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Morales AL, Figueroa MI, Navarro P, Chaves ER, Ruderman A, Dipierri JE, Ramallo V. Volga German surnames and Alzheimer's disease in Argentina: an epidemiological perspective. J Biosoc Sci 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38682701 DOI: 10.1017/s002193202400018x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The N141I variant (PSEN1 gene) is associated with familial forms of early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) in descendants of Volga Germans, whose migration to Argentina is well documented. As a proxy for geographic origin, surnames can be a valuable tool in population studies. The 2015 Argentine Electoral Registry provided geographic data for 30,530,194 individuals, including 326,922 with Volga German surnames. Between 2005 and 2017, the Ministry of Health recorded 4,115,216 deaths, of which 17,226 were attributed to AD and related causes. The study used both diachronic and synchronic data to identify patterns of territorial distribution and co-spatiality, using Moran's I and generalised linear model statistics. The frequency of surnames of Volga German origin accounts for 43.53% of the variation in deaths from AD and three clusters of high non-random frequency were found. Almost 150 years later, people descending from the Volga migration remain highly concentrated and may have a different risk of developing AD. The identification of spatial patterns provides reliable guidance for medical research and highlights the importance of specific health policies for particular populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Leonardo Morales
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas (IPCSH), Centro Nacional Patagónico, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de las Imágenes, Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Computadoras, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Departamento de Informática, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Trelew, Argentina
- Programa de Referencia y Biobanco Genómico de la Población Argentina (PoblAr), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Isidro Figueroa
- Unidad de Genética, Hospital Materno Infantil Doctor Hector Quintana, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy-CONICET, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Pablo Navarro
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas (IPCSH), Centro Nacional Patagónico, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de las Imágenes, Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Computadoras, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Departamento de Informática, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Trelew, Argentina
- Programa de Referencia y Biobanco Genómico de la Población Argentina (PoblAr), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Estela Raquel Chaves
- Instituto de Biología de la Altura, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Anahí Ruderman
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas (IPCSH), Centro Nacional Patagónico, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
- Programa de Referencia y Biobanco Genómico de la Población Argentina (PoblAr), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José Edgardo Dipierri
- Programa de Referencia y Biobanco Genómico de la Población Argentina (PoblAr), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Unidad de Genética, Hospital Materno Infantil Doctor Hector Quintana, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Virginia Ramallo
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas (IPCSH), Centro Nacional Patagónico, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
- Programa de Referencia y Biobanco Genómico de la Población Argentina (PoblAr), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Bhuiyan NZ, Hasan MK, Mahmud Z, Hossain MS, Rahman A. Prevention of Alzheimer's disease through diet: An exploratory review. Metabol Open 2023; 20:100257. [PMID: 37781687 PMCID: PMC10539673 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2023.100257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This exploratory review article describes about the genetic factors behind Alzheimer's disease (AD), their association with foods, and their relationships with cognitive impairment. It explores the dietary patterns and economic challenges in AD prevention. Methods Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for articles that examined the relationships between Diets, Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and Socioeconomic conditions in preventative Alzheimer's disease studies. Graphs and Network analysis data were taken from Scopus under the MeSH search method, including words, Alzheimer's, APoE4, Tau protein, APP, Amyloid precursor protein, Beta-Amyloid, Aβ, Mediterranean Diet, MD, DASH diet, MIND diet, SES, Socioeconomic, Developed country, Underdeveloped country, Preventions. The network analysis was done through VOS viewer. Results Mediterranean diet (MD) accurately lowers AD (Alzheimer's Disease) risk to 53% and 35% for people who follow it moderately. MIND scores had a statistically significant reduction in AD rate compared to those in the lowest tertial (53% and 35% reduction, respectively). Subjects with the highest adherence to the MD and DASH had a 54% and 39% lower risk of developing AD, respectively, compared to those in the lowest tertial. Omega-6, PUFA, found in nuts and fish, can play most roles in the clearance of Aβ. Vitamin D inhibits induced fibrillar Aβ apoptosis. However, the high cost of these diet components rise doubt about the effectiveness of AD prevention through healthy diets. Conclusion The finding of this study revealed an association between diet and the effects of the chemical components of foods on AD biomarkers. More research is required to see if nutrition is a risk or a protective factor for Alzheimer's disease to encourage research to be translated into therapeutic practice and to clarify nutritional advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Zahan Bhuiyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National University Bangladesh, Gazipur, 1704, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National University Bangladesh, Gazipur, 1704, Bangladesh
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Zimam Mahmud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sabbir Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National University Bangladesh, Gazipur, 1704, Bangladesh
| | - Atiqur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
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Reitz C, Pericak-Vance MA, Foroud T, Mayeux R. A global view of the genetic basis of Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:261-277. [PMID: 37024647 PMCID: PMC10686263 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00789-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The risk of Alzheimer disease (AD) increases with age, family history and informative genetic variants. Sadly, there is still no cure or means of prevention. As in other complex diseases, uncovering genetic causes of AD could identify underlying pathological mechanisms and lead to potential treatments. Rare, autosomal dominant forms of AD occur in middle age as a result of highly penetrant genetic mutations, but the most common form of AD occurs later in life. Large-scale, genome-wide analyses indicate that 70 or more genes or loci contribute to AD. One of the major factors limiting progress is that most genetic data have been obtained from non-Hispanic white individuals in Europe and North America, preventing the development of personalized approaches to AD in individuals of other ethnicities. Fortunately, emerging genetic data from other regions - including Africa, Asia, India and South America - are now providing information on the disease from a broader range of ethnicities. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on AD genetics in populations across the world. We predominantly focus on replicated genetic discoveries but also include studies in ethnic groups where replication might not be feasible. We attempt to identify gaps that need to be addressed to achieve a complete picture of the genetic and molecular factors that drive AD in individuals across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Reitz
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- The John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- The Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- National Centralized Repository for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Richard Mayeux
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Rudenskaya GE, Petukhova MS, Zabnenkova VV, Cherevatova TB, Ryzhkova OP. [Early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease with spastic paraparesis associated with PSEN1 gene]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:120-127. [PMID: 37994898 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2023123111120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
A familial case of a rare autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease (AD), related to PSEN1 gene (AD3, OMIM 607822), differing from common multifactorial form by earlier onset and, in part of cases, by accompanying neurological signs, spastic paraparesis particularly, is presented. The first sign in a female proband and in her son was paraparesis manifested at the age of 29 and 21 years, respectively. Cognitive disturbances developed soon; the former diagnosis was hereditary spastic paraplegia with cognitive impairment, In the proband examined in 2008 at 33 years old the diagnosis was not established. In the son examined in 2022 at 27 years old whole-exome sequencing detected a novel PSEN1 missense mutation p.Thr421Ala. The mutation was confirmed by Sanger sequencing in him, found out in the proband (who was severely disabled by that time) and excluded in her unaffected mother. Except for different age of onset, AD3 in two patients was similar, though in whole it is variable, also in relatives. The variability and rareness of the disease hampers clinical diagnostics. Massive parallel sequencing is a most reliable diagnostic method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M S Petukhova
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - O P Ryzhkova
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
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Ameen AO, Freude K, Aldana BI. Fats, Friends or Foes: Investigating the Role of Short- and Medium-Chain Fatty Acids in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2778. [PMID: 36359298 PMCID: PMC9687972 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterising Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a metabolic disorder of the brain is gaining acceptance based on the pathophysiological commonalities between AD and major metabolic disorders. Therefore, metabolic interventions have been explored as a strategy for brain energetic rescue. Amongst these, medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) supplementations have been reported to rescue the energetic failure in brain cells as well as the cognitive decline in patients. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) have also been implicated in AD pathology. Due to the increasing therapeutic interest in metabolic interventions and brain energetic rescue in neurodegenerative disorders, in this review, we first summarise the role of SCFAs and MCFAs in AD. We provide a comparison of the main findings regarding these lipid species in established AD animal models and recently developed human cell-based models of this devastating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishat O. Ameen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristine Freude
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Blanca I. Aldana
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Genetics, Functions, and Clinical Impact of Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810970. [PMID: 36142879 PMCID: PMC9504248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) has been verified as an important causative factor for early onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). PSEN1 is a part of γ-secretase, and in addition to amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage, it can also affect other processes, such as Notch signaling, β-cadherin processing, and calcium metabolism. Several motifs and residues have been identified in PSEN1, which may play a significant role in γ-secretase mechanisms, such as the WNF, GxGD, and PALP motifs. More than 300 mutations have been described in PSEN1; however, the clinical phenotypes related to these mutations may be diverse. In addition to classical EOAD, patients with PSEN1 mutations regularly present with atypical phenotypic symptoms, such as spasticity, seizures, and visual impairment. In vivo and in vitro studies were performed to verify the effect of PSEN1 mutations on EOAD. The pathogenic nature of PSEN1 mutations can be categorized according to the ACMG-AMP guidelines; however, some mutations could not be categorized because they were detected only in a single case, and their presence could not be confirmed in family members. Genetic modifiers, therefore, may play a critical role in the age of disease onset and clinical phenotypes of PSEN1 mutations. This review introduces the role of PSEN1 in γ-secretase, the clinical phenotypes related to its mutations, and possible significant residues of the protein.
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Acosta-Uribe J, Aguillón D, Cochran JN, Giraldo M, Madrigal L, Killingsworth BW, Singhal R, Labib S, Alzate D, Velilla L, Moreno S, García GP, Saldarriaga A, Piedrahita F, Hincapié L, López HE, Perumal N, Morelo L, Vallejo D, Solano JM, Reiman EM, Surace EI, Itzcovich T, Allegri R, Sánchez-Valle R, Villegas-Lanau A, White CL, Matallana D, Myers RM, Browning SR, Lopera F, Kosik KS. A neurodegenerative disease landscape of rare mutations in Colombia due to founder effects. Genome Med 2022; 14:27. [PMID: 35260199 PMCID: PMC8902761 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-022-01035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Colombian population, as well as those in other Latin American regions, arose from a recent tri-continental admixture among Native Americans, Spanish invaders, and enslaved Africans, all of whom passed through a population bottleneck due to widespread infectious diseases that left small isolated local settlements. As a result, the current population reflects multiple founder effects derived from diverse ancestries. METHODS We characterized the role of admixture and founder effects on the origination of the mutational landscape that led to neurodegenerative disorders under these historical circumstances. Genomes from 900 Colombian individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) [n = 376], frontotemporal lobar degeneration-motor neuron disease continuum (FTLD-MND) [n = 197], early-onset dementia not otherwise specified (EOD) [n = 73], and healthy participants [n = 254] were analyzed. We examined their global and local ancestry proportions and screened this cohort for deleterious variants in disease-causing and risk-conferring genes. RESULTS We identified 21 pathogenic variants in AD-FTLD related genes, and PSEN1 harbored the majority (11 pathogenic variants). Variants were identified from all three continental ancestries. TREM2 heterozygous and homozygous variants were the most common among AD risk genes (102 carriers), a point of interest because the disease risk conferred by these variants differed according to ancestry. Several gene variants that have a known association with MND in European populations had FTLD phenotypes on a Native American haplotype. Consistent with founder effects, identity by descent among carriers of the same variant was frequent. CONCLUSIONS Colombian demography with multiple mini-bottlenecks probably enhanced the detection of founder events and left a proportionally higher frequency of rare variants derived from the ancestral populations. These findings demonstrate the role of genomically defined ancestry in phenotypic disease expression, a phenotypic range of different rare mutations in the same gene, and further emphasize the importance of inclusiveness in genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Acosta-Uribe
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.,Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - David Aguillón
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Margarita Giraldo
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Instituto Neurológico de Colombia (INDEC), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lucía Madrigal
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Bradley W Killingsworth
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Rijul Singhal
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Labib
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Diana Alzate
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lina Velilla
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sonia Moreno
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gloria P García
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Amanda Saldarriaga
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Francisco Piedrahita
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Liliana Hincapié
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Hugo E López
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Nithesh Perumal
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Leonilde Morelo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad del Sinú, Montería, Colombia
| | - Dionis Vallejo
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan Marcos Solano
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Ezequiel I Surace
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (Fleni-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tatiana Itzcovich
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (Fleni-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Allegri
- Centro de Memoria y Envejecimiento (Fleni-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS and University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Villegas-Lanau
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Charles L White
- Neuropathology Section, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Diana Matallana
- Instituto de Envejecimiento, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontifical Xaverian University, Bogotá, Colombia.,Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitario Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Sharon R Browning
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Kenneth S Kosik
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
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Generation of a human induced pluripotent stem cell line from a familial Alzheimer's disease PSEN1 T119I patient. Stem Cell Res 2021; 53:102325. [PMID: 33839546 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) line FLENIi001-A was reprogrammed from dermal fibroblasts using the lentiviral-hSTEMCCA-loxP vector. Fibroblasts were obtained from a skin biopsy of a 72-year-old Caucasian male familial Alzheimer's disease patient carrying the T119I mutation in the PSEN1 gene. PSEN1 genotype was maintained and stemness and pluripotency confirmed in the FLENIi001-A hiPSC line.
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Ramachandran AK, Das S, Joseph A, Gurupur Gautham S, Alex AT, Mudgal J. Neurodegenerative Pathways in Alzheimer's Disease: A Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:679-692. [PMID: 32851951 PMCID: PMC8573750 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200807130637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease that leads to insidious deterioration of brain functions and is considered the sixth leading cause of death in the world. Alzheimer's patients suffer from memory loss, cognitive deficit and behavioral changes; thus, they eventually follow a low-quality life. AD is considered as a multifactorial disorder involving different neuropathological mechanisms. Recent research has identified more than 20 pathological factors that are promoting disease progression. Three significant hypotheses are said to be the root cause of disease pathology, which include acetylcholine deficit, the formation of amyloid-beta senile plaques and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. Apart from these crucial factors, pathological factors such as apolipoprotein E (APOE), glycogen synthase kinase 3β, notch signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway, etc., are considered to play a role in the advancement of AD and therefore could be used as targets for drug discovery and development. As of today, there is no complete cure or effective disease altering therapies for AD. The current therapy is assuring only symptomatic relief from the disease, and progressive loss of efficacy for these symptomatic treatments warrants the discovery of newer drugs by exploring these novel drug targets. A comprehensive understanding of these therapeutic targets and their neuropathological role in AD is necessary to identify novel molecules for the treatment of AD rationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Kunnath Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka-576104, India
| | - Subham Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka-576104, India
| | - Alex Joseph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka-576104, India
| | - Shenoy, Gurupur Gautham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka-576104, India
| | - Angel Treasa Alex
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka-576104, India
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka-576104, India
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Llibre-Guerra JJ, Li Y, Allegri RF, Mendez PC, Surace EI, Llibre-Rodriguez JJ, Sosa AL, Aláez-Verson C, Longoria EM, Tellez A, Carrillo-Sánchez K, Flores-Lagunes LL, Sánchez V, Takada LT, Nitrini R, Ferreira-Frota NA, Benevides-Lima J, Lopera F, Ramírez L, Jiménez-Velázquez I, Schenk C, Acosta D, Behrens MI, Doering M, Ziegemeier E, Morris JC, McDade E, Bateman RJ. Dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease in Latin America: Genetic heterogeneity and clinical phenotypes. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 17:653-664. [PMID: 33226734 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A growing number of dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease (DIAD) cases have become known in Latin American (LatAm) in recent years. However, questions regarding mutation distribution and frequency by country remain open. METHODS A literature review was completed aimed to provide estimates for DIAD pathogenic variants in the LatAm population. The search strategies were established using a combination of standardized terms for DIAD and LatAm. RESULTS Twenty-four DIAD pathogenic variants have been reported in LatAm countries. Our combined dataset included 3583 individuals at risk; countries with highest DIAD frequencies were Colombia (n = 1905), Puerto Rico (n = 672), and Mexico (n = 463), usually attributable to founder effects. We found relatively few reports with extensive documentation on biomarker profiles and disease progression. DISCUSSION Future DIAD studies will be required in LatAm, albeit with a more systematic approach to include fluid biomarker and imaging studies. Regional efforts are under way to extend the DIAD observational studies and clinical trials to Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge J Llibre-Guerra
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ricardo F Allegri
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricio Chrem Mendez
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel I Surace
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Ana Luisa Sosa
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carmen Aláez-Verson
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico Genómico, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Alberto Tellez
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karol Carrillo-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico Genómico, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Victor Sánchez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clinicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Francisco Lopera
- University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Laura Ramírez
- University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | | | - Christian Schenk
- Universidad Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña, Santo Domingo, Republica Dominicana
| | - Daisy Acosta
- Departamento de Neurología y Neurocirugía Hospital Clínico, Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Clínica Avanzada (CICA), Universidad de Chile & Clínica Alemana, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Isabel Behrens
- Becker Medical Library, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michelle Doering
- Department of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ellen Ziegemeier
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Eric McDade
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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11
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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are neurodegenerative
disorders that result in a significant burden to both patients and caregivers.
By 2050, the number of people with dementia in Latin America will increase
4-fold. A deep understanding of the relevant genetic factors of AD and FTD is
fundamental to tackle this reality through prevention. A review of different
genetic variants that cause AD or FTD in Latin America was conducted. We
searched Medline and PubMed databases using the keywords “Alzheimer’s disease,”
“frontotemporal dementia,” “mutation,” “America,” and “Latin America,” besides
specific Latin American countries. Forty-five items were chosen and analyzed.
PSEN1 mutations are the commonest cause of genetic
early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (EOAD), followed by PSEN2 and
APP mutations. Genetic FTD can be mainly explained by
GRN and MAPT mutations, as well as
C9orf72 G4C2 repeat expansion. APOE ε4 can
modify the prevalence and incidence of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD), in
addition to the cognitive performance in affected carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ramos
- Neurosciences Group of Antioquia, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia - Medellín, Colombia
| | - David Aguillon
- Neurosciences Group of Antioquia, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia - Medellín, Colombia
| | - Christian Cordano
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco - San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Neurosciences Group of Antioquia, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia - Medellín, Colombia
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12
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Allegri RF. Moving from neurodegenerative dementias, to cognitive proteinopathies, replacing "where" by "what"…. Dement Neuropsychol 2020; 14:237-242. [PMID: 32973977 PMCID: PMC7500817 DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642020dn14-030005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative dementias have been described based on their phenotype, in relation to selective degeneration occurring in a particular neuroanatomical system. More recently however, the term proteinopathy has been introduced to describe diseases in which one or more altered proteins can be detected. Neurodegenerative diseases can be produced by more than one abnormal protein and each proteinopathy can determine different clinical phenotypes. Specific biomarkers have now been linked to certain molecular pathologies in live patients. In 2016, a new biomarker-based classification, currently only approved for research in Alzheimer's disease, was introduced. It is based on the evaluation three biomarkers: amyloid (A) detected on amyloid-PET or amyloid- beta 42 assay in CSF; tau (T) measured in CSF as phosphorylated tau or on tau PET imaging; and neuronal injury/neurodegeneration (N), detected by total T-tau in CSF, FDG PET hypometabolism and on MRI brain scan. Results of clinical research using the ATN biomarkers at FLENI, a Neurological Institute in Buenos Aires, Argentina have, since 2011, contributed to ongoing efforts to move away from the concept of neurodegenerative dementias and more towards one of cognitive proteinopathies. Today, clinical diagnosis in dementia can only tell us "where" abnormal tissue is found but not "what" molecular mechanisms are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Francisco Allegri
- Departament of Cognitive Neurology, Neuropsychology, and Neuropsychiatry, Instituto de Investigaciones Neurologicas Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Neurosciences, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia
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13
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Pathogenic PSEN1 Thr119Ile Mutation in Two Korean Patients with Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10060405. [PMID: 32545847 PMCID: PMC7345614 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10060405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a probable pathogenic Thr119Ile mutation in presenilin-1 (PSEN1) in two unrelated Korean patients, diagnosed with early onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). The first patient presented with memory decline when she was 64 years old. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans showed diffuse atrophy in the fronto-parietal regions. In addition, 18F-fludeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) showed reduced tracer uptake in the parietal and temporal cortices, bilaterally. The second patient developed memory dysfunction at the age of 49, and his mother was also affected. Amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) was positive, but MRI scans did not reveal any atrophy. Targeted NGS and Sanger sequencing identified a heterozygous C to T exchange in PSEN1 exon 5 (c.356C>T), resulting in a p.Thr119Ile mutation. The mutation is located in the conserved HL-I loop, where several Alzheimer's disease (AD) related mutations have been described. Structure analyses suggested that Thr119Ile mutation may result in a significant change inside conservative loop. Additional in vitro studies are needed to estimate the role of the PSEN1 Thr119Ile in AD disease progression.
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14
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Kim YE, Cho H, Kim HJ, Na DL, Seo SW, Ki CS. PSEN1 variants in Korean patients with clinically suspicious early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3480. [PMID: 32103039 PMCID: PMC7044324 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59829-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in the PSEN1 gene are known to be the most common cause of early-onset Alzheimer’s disease but there are few data on the frequency and spectrum of PSEN1 variants in Korea. In this study, we investigated PSEN1 variants in a consecutive series of clinically suspicious early-onset familial AD (EOFAD) Korean patients and their clinical characteristics and imaging findings. From January 2007 to December 2013, EOFAD patients with very early onset AD (<50 yr), early onset AD (<60 yr) with two or more relatives with AD, and early onset AD (<60 yr) with one or more first-degree relatives with very early onset AD (<50 yr) were enrolled in this study. Sequence analysis of the PSEN1 gene was performed by Sanger sequencing. Neuroimaging data and conventional brain MRIs and FDG-PET and/or [11C] PiB-PET scans were analyzed in patients with PSEN1 variants. Among the 28 patients with EOFAD, six (21.4%, 6/28) patients had pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in the PSEN1 gene. Two pathogenic variants were p.Glu120Lys and p.Ser170Phe and four likely pathogenic variants were p.Thr119Ile, p.Tyr159Cys, p.Leu282Pro, and p.Ala285Ser. Two patients had variants of unknown significance, p.Tyr389His and p.Tyr389Ser. EOFAD patients with PSEN1 variants showed early AD onset, frequent visuospatial dysfunction, movement disorders, and rapid disease progression. Brain MRIs revealed diffuse cortical atrophy, including parietal lobe atrophy, and/or hippocampal atrophy. FDG-PET scans also revealed significant hypometabolism in the bilateral temporo-parietal regions. Our findings provide insight to better understand the genetic background of Korean EOFAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hanna Cho
- Department of Neurology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duk L Na
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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15
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Zhang S, Li X, Zhang L, Meng X, Ma L, Zhang G, Wu H, Liang L, Cao M, Mei F. Identification of a Rare PSEN1 Mutation (Thr119Ile) in Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease With Early Presentation of Behavioral Disturbance. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:347. [PMID: 32477171 PMCID: PMC7240292 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative dementia. In this study, whole genome sequencing identifies one rare and likely pathogenic mutation in the presenilin 1 (PSEN1) gene (c.356C > T, p.T119I) associated with a frontal variant of AD. Affected individuals in the kindred developed late-onset cognitive decline accompanied with early presentation of psychiatric symptoms. Positive amyloid PiB PET tracing suggested presence of pathophysiological biomarker for AD. Whole genome sequencing analysis evaluated rare coding mutations in susceptible genes for various types of dementia and supported the role of PSEN1 as a causal gene. Identification of this T119I variant in PSEN1 might broaden the spectrum of genetic basis and clinical diversity of familial AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouzi Zhang
- Psychiatry Department, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Psychiatry Department, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyan Meng
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Li Ma
- Psychiatry Department, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guangze Zhang
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Psychiatry Department, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Liang
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Cao
- Psychiatry Department, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Mei
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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