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Mokoala KMG, Sathekge MM. Non-FDG hypoxia tracers. Semin Nucl Med 2024; 54:827-844. [PMID: 39510855 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2024] [Accepted: 10/01/2024] [Indexed: 11/15/2024]
Abstract
Hypoxia plays a critical role in tumor biology, influencing cancer progression, treatment resistance, and patient prognosis. While 18-Fluorine fluoredeoxyglucose ([18F]F-FDG) PET imaging has been the standard for metabolic assessment, its limitations in accurately depicting hypoxic tumor regions necessitate the exploration of non-FDG hypoxia tracers. This review aims to evaluate emerging non-FDG radiotracers, such as nitroimidazole derivatives, copper-based agents, gallium-based agents and other innovative compounds, highlighting their mechanisms of action, biodistribution, and clinical applications. We will discuss the advantages and challenges associated with hypoxia imaging, as well as recent advancements in imaging techniques that enhance the assessment of tumor hypoxia. By synthesizing current research, this review seeks to provide insights into the potential of non-FDG hypoxia tracers for improving cancer diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring, ultimately contributing to more personalized and effective cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kgomotso M G Mokoala
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, ZA-GP, South Africa; Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Pretoria, ZA-GP, South Africa.
| | - Mike M Sathekge
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, ZA-GP, South Africa; Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Pretoria, ZA-GP, South Africa
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Datta A, Sarmah D, Kalia K, Borah A, Wang X, Dave KR, Yavagal DR, Bhattacharya P. Advances in Studies on Stroke-Induced Secondary Neurodegeneration (SND) and Its Treatment. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:1154-1168. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200416090820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The occurrence of secondary neurodegeneration has exclusively been observed
after the first incidence of stroke. In humans and rodents, post-stroke secondary neurodegeneration
(SND) is an inevitable event that can lead to progressive neuronal loss at a region distant to initial infarct.
SND can lead to cognitive and motor function impairment, finally causing dementia. The exact
pathophysiology of the event is yet to be explored. It is seen that the thalami, in particular, are susceptible
to cause SND. The reason behind this is because the thalamus functioning as the relay center and is
positioned as an interlocked structure with direct synaptic signaling connection with the cortex. As SND
proceeds, accumulation of misfolded proteins and microglial activation are seen in the thalamus. This
leads to increased neuronal loss and worsening of functional and cognitive impairment.
Objective:
There is a necessity of specific interventions to prevent post-stroke SND, which are not properly
investigated to date owing to sparsely reproducible pre-clinical and clinical data. The basis of this
review is to investigate about post-stroke SND and its updated treatment approaches carefully.
Methods:
Our article presents a detailed survey of advances in studies on stroke-induced secondary neurodegeneration
(SND) and its treatment.
Results:
This article aims to put forward the pathophysiology of SND. We have also tabulated the latest
treatment approaches along with different neuroimaging systems that will be helpful for future reference
to explore.
Conclusion:
In this article, we have reviewed the available reports on SND pathophysiology, detection
techniques, and possible treatment modalities that have not been attempted to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishika Datta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Deepaneeta Sarmah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Anupom Borah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kunjan R. Dave
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Dileep R. Yavagal
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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Leigh R, Knutsson L, Zhou J, van Zijl PC. Imaging the physiological evolution of the ischemic penumbra in acute ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1500-1516. [PMID: 28345479 PMCID: PMC6125975 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17700913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We review the hemodynamic, metabolic and cellular parameters affected during early ischemia and their changes as a function of approximate cerebral blood flow ( CBF) thresholds. These parameters underlie the current practical definition of an ischemic penumbra, namely metabolically affected but still viable brain tissue. Such tissue is at risk of infarction under continuing conditions of reduced CBF, but can be rescued through timely intervention. This definition will be useful in clinical diagnosis only if imaging techniques exist that can rapidly, and with sufficient accuracy, visualize the existence of a mismatch between such a metabolically affected area and regions that have suffered cell depolarization. Unfortunately, clinical data show that defining the outer boundary of the penumbra based solely on perfusion-related thresholds may not be sufficiently accurate. Also, thresholds for CBF and cerebral blood volume ( CBV) differ for white and gray matter and evolve with time for both inner and outer penumbral boundaries. As such, practical penumbral imaging would involve parameters in which the physiology is immediately displayed in a manner independent of baseline CBF or CBF threshold, namely pH, oxygen extraction fraction ( OEF), diffusion constant and mean transit time ( MTT). Suitable imaging technologies will need to meet this requirement in a 10-20 min exam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Leigh
- 1 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Linda Knutsson
- 2 Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,3 Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jinyuan Zhou
- 3 Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,4 F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter Cm van Zijl
- 3 Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,4 F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Agarwal S, Bivard A, Warburton E, Parsons M, Levi C. Collateral response modulates the time–penumbra relationship in proximal arterial occlusions. Neurology 2017; 90:e316-e322. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveWhile clinical benefit from thrombolysis decreases with increase in time from stroke onset, the relationship of acute physiologic tissue compartments and collateral response to stroke onset time remains unclear.MethodsWe studied consecutive patients with proximal arterial occlusions (n = 355) with whole-brain perfusion CT with CT angiography within 6 hours of stroke onset. Penumbra and core were defined using voxel-based thresholds. Tissue mismatch was defined as the ratio of penumbra to core. Collateral scores were assessed using a previously validated visual score.ResultsMean (SD) age was 72.1 (12.4) years, median (interquartile range) NIH Stroke Scale score 16 (4), mean (SD) time to imaging 152.5 (69.7) minutes. Penumbra volume (Spearman ρ = 0.119,p= 0.026) and mismatch increased (Spearman ρ = 0.115,p= 0.030) with time from onset. Core volume decreased (Spearman ρ = −0.112,p= 0.035) while collateral scores increased with time (Spearman ρ = 0.117,p= 0.028). On multivariable regression, good collateral scores predicted longer time since onset (β = 0.101,p= 0.039) while mismatch was not a predictor (β = 0.001,p= 0.351). Good collateral score was the strongest independent predictor of final infarct volume and improvement in clinical deficit.ConclusionsIn our large patient cohort study of proximal arterial occlusions, we found an incremental collateral response and preserved penumbral volume with time. Thus, tissue viability can be maintained in this time window (0–6 hours) after stroke if leptomeningeal collaterals are able to sustain the penumbra. Our findings suggest that a longer therapeutic window may exist for intra-arterial intervention and that multimodal imaging may have a role in strokes of unknown onset time.
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Thirugnanachandran T, Ma H, Singhal S, Slater LA, Davis SM, Donnan GA, Phan T. Refining the ischemic penumbra with topography. Int J Stroke 2017; 13:277-284. [DOI: 10.1177/1747493017743056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It has been 40 years since the ischemic penumbra was first conceptualized through work on animal models. The topography of penumbra has been portrayed as an infarcted core surrounded by penumbral tissue and an extreme rim of oligemic tissue. This picture has been used in many review articles and textbooks before the advent of modern imaging. In this paper, we review our understanding of the topography of the ischemic penumbra from the initial experimental animal models to current developments with neuroimaging which have helped to further define the temporal and spatial evolution of the penumbra and refine our knowledge. The concept of the penumbra has been successfully applied in clinical trials of endovascular therapies with a time window as long as 24 h from onset. Further, there are reports of “good” outcome even in patients with a large ischemic core. This latter observation of good outcome despite having a large core requires an understanding of the topography of the penumbra and the function of the infarcted regions. It is proposed that future research in this area takes departure from a time-dependent approach to a more individualized tissue and location-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharani Thirugnanachandran
- Stroke & Ageing Research (STARC), Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Henry Ma
- Stroke & Ageing Research (STARC), Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Shaloo Singhal
- Stroke & Ageing Research (STARC), Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Lee-Anne Slater
- Diagnostic Imaging, Monash Health, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen M Davis
- Melbourne Brain Centre, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Geoffrey A Donnan
- Florey Neuroscience Institute, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Thanh Phan
- Stroke & Ageing Research (STARC), Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Evans NR, Tarkin JM, Buscombe JR, Markus HS, Rudd JHF, Warburton EA. PET imaging of the neurovascular interface in cerebrovascular disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2017; 13:676-688. [PMID: 28984315 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease encompasses a range of pathologies that affect different components of the cerebral vasculature and brain parenchyma. Large artery atherosclerosis, acute cerebral ischaemia, and intracerebral small vessel disease all demonstrate altered metabolic processes that are key to their pathogenesis. Although structural imaging techniques such as MRI are the mainstay of clinical care and research in cerebrovascular disease, they have limited ability to detect these pathophysiological processes in vivo. By contrast, PET can detect and quantify metabolic processes that are relevant to each facet of cerebrovascular disease. Information obtained from PET studies has helped to shape the understanding of key concepts in cerebrovascular medicine, including vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque, salvageable ischaemic penumbra, neuroinflammation and selective neuronal loss after ischaemic insult. PET has also helped to elucidate the relationships between chronic hypoxia, neuroinflammation, and amyloid-β deposition in cerebral small vessel disease. This Review describes how PET-based imaging of metabolic processes at the neurovascular interface has contributed to our understanding of cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Evans
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Box 83, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jason M Tarkin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John R Buscombe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Box 219, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Hugh S Markus
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Box 83, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - James H F Rudd
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Warburton
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Box 83, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Sinden JD, Hicks C, Stroemer P, Vishnubhatla I, Corteling R. Human Neural Stem Cell Therapy for Chronic Ischemic Stroke: Charting Progress from Laboratory to Patients. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:933-947. [PMID: 28446071 PMCID: PMC5510676 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic disability after stroke represents a major unmet neurologic need. ReNeuron's development of a human neural stem cell (hNSC) therapy for chronic disability after stroke is progressing through early clinical studies. A Phase I trial has recently been published, showing no safety concerns and some promising signs of efficacy. A single-arm Phase II multicenter trial in patients with stable upper-limb paresis has recently completed recruitment. The hNSCs administrated are from a manufactured, conditionally immortalized hNSC line (ReNeuron's CTX0E03 or CTX), generated with c-mycERTAM technology. This technology has enabled CTX to be manufactured at large scale under cGMP conditions, ensuring sufficient supply to meets the demands of research, clinical development, and, eventually, the market. CTX has key pro-angiogenic, pro-neurogenic, and immunomodulatory characteristics that are mechanistically important in functional recovery poststroke. This review covers the progress of CTX cell therapy from its laboratory origins to the clinic, concluding with a look into the late stage clinical future.
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PET imaging in ischemic cerebrovascular disease: current status and future directions. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:713-32. [PMID: 25138055 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-014-1463-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular diseases are caused by interruption or significant impairment of the blood supply to the brain, which leads to a cascade of metabolic and molecular alterations resulting in functional disturbance and morphological damage. These pathophysiological changes can be assessed by positron emission tomography (PET), which permits the regional measurement of physiological parameters and imaging of the distribution of molecular markers. PET has broadened our understanding of the flow and metabolic thresholds critical for the maintenance of brain function and morphology: in this application, PET has been essential in the transfer of the concept of the penumbra (tissue with perfusion below the functional threshold but above the threshold for the preservation of morphology) to clinical stroke and thereby has had great impact on developing treatment strategies. Radioligands for receptors can be used as early markers of irreversible neuronal damage and thereby can predict the size of the final infarcts; this is also important for decisions concerning invasive therapy in large ("malignant") infarctions. With PET investigations, the reserve capacity of blood supply to the brain can be tested in obstructive arteriosclerosis of the supplying arteries, and this again is essential for planning interventions. The effect of a stroke on the surrounding and contralateral primarily unaffected tissue can be investigated, and these results help to understand the symptoms caused by disturbances in functional networks. Chronic cerebrovascular disease causes vascular cognitive disorders, including vascular dementia. PET permits the detection of the metabolic disturbances responsible for cognitive impairment and dementia, and can differentiate vascular dementia from degenerative diseases. It may also help to understand the importance of neuroinflammation after stroke and its interaction with amyloid deposition in the development of dementia. Although the clinical application of PET investigations is limited, this technology had and still has a great impact on research into cerebrovascular diseases.
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Alawneh JA, Moustafa RR, Marrapu ST, Jensen-Kondering U, Morris RS, Jones PS, Aigbirhio FI, Fryer TD, Carpenter TA, Warburton EA, Baron JC. Diffusion and perfusion correlates of the 18F-MISO PET lesion in acute stroke: pilot study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2013; 41:736-44. [PMID: 24126468 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-013-2581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mapping the ischaemic penumbra in acute stroke is of considerable clinical interest. For this purpose, mapping tissue hypoxia with (18)F-misonidazole (FMISO) PET is attractive, and is straightforward compared to (15)O PET. Given the current emphasis on penumbra imaging using diffusion/perfusion MR or CT perfusion, investigating the relationships between FMISO uptake and abnormalities with these modalities is important. METHODS According to a prospective design, three patients (age 54-81 years; admission NIH stroke scale scores 16-22) with an anterior circulation stroke and extensive penumbra on CT- or MR-based perfusion imaging successfully completed FMISO PET, diffusion-weighted imaging and MR angiography 6-26 h after stroke onset, and follow-up FLAIR to map the final infarction. All had persistent proximal occlusion and a poor outcome despite thrombolysis. Significant FMISO trapping was defined voxel-wise relative to ten age-matched controls and mapped onto coregistered maps of the penumbra and irreversibly damaged ischaemic core. RESULTS FMISO trapping was present in all patients (volume range 18-119 ml) and overlapped mainly with the penumbra but also with the core in each patient. There was a significant (p ≤ 0.001) correlation in the expected direction between FMISO uptake and perfusion, with a sharp FMISO uptake bend around the expected penumbra threshold. CONCLUSION FMISO uptake had the expected overlap with the penumbra and relationship with local perfusion. However, consistent with recent animal data, our study suggests FMISO trapping may not be specific to the penumbra. If confirmed in larger samples, this preliminary finding would have potential implications for the clinical application of FMISO PET in acute ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef A Alawneh
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Isozaki M, Kiyono Y, Arai Y, Kudo T, Mori T, Maruyama R, Kikuta KI, Okazawa H. Feasibility of 62Cu-ATSM PET for evaluation of brain ischaemia and misery perfusion in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011; 38:1075-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-011-1734-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Takasawa M, Moustafa RR, Baron JC. Applications of nitroimidazole in vivo hypoxia imaging in ischemic stroke. Stroke 2008; 39:1629-37. [PMID: 18369176 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.107.485938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Nitroimidazole imaging is a promising contender for noninvasive in vivo mapping of brain hypoxia after stroke. However, there is a dearth of knowledge about the behavior of these compounds in the various pathophysiologic situations encountered in ischemic stroke. In this article we report the findings from a systematic review of the literature on the use of the nitroimidazoles to map hypoxia after stroke. SUMMARY OF REVIEW We describe the characteristics of nitroimidazoles as imaging tracers, their pharmacology, and results of both animal and clinical studies during and after focal cerebral ischemia. Findings in brain tumors are also presented to the extent that they enlighten results in stroke. Early results from application of kinetic modeling for quantitative measurement of tracer binding are briefly discussed. CONCLUSIONS Based on this literature review, nitroimidazole hypoxia imaging agents are of considerable interest in stroke because they appear, both in animal models and in humans, to specifically detect the severely hypoxic viable tissue, but not the reperfused nor the necrotic tissue. To fully realize this potential in stroke, however, formal validation by concurrent measurement of tissue oxygen tension, together with development of novel ligands with faster distribution kinetics, faster clearance from normal tissue, and well-defined trapping mechanisms, are important goals for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Takasawa
- University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
The importance of hypoxia in disease pathogenesis and prognosis is gathering increasing clinical significance and having a greater impact on patient management and outcome. Previous efforts to evaluate hypoxia have included the invasive assessment of hypoxia with immunohistologic and histographic oxygen probes. The emergence of new radiotracers has allowed noninvasive assessment of hypoxia, with the most extensively investigated and validated positron emission tomography radiotracer of hypoxia to date being (18)F-fluoromisonodazole ((18)F-FMISO). This review discusses the relevance and biology of hypoxia in cells and organ systems, and reviews the laboratory and clinical applications of (18)F-FMISO in oncology and noncancer disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Ting Lee
- Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Hossmann KA, Traystman RJ. Cerebral blood flow and the ischemic penumbra. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2008; 92:67-92. [PMID: 18790270 DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(08)01904-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Linke S, Goertz P, Baader SL, Gieselmann V, Siebler M, Junghans U, Kappler J. Aldolase C/Zebrin II is Released to the Extracellular Space after Stroke and Inhibits the Network Activity of Cortical Neurons. Neurochem Res 2006; 31:1297-303. [PMID: 17053973 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cell death after stroke involves apoptotic, autophagocytic and necrotic mechanisms which may cause the release of cytosolic proteins to the extracellular space. Aldolase C (AldC) is the brain specific isoform of the glycolytic enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase. According to its characteristic striped expression pattern in the adult cerebellum AldC is also termed zebrin II. Here, we demonstrate release of AldC into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after stroke in vivo. Studies with cell cultures confirmed that AldC is released to the extracellular space after hypoxia. Moreover, addition of purified recombinant AldC to networks of cortical neurons plated on multielectrode arrays reversibly inhibited the spontaneous generation of action potentials at AldC concentrations which can be expected to occur after lesions of the human cerebral cortex. This mechanism could be relevant in the pathogenesis of the electrophysiological changes in the penumbra region after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Linke
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Nussallee 11, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
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