Correlation of receptor density and mRNA expression patterns in the human cerebral cortex

Benchmarking macaque brain gene expression for horizontal and vertical translation

The spatial patterning of gene expression shapes cortical organization and function. The macaque is a fundamental model organism in neuroscience, but the translational potential of macaque gene expression rests on the assumption that it is a good proxy for patterns of corresponding proteins (vertical translation) and for patterns of orthologous human genes (horizontal translation). Here, we systematically benchmark regional gene expression in macaque cortex against (i) macaque cortical receptor density and in vivo and ex vivo microstructure and (ii) human cortical gene expression. We find moderate cortex-wide correspondence between macaque gene expression and protein density, which improves by considering layer-specific gene expression. Half of the examined genes exhibit significant correlation between macaque and human across the cortex. Interspecies correspondence of gene expression is greater in unimodal than in transmodal cortex, recapitulating evolutionary cortical expansion and gene-protein correspondence in the macaque. These results showcase the potential and limitations of macaque cortical transcriptomics for translational discovery within and across species.

Association of protein distribution and gene expression revealed by positron emission tomography and postmortem gene expression in the dopaminergic system of the human brain

PURPOSE

The topological distribution of dopamine-related proteins is determined by gene transcription and subsequent regulations. Recent research strategies integrating positron emission tomography with a transcriptome atlas have opened new opportunities to understand the influence of regulation after transcription on protein distribution. Previous studies have reported that messenger (m)-RNA expression levels spatially correlate with the density maps of serotonin receptors but not with those of transporters. This discrepancy may be due to differences in regulation after transcription between presynaptic and postsynaptic proteins, which have not been studied in the dopaminergic system. Here, we focused on dopamine D1 and D2/D3 receptors and dopamine transporters and investigated their region-wise relationship between mRNA expression and protein distribution.

METHODS

We examined the region-wise correlation between regional binding potentials of the target region relative to that of non-displaceable tissue (BPND) values of 11C-SCH-23390 and mRNA expression levels of dopamine D1 receptors (D1R); regional BPND values of 11C-FLB-457 and mRNA expression levels of dopamine D2/D3 receptors (D2/D3R); and regional total distribution volume (VT) values of 18F-FE-PE2I and mRNA expression levels of dopamine transporters (DAT) using Spearman's rank correlation.

RESULTS

We found significant positive correlations between regional BPND values of 11C-SCH-23390 and the mRNA expression levels of D1R (r = 0.769, p = 0.0021). Similar to D1R, regional BPND values of 11C-FLB-457 positively correlated with the mRNA expression levels of D2R (r = 0.809, p = 0.0151) but not with those of D3R (r = 0.413, p = 0.3095). In contrast to D1R and D2R, no significant correlation between VT values of 18F-FE-PE2I and mRNA expression levels of DAT was observed (r = -0.5934, p = 0.140).

CONCLUSION

We found a region-wise correlation between the mRNA expression levels of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors and their respective protein distributions. However, we found no region-wise correlation between the mRNA expression levels of dopamine transporters and their protein distributions, indicating different regulatory mechanisms for the localization of pre- and postsynaptic proteins. These results provide a broader understanding of the application of the transcriptome atlas to neuroimaging studies of the dopaminergic nervous system.

From neurotransmitters to networks: Transcending organisational hierarchies with molecular-informed functional imaging

The human brain exhibits complex interactions across micro, meso-, and macro-scale organisational principles. Recent synergistic multi-modal approaches have begun to link micro-scale information to systems level dynamics, transcending organisational hierarchies and offering novel perspectives into the brain's function and dysfunction. Specifically, the distribution of micro-scale properties (such as receptor density or gene expression) can be mapped onto macro-scale measures from functional MRI to provide novel neurobiological insights. Methodological approaches to enrich functional imaging analyses with molecular information are rapidly evolving, with several streams of research having developed relatively independently, each offering unique potential to explore the trans-hierarchical functioning of the brain. Here, we address the three principal streams of research - spatial correlation, molecular-enriched network, and in-silico whole brain modelling analyses - to provide a critical overview of the different sources of molecular information, how this information can be utilised within analyses of fMRI data, the merits and pitfalls of each methodology, and, through the use of key examples, highlight their promise to shed new light on key domains of neuroscientific inquiry.

Relationships between neurotransmitter receptor densities and expression levels of their corresponding genes in the human hippocampus

Neurotransmitter receptors are key molecules in signal transmission, their alterations are associated with brain dysfunction. Relationships between receptors and their corresponding genes are poorly understood, especially in humans. We combined in vitro receptor autoradiography and RNA sequencing to quantify, in the same tissue samples (7 subjects), the densities of 14 receptors and expression levels of their corresponding 43 genes in the Cornu Ammonis (CA) and dentate gyrus (DG) of human hippocampus. Significant differences in receptor densities between both structures were found only for metabotropic receptors, whereas significant differences in RNA expression levels mostly pertained ionotropic receptors. Receptor fingerprints of CA and DG differ in shapes but have similar sizes; the opposite holds true for their "RNA fingerprints", which represent the expression levels of multiple genes in a single area. In addition, the correlation coefficients between receptor densities and corresponding gene expression levels vary widely and the mean correlation strength was weak-to-moderate. Our results suggest that receptor densities are not only controlled by corresponding RNA expression levels, but also by multiple regionally specific post-translational factors.

Effect of MAOA DNA Methylation on Human in Vivo Protein Expression Measured by [11C]harmine Positron Emission Tomography

BACKGROUND

Epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation are understood as an intermediary between environmental factors and neurobiology. Cerebral monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) levels are altered in depression, as are DNA methylation levels within the MAOA gene, particularly in the promoter/exon I/intron I region. An effect of MAOA methylation on peripheral protein expression was shown, but the extent to which methylation affects brain MAO-A levels is not fully understood.

METHODS

Here, the influence of MAOA promoter/exon I/intron I region DNA methylation on global MAO-A distribution volume (VT), an index of MAO-A density, was assessed via [11C]harmine positron emission tomography in 22 patients (14 females) suffering from seasonal affective disorder and 30 healthy controls (17 females).

RESULTS

No significant influence of MAOA DNA methylation on global MAO-A VT was found, despite correction for health status, sex, season, and MAOA variable number of tandem repeat genotype. However, season affected average methylation in women, with higher levels in spring and summer (Puncorr = .03). We thus did not find evidence for an effect of MAOA DNA methylation on brain MAO-A VT.

CONCLUSIONS

In contrast to a previous study demonstrating an effect of methylation of a MAOA promoter region located further 5' on brain MAO-A, MAOA methylation of the region assessed here appears to affect brain protein levels to a limited extent at most. The observed effect of season on methylation levels is in accordance with extensive evidence for seasonal effects within the serotonergic system.

CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER

NCT02582398 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02582398).

Correspondence between gene expression and neurotransmitter receptor and transporter density in the human brain

Neurotransmitter receptors modulate signaling between neurons. Thus, neurotransmitter receptors and transporters play a key role in shaping brain function. Due to the lack of comprehensive neurotransmitter receptor/transporter density datasets, microarray gene expression measuring mRNA transcripts is often used as a proxy for receptor densities. In the present report, we comprehensively test the spatial correlation between gene expression and protein density for a total of 27 neurotransmitter receptors, receptor binding-sites, and transporters across 9 different neurotransmitter systems, using both PET and autoradiography radioligand-based imaging modalities. We find poor spatial correspondences between gene expression and density for all neurotransmitter receptors and transporters except four single-protein metabotropic receptors (5-HT_1A, CB₁, D₂, and MOR). These expression-density associations are related to gene differential stability and can vary between cortical and subcortical structures. Altogether, we recommend using direct measures of receptor and transporter density when relating neurotransmitter systems to brain structure and function.

Resveratrol enhances A1 and hinders A2A adenosine receptors signaling in both HeLa and SH-SY5Y cells: Potential mechanism of its antitumoral action

Despite great efforts, effective treatment against cancer has not yet been found. However, natural compounds such as the polyphenol resveratrol have emerged as promising preventive agent in cancer therapy. The mode of action of resveratrol is still poorly understood, but it can modulate many signaling pathways related to the initiation and progression of cancer. Adenosinergic signaling may be involved in the antitumoral action of resveratrol since resveratrol binds to the orthosteric binding site of adenosine A_2A receptors and acts as a non-selective agonist for adenosine receptors. In the present study, we measured the impact of resveratrol treatment on different adenosinergic pathway components (i.e. adenosine receptors levels, 5'-nucleotidase, adenosine deaminase, and adenylyl cyclase activities, protein kinase A levels, intracellular adenosine and other related metabolites levels) and cell viability and proliferation in HeLa and SH-SY5Y cell lines. Results revealed changes leading to turning off cAMP signaling such as decreased levels of A_2A receptors and reduced adenylyl cyclase activation, increased levels of A₁ receptors and increased adenylyl cyclase inhibition, and lower levels of PKA. All these changes could contribute to the antitumoral action of resveratrol. Interestingly, these effects were almost identical in HeLa and SH-SY5Y cells suggesting that resveratrol enhances A₁ and hinders A_2A adenosine receptors signaling as part of a potential mechanism of antitumoral action.