 24 of the genes at 26 loci have been identified; these include loci linked to ALS and to frontotemporal dementia-ALS, where family pedigrees contain individuals with frontotemporal dementia with/without ALS. The most commonly established genetic causes of familial ALS (FALS) to date are the presence of a hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the C9ORF72 gene (39.3% FALS) and mutation of SOD1, TARDBP, and FUS, with frequencies of 12%-23.5%, 5%, and 4.1%, respectively. However, with the increasing use of next-generation sequencing of small family pedigrees, this has led to an increasing number of genes being associated with ALS. This review provides a comprehensive review on the genetics of ALS and an update of the pathogenic mechanisms associated with these genes. Commonly implicated pathways have been established, including RNA processing, the protein degradation pathways of autophagy and ubiquitin-proteasome system, as well as protein trafficking and cytoskeletal function. Elucidating the role genetics plays in both FALS and sporadic ALS is essential for understanding the subsequent cellular dysregulation that leads to motor neuron loss, in order to develop future effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afnan A Alsultan
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK,
| | - Rachel Waller
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK,
| | - Paul R Heath
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK,
| | - Janine Kirby
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK,
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Defining the genetic connection linking amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Trends Genet 2015; 31:263-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
Our understanding of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal neurodegenerative disease, is expanding rapidly as its genetic causes are uncovered. The pace of new gene discovery over the last 5 years has accelerated, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of disease and highlighting biological pathways as targets for therapeutic development. This article reviews our current understanding of the heritability of ALS and provides an overview of each of the major ALS genes, highlighting their phenotypic characteristics and frequencies as a guide for clinicians evaluating patients with ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Harms
- Neuromuscular Division, Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Daoud H, Dobrzeniecka S, Camu W, Meininger V, Dupré N, Dion PA, Rouleau GA. Mutation analysis of PFN1 in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:1311.e1-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cloutier P, Coulombe B. Regulation of molecular chaperones through post-translational modifications: decrypting the chaperone code. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2013; 1829:443-54. [PMID: 23459247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones and their associated cofactors form a group of highly specialized proteins that orchestrate the folding and unfolding of other proteins and the assembly and disassembly of protein complexes. Chaperones are found in all cell types and organisms, and their activity must be tightly regulated to maintain normal cell function. Indeed, deregulation of protein folding and protein complex assembly is the cause of various human diseases. Here, we present the results of an extensive review of the literature revealing that the post-translational modification (PTM) of chaperones has been selected during evolution as an efficient mean to regulate the activity and specificity of these key proteins. Because the addition and reciprocal removal of chemical groups can be triggered very rapidly, this mechanism provides an efficient switch to precisely regulate the activity of chaperones on specific substrates. The large number of PTMs detected in chaperones suggests that a combinatory code is at play to regulate function, activity, localization, and substrate specificity for this group of biologically important proteins. This review surveys the core information currently available as a starting point toward the more ambitious endeavor of deciphering the "chaperone code".
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Novel valosin containing protein mutation in a Swiss family with hereditary inclusion body myopathy and dementia. Neuromuscul Disord 2013; 23:149-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Nalbandian A, Llewellyn KJ, Badadani M, Yin HZ, Nguyen C, Katheria V, Watts G, Mukherjee J, Vesa J, Caiozzo V, Mozaffar T, Weiss JH, Kimonis VE. A progressive translational mouse model of human valosin-containing protein disease: the VCP(R155H/+) mouse. Muscle Nerve 2012; 47:260-70. [PMID: 23169451 DOI: 10.1002/mus.23522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mutations in the valosin-containing protein (VCP) gene cause hereditary inclusion body myopathy (IBM) associated with Paget disease of bone (PDB), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). More recently, these mutations have been linked to 2% of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cases. A knock-in mouse model offers the opportunity to study VCP-associated pathogenesis. METHODS The VCP(R155H/+) knock-in mouse model was assessed for muscle strength and immunohistochemical, Western blot, apoptosis, autophagy, and microPET/CT imaging analyses. RESULTS VCP(R155H/+) mice developed significant progressive muscle weakness, and the quadriceps and brain developed progressive cytoplasmic accumulation of TDP-43, ubiquitin-positive inclusion bodies, and increased LC3-II staining. MicroCT analyses revealed Paget-like lesions at the ends of long bones. Spinal cord demonstrated neurodegenerative changes, ubiquitin, and TDP-43 pathology of motor neurons. CONCLUSIONS VCP(R155H/+) knock-in mice represent an excellent preclinical model for understanding VCP-associated disease mechanisms and future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angèle Nalbandian
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Metabolism, 2501 Hewitt Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92696, USA
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Ratti A, Corrado L, Castellotti B, Del Bo R, Fogh I, Cereda C, Tiloca C, D'Ascenzo C, Bagarotti A, Pensato V, Ranieri M, Gagliardi S, Calini D, Mazzini L, Taroni F, Corti S, Ceroni M, Oggioni GD, Lin K, Powell JF, Sorarù G, Ticozzi N, Comi GP, D'Alfonso S, Gellera C, Silani V. C9ORF72 repeat expansion in a large Italian ALS cohort: evidence of a founder effect. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:2528.e7-14. [PMID: 22766072 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A hexanucleotide repeat expansion (RE) in C9ORF72 gene was recently reported as the main cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and cases with frontotemporal dementia. We screened C9ORF72 in a large cohort of 259 familial ALS, 1275 sporadic ALS, and 862 control individuals of Italian descent. We found RE in 23.9% familial ALS, 5.1% sporadic ALS, and 0.2% controls. Two cases carried the RE together with mutations in other ALS-associated genes. The phenotype of RE carriers was characterized by bulbar-onset, shorter survival, and association with cognitive and behavioral impairment. Extrapyramidal and cerebellar signs were also observed in few patients. Genotype data revealed that 95% of RE carriers shared a restricted 10-single nucleotide polymorphism haplotype within the previously reported 20-single nucleotide polymorphism risk haplotype, detectable in only 27% of nonexpanded ALS cases and in 28% of controls, suggesting a common founder with cohorts of North European ancestry. Although C9ORF72 RE segregates with disease, the identification of RE both in controls and in patients carrying additional pathogenic mutations suggests that penetrance and phenotypic expression of C9ORF72 RE may depend on additional genetic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Ratti
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
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