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Kwon OH, Choe J, Kim D, Kim S, Moon C. Sensory Stimulation-dependent Npas4 Expression in the Olfactory Bulb during Early Postnatal Development. Exp Neurobiol 2024; 33:77-98. [PMID: 38724478 PMCID: PMC11089401 DOI: 10.5607/en23037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of the olfactory system is influenced by sensory inputs, and it maintains neuronal generation and plasticity throughout the lifespan. The olfactory bulb contains a higher proportion of interneurons than other brain regions, particularly during the early postnatal period of neurogenesis. Although the relationship between sensory stimulation and olfactory bulb development during the postnatal period has been well studied, the molecular mechanisms have yet to be identified. In this study, we used western blotting and immunohistochemistry to analyze the expression of the transcription factor Npas4, a neuron-specific immediate-early gene that acts as a developmental regulator in many brain regions. We found that Npas4 is highly expressed in olfactory bulb interneurons during the early postnatal stages and gradually decreases toward the late postnatal stages. Npas4 expression was observed in all olfactory bulb layers, including the rostral migratory stream, where newborn neurons are generated and migrate to the olfactory bulb. Under sensory deprivation, the olfactory bulb size and the number of olfactory bulb interneurons were reduced. Furthermore, Npas4 expression and the expression of putative Npas4 downstream molecules were decreased. Collectively, these findings indicate that Npas4 expression induced by sensory input plays a role in the formation of neural circuits with excitatory mitral/tufted cells by regulating the survival of olfactory bulb interneurons during the early stages of postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh-Hoon Kwon
- Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Jiyun Choe
- Department of Brain Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Dokyeong Kim
- Department of Brain Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department of Brain Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Cheil Moon
- Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
- Department of Brain Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
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2
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Sohn J. Synaptic configuration and reconfiguration in the neocortex are spatiotemporally selective. Anat Sci Int 2024; 99:17-33. [PMID: 37837522 PMCID: PMC10771605 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-023-00743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Brain computation relies on the neural networks. Neurons extend the neurites such as dendrites and axons, and the contacts of these neurites that form chemical synapses are the biological basis of signal transmissions in the central nervous system. Individual neuronal outputs can influence the other neurons within the range of the axonal spread, while the activities of single neurons can be affected by the afferents in their somatodendritic fields. The morphological profile, therefore, binds the functional role each neuron can play. In addition, synaptic connectivity among neurons displays preference based on the characteristics of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. Here, the author reviews the "spatial" and "temporal" connection selectivity in the neocortex. The histological description of the neocortical circuitry depends primarily on the classification of cell types, and the development of gene engineering techniques allows the cell type-specific visualization of dendrites and axons as well as somata. Using genetic labeling of particular cell populations combined with immunohistochemistry and imaging at a subcellular spatial resolution, we revealed the "spatial selectivity" of cortical wirings in which synapses are non-uniformly distributed on the subcellular somatodendritic domains in a presynaptic cell type-specific manner. In addition, cortical synaptic dynamics in learning exhibit presynaptic cell type-dependent "temporal selectivity": corticocortical synapses appear only transiently during the learning phase, while learning-induced new thalamocortical synapses persist, indicating that distinct circuits may supervise learning-specific ephemeral synapse and memory-specific immortal synapse formation. The selectivity of spatial configuration and temporal reconfiguration in the neural circuitry may govern diverse functions in the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaerin Sohn
- Department of Systematic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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3
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Sullens DG, Nguyen P, Gilley K, Wiffler MB, Sekeres MJ. Hippocampal motor memory network reorganization depends on familiarity, not time. Learn Mem 2023; 30:320-324. [PMID: 38056901 PMCID: PMC10750863 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053792.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
There is debate as to whether a time-dependent transformation of the episodic-like memory network is observed for nonepisodic tasks, including procedural motor memory. To determine how motor memory networks reorganize with time and practice, mice performed a motor task in a straight alley maze for 1 d (recent), 20 d of continuous training (continuous), or testing 20 d after the original training (remote), and then regional c-Fos expression was assessed. Elevated hippocampal c-Fos accompanied remote, but not continuous, motor task retrieval after 20 d, suggesting that the hippocampus remains engaged for nonhabitual remote motor memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gregory Sullens
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, USA
| | - Phuoc Nguyen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Kayla Gilley
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, USA
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, Lynchburg, Virginia 24515, USA
| | - Madison B Wiffler
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Melanie J Sekeres
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, USA
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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Ma H, Khaled HG, Wang X, Mandelberg NJ, Cohen SM, He X, Tsien RW. Excitation-transcription coupling, neuronal gene expression and synaptic plasticity. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:672-692. [PMID: 37773070 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00742-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Excitation-transcription coupling (E-TC) links synaptic and cellular activity to nuclear gene transcription. It is generally accepted that E-TC makes a crucial contribution to learning and memory through its role in underpinning long-lasting synaptic enhancement in late-phase long-term potentiation and has more recently been linked to late-phase long-term depression: both processes require de novo gene transcription, mRNA translation and protein synthesis. E-TC begins with the activation of glutamate-gated N-methyl-D-aspartate-type receptors and voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels at the membrane and culminates in the activation of transcription factors in the nucleus. These receptors and ion channels mediate E-TC through mechanisms that include long-range signalling from the synapse to the nucleus and local interactions within dendritic spines, among other possibilities. Growing experimental evidence links these E-TC mechanisms to late-phase long-term potentiation and learning and memory. These advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of E-TC mean that future efforts can focus on understanding its mesoscale functions and how it regulates neuronal network activity and behaviour in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Research Units for Emotion and Emotional Disorders, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Houda G Khaled
- NYU Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- NYU Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nataniel J Mandelberg
- NYU Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- NYU Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xingzhi He
- Department of Neurobiology, Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Research Units for Emotion and Emotional Disorders, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Richard W Tsien
- NYU Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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Kogan E, Lu J, Zuo Y. Cortical circuit dynamics underlying motor skill learning: from rodents to humans. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1292685. [PMID: 37965043 PMCID: PMC10641381 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1292685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor learning is crucial for the survival of many animals. Acquiring a new motor skill involves complex alterations in both local neural circuits in many brain regions and long-range connections between them. Such changes can be observed anatomically and functionally. The primary motor cortex (M1) integrates information from diverse brain regions and plays a pivotal role in the acquisition and refinement of new motor skills. In this review, we discuss how motor learning affects the M1 at synaptic, cellular, and circuit levels. Wherever applicable, we attempt to relate and compare findings in humans, non-human primates, and rodents. Understanding the underlying principles shared by different species will deepen our understanding of the neurobiological and computational basis of motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi Zuo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
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Lee C, Côté SL, Raman N, Chaudhary H, Mercado BC, Chen SX. Whole-brain mapping of long-range inputs to the VIP-expressing inhibitory neurons in the primary motor cortex. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1093066. [PMID: 37275468 PMCID: PMC10237295 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1093066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary motor cortex (MOp) is an important site for motor skill learning. Interestingly, neurons in MOp possess reward-related activity, presumably to facilitate reward-based motor learning. While pyramidal neurons (PNs) and different subtypes of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons (INs) in MOp all undergo cell-type specific plastic changes during motor learning, the vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing inhibitory interneurons (VIP-INs) in MOp have been shown to preferentially respond to reward and play a critical role in the early phases of motor learning by triggering local circuit plasticity. To understand how VIP-INs might integrate various streams of information, such as sensory, pre-motor, and reward-related inputs, to regulate local plasticity in MOp, we performed monosynaptic rabies tracing experiments and employed an automated cell counting pipeline to generate a comprehensive map of brain-wide inputs to VIP-INs in MOp. We then compared this input profile to the brain-wide inputs to somatostatin-expressing inhibitory interneurons (SST-INs) and parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory interneurons (PV-INs) in MOp. We found that while all cell types received major inputs from sensory, motor, and prefrontal cortical regions, as well as from various thalamic nuclei, VIP-INs received more inputs from the orbital frontal cortex (ORB) - a region associated with reinforcement learning and value predictions. Our findings provide insight on how the brain leverages microcircuit motifs by both integrating and partitioning different streams of long-range input to modulate local circuit activity and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Lee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sandrine L. Côté
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nima Raman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hritvic Chaudhary
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bryan C. Mercado
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Simon X. Chen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Center for Neural Dynamics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Hostetler RE, Hu H, Agmon A. Genetically Defined Subtypes of Somatostatin-Containing Cortical Interneurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.02.526850. [PMID: 36778499 PMCID: PMC9915678 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.02.526850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Inhibitory interneurons play a crucial role in proper development and function of the mammalian cerebral cortex. Of the different inhibitory subclasses, dendritic-targeting, somatostatin-containing (SOM) interneurons may be the most diverse. Earlier studies used transgenic mouse lines to identify and characterize subtypes of SOM interneurons by morphological, electrophysiological and neurochemical properties. More recently, large-scale studies classified SOM interneurons into 13 morpho-electro-transcriptomic (MET) types. It remains unclear, however, how these various classification schemes relate to each other, and experimental access to MET types has been limited by the scarcity of type-specific mouse driver lines. To begin to address these issues we crossed Flp and Cre driver mouse lines and a dual-color combinatorial reporter, allowing experimental access to genetically defined SOM subsets. Brains from adult mice of both sexes were retrogradely dye-labeled from the pial surface to identify layer 1-projecting neurons, and immunostained against several marker proteins, allowing correlation of genetic label, axonal target and marker protein expression in the same neurons. Using whole-cell recordings ex-vivo, we compared electrophysiological properties between intersectional and transgenic SOM subsets. We identified two layer 1-targeting intersectional subsets with non-overlapping marker protein expression and electrophysiological properties which, together with a previously characterized layer 4-targeting subtype, account for about half of all layer 5 SOM cells and >40% of all SOM cells, and appear to map onto 5 of the 13 MET types. Genetic access to these subtypes will allow researchers to determine their synaptic inputs and outputs and uncover their roles in cortical computations and animal behavior. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Inhibitory neurons are critically important for proper development and function of the cerebral cortex. Although a minority population, they are highly diverse, which poses a major challenge to investigating their contributions to cortical computations and animal and human behavior. As a step towards understanding this diversity we crossed genetically modified mouse lines to allow detailed examination of genetically-defined groups of the most diverse inhibitory subtype, somatostatin-containing interneurons. We identified and characterized three somatostatin subtypes in the deep cortical layers with distinct combinations of anatomical, neurochemical and electrophysiological properties. Future studies could now use these genetic tools to examine how these different subtypes are integrated into the cortical circuit and what roles they play during sensory, cognitive or motor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Hostetler
- Dept. of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, WV Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Hang Hu
- Dept. of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, WV Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Ariel Agmon
- Dept. of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, WV Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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Park E, Barth AL. IEG expression defines SST neuron ensembles critical for motor learning. Neuron 2022; 110:3222-3224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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