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Latuske P, von Heimendahl M, Deiana S, Wotjak CT, du Hoffmann J. Sustained MK-801 induced deficit in a novel probabilistic reversal learning task. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:898548. [PMID: 36313373 PMCID: PMC9614101 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.898548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive flexibility, the ability to adapt to unexpected changes, is critical for healthy environmental and social interactions, and thus to everyday functioning. In neuropsychiatric diseases, cognitive flexibility is often impaired and treatment options are lacking. Probabilistic reversal learning (PRL) is commonly used to measure cognitive flexibility in rodents and humans. In PRL tasks, subjects must sample choice options and, from probabilistic feedback, find the current best choice which then changes without warning. However, in rodents, pharmacological models of human cognitive impairment tend to disrupt only the first (or few) of several contingency reversals, making quantitative assessment of behavioral effects difficult. To address this limitation, we developed a novel rat PRL where reversals occur at relatively long intervals in time that demonstrates increased sensitivity to the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801. Here, we quantitively compare behavior in time-based PRL with a widely used task where reversals occur based on choice behavior. In time-based PRL, MK-801 induced sustained reversal learning deficits both in time and across reversal blocks but, at the same dose, only transient weak effects in performance-based PRL. Moreover, time-based PRL yielded better estimates of behavior and reinforcement learning model parameters, which opens meaningful pharmacological windows to efficiently test and develop novel drugs preclinically with the goal of improving cognitive impairment in human patients.
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2
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Luessen DJ, Conn PJ. Allosteric Modulators of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors as Novel Therapeutics for Neuropsychiatric Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:630-661. [PMID: 35710132 PMCID: PMC9553119 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors, a family of G-protein-coupled receptors, have been identified as novel therapeutic targets based on extensive research supporting their diverse contributions to cell signaling and physiology throughout the nervous system and important roles in regulating complex behaviors, such as cognition, reward, and movement. Thus, targeting mGlu receptors may be a promising strategy for the treatment of several brain disorders. Ongoing advances in the discovery of subtype-selective allosteric modulators for mGlu receptors has provided an unprecedented opportunity for highly specific modulation of signaling by individual mGlu receptor subtypes in the brain by targeting sites distinct from orthosteric or endogenous ligand binding sites on mGlu receptors. These pharmacological agents provide the unparalleled opportunity to selectively regulate neuronal excitability, synaptic transmission, and subsequent behavioral output pertinent to many brain disorders. Here, we review preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the utility of mGlu receptor allosteric modulators as novel therapeutic approaches to treat neuropsychiatric diseases, such as schizophrenia, substance use disorders, and stress-related disorders.
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Tricklebank MD, Robbins TW, Simmons C, Wong EHF. Time to re-engage psychiatric drug discovery by strengthening confidence in preclinical psychopharmacology. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1417-1436. [PMID: 33694032 PMCID: PMC7945970 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05787-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is urgent need for new medications for psychiatric disorders. Mental illness is expected to become the leading cause of disability worldwide by 2030. Yet, the last two decades have seen the pharmaceutical industry withdraw from psychiatric drug discovery after costly late-stage trial failures in which clinical efficacy predicted pre-clinically has not materialised, leading to a crisis in confidence in preclinical psychopharmacology. METHODS Based on a review of the relevant literature, we formulated some principles for improving investment in translational neuroscience aimed at psychiatric drug discovery. RESULTS We propose the following 8 principles that could be used, in various combinations, to enhance CNS drug discovery: (1) consider incorporating the NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach; (2) engage the power of translational and systems neuroscience approaches; (3) use disease-relevant experimental perturbations; (4) identify molecular targets via genomic analysis and patient-derived pluripotent stem cells; (5) embrace holistic neuroscience: a partnership with psychoneuroimmunology; (6) use translational measures of neuronal activation; (7) validate the reproducibility of findings by independent collaboration; and (8) learn and reflect. We provide recent examples of promising animal-to-human translation of drug discovery projects and highlight some that present re-purposing opportunities. CONCLUSIONS We hope that this review will re-awaken the pharma industry and mental health advocates to the opportunities for improving psychiatric pharmacotherapy and so restore confidence and justify re-investment in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark David Tricklebank
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK.
| | - Trevor W. Robbins
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, CB23EB, Cambridge, UK
| | - Camilla Simmons
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, UK
| | - Erik H. F. Wong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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4
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Gregory KJ, Goudet C. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CXI. Pharmacology, Signaling, and Physiology of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 73:521-569. [PMID: 33361406 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.019133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors respond to glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, mediating a modulatory role that is critical for higher-order brain functions such as learning and memory. Since the first mGlu receptor was cloned in 1992, eight subtypes have been identified along with many isoforms and splice variants. The mGlu receptors are transmembrane-spanning proteins belonging to the class C G protein-coupled receptor family and represent attractive targets for a multitude of central nervous system disorders. Concerted drug discovery efforts over the past three decades have yielded a wealth of pharmacological tools including subtype-selective agents that competitively block or mimic the actions of glutamate or act allosterically via distinct sites to enhance or inhibit receptor activity. Herein, we review the physiologic and pathophysiological roles for individual mGlu receptor subtypes including the pleiotropic nature of intracellular signal transduction arising from each. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of prototypical and commercially available orthosteric agonists and antagonists as well as allosteric modulators, including ligands that have entered clinical trials. Finally, we highlight emerging areas of research that hold promise to facilitate rational design of highly selective mGlu receptor-targeting therapeutics in the future. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The metabotropic glutamate receptors are attractive therapeutic targets for a range of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Over the past three decades, intense discovery efforts have yielded diverse pharmacological tools acting either competitively or allosterically, which have enabled dissection of fundamental biological process modulated by metabotropic glutamate receptors and established proof of concept for many therapeutic indications. We review metabotropic glutamate receptor molecular pharmacology and highlight emerging areas that are offering new avenues to selectively modulate neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.) and Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France (C.G.)
| | - Cyril Goudet
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.) and Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France (C.G.)
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5
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Wang HY, MacDonald ML, Borgmann-Winter KE, Banerjee A, Sleiman P, Tom A, Khan A, Lee KC, Roussos P, Siegel SJ, Hemby SE, Bilker WB, Gur RE, Hahn CG. mGluR5 hypofunction is integral to glutamatergic dysregulation in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:750-760. [PMID: 30214040 PMCID: PMC7500805 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence point to glutamatergic signaling in the postsynaptic density (PSD) as a pathophysiologic mechanism in schizophrenia. Integral to PSD glutamatergic signaling is reciprocal interplay between GluN and mGluR5 signaling. We examined agonist-induced mGluR5 signaling in the postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) derived from 17 patients and age-matched and sex-matched controls. The patient group showed a striking reduction in mGluR5 signaling, manifested by decreases in Gq/11 coupling and association with PI3K and Homer compared to controls (p < 0.01 for all). This was accompanied by increases in serine and tyrosine phosphorylation of mGluR5, which can decrease mGluR5 activity via desensitization (p < 0.01). In addition, we find altered protein-protein interaction (PPI) of mGluR5 with RGS4, norbin, Preso 1 and tamalin, which can also attenuate mGluR5 activity. We previously reported molecular underpinnings of GluN hypofunction (decreased GluN2 phosphorylation) and here we show those of reduced mGluR5 signaling in schizophrenia. We find that reduced GluN2 phosphorylation can be precipitated by attenuated mGluR5 activity and that increased mGluR5 phosphorylation can result from decreased GluN function, suggesting a reciprocal interplay between the two pathways in schizophrenia. Interestingly, the patient group showed decreased mGluR5-GluN association (p < 0.01), a mechanistic basis for the reciprocal facilitation. In sum, we present the first direct evidence for mGluR5 hypoactivity, propose a reciprocal interplay between GluN and mGluR5 pathways as integral to glutamatergic dysregulation and suggest protein-protein interactions in mGluR5-GluN complexes as potential targets for intervention in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoau-Yan Wang
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031,Department of Biology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of the City University of New York, NY 10016
| | - Mathew L. MacDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403
| | - Karin E. Borgmann-Winter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Anamika Banerjee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403
| | - Patrick Sleiman
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Andrew Tom
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031
| | - Amber Khan
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031,Department of Biology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of the City University of New York, NY 10016
| | - Kuo-Chieh Lee
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029
| | - Steven J. Siegel
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007
| | - Scott E Hemby
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, High Point University, High Point, NC, 27106
| | - Warren B. Bilker
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403
| | - Chang-Gyu Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3403, USA.
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6
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Teutsch J, Kätzel D. Operant Assessment of DMTP Spatial Working Memory in Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:193. [PMID: 31507388 PMCID: PMC6718719 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) is required to bridge the time between the moment of sensory perception and the usage of the acquired information for subsequent actions. Its frequent and pharmacoresistent impairment in mental health disorders urges the development of rodent paradigms through back-translation of human WM tests, ideally avoiding the confounds of alternation-based assays. Here we show, that mice can acquire a delayed-matching-to-position (DMTP) operant spatial WM (SWM) paradigm that is akin to the combined attention and memory (CAM) task previously developed for rats, and that relies on a 5-choice wall [5-CSWM, 5-choice based operant testing of SWM (5-CSWM)]. Requiring ca. 3 months of daily training with a non-illuminated operant box in the default state, mice could attain a performance level of ≥70% choice accuracy with short (2 s) delays in the DMTP 5-CSWM task. Performance decreased with extended delays, as expected for WM processes. Modafinil (15 and 30 mg/kg) and guanfacine (0.3 and 1 mg/kg) showed no consistent efficacy in enhancing task performance. We also found, that mice did not improve beyond chance level, when trained in the DNMTP-version of the 5-CSWM. Our results outline the methodical possibility and constraints of assessing spatial WM in mice with an operant paradigm that provides high control over potentially confounding variables, such as cue-directed attention, motivation or mediating strategies like body-positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Teutsch
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dennis Kätzel
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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7
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Nicoletti F, Orlando R, Di Menna L, Cannella M, Notartomaso S, Mascio G, Iacovelli L, Matrisciano F, Fazio F, Caraci F, Copani A, Battaglia G, Bruno V. Targeting mGlu Receptors for Optimization of Antipsychotic Activity and Disease-Modifying Effect in Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:49. [PMID: 30890967 PMCID: PMC6413697 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are considered as candidate drug targets for the treatment of schizophrenia. These receptors form a family of eight subtypes (mGlu1 to -8), of which mGlu1 and -5 are coupled to Gq/11, and all other subtypes are coupled to Gi/o. Here, we discuss the possibility that selective ligands of individual mGlu receptor subtypes may be effective in controlling the core symptoms of schizophrenia, and, in some cases, may impact mechanisms underlying the progression of the disorder. Recent evidence indicates that activation of mGlu1 receptors inhibits dopamine release in the meso-striatal system. Hence, selective positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of mGlu1 receptors hold promise for the treatment of positive symptoms of schizophrenia. mGlu5 receptors are widely expressed in the CNS and regulate the activity of cells that are involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, such as cortical GABAergic interneurons and microglial cells. mGlu5 receptor PAMs are under development for the treatment of schizophrenia and cater the potential to act as disease modifiers by restraining neuroinflammation. mGlu2 receptors have attracted considerable interest because they negatively modulate 5-HT2A serotonin receptor signaling in the cerebral cortex. Both mGlu2 receptor PAMs and orthosteric mGlu2/3 receptor agonists display antipsychotic-like activity in animal models, and the latter drugs are inactive in mice lacking mGlu2 receptors. So far, mGlu3 receptors have been left apart as drug targets for schizophrenia. However, activation of mGlu3 receptors boosts mGlu5 receptor signaling, supports neuronal survival, and drives microglial cells toward an antiinflammatory phenotype. This strongly encourages research of mGlu3 receptors in schizophrenia. Finally, preclical studies suggest that mGlu4 receptors might be targeted by novel antipsychotic drugs, whereas studies of mGlu7 and mGlu8 receptors in animal models of psychosis are still at their infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Orlando
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Luisa Iacovelli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Matrisciano
- Department of Psychiatry, The Psychiatric Institute, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Oasi Research Institute (IRCCS), Troina, Italy
| | - Agata Copani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Bruno
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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8
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Gumru S, Aricioglu F. Antipsychotics: Neurobiological Bases for a Therapeutic Approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5455/bcp.20130320010604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salih Gumru
- Marmara University, School of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacology and Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Istanbul-Turkey
| | - Feyza Aricioglu
- Marmara University, School of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacology and Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Istanbul-Turkey
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9
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Copping NA, Berg EL, Foley GM, Schaffler MD, Onaga BL, Buscher N, Silverman JL, Yang M. Touchscreen learning deficits and normal social approach behavior in the Shank3B model of Phelan-McDermid Syndrome and autism. Neuroscience 2016; 345:155-165. [PMID: 27189882 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
SHANK3 is a synaptic scaffolding protein localized in the postsynaptic density and has a crucial role in synaptogenesis and neural physiology. Deletions and point mutations in SHANK3 cause Phelan-McDermid Syndrome (PMS), and have also been implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disabilities, leading to the hypothesis that reduced SHANK3 expression impairs basic brain functions that are important for social communication and cognition. Several mouse models of Shank3 deletions have been generated, varying in the specific domain deleted. Here we report impairments in cognitive function in mice heterozygous for exon 13-16 (coding for the PDZ domain) deletion. The touchscreen pairwise discrimination task was chosen by virtue of its: (a) conceptual and technical similarities to the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) and NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery used for testing cognitive functions in humans, (b) minimal demand on motor abilities, and (c) capability to measure many aspects of learning and memory and complex cognitive functions, including cognitive flexibility. The similarity between our mouse tasks and human cognitive assays means a high translational validity in future intervention studies using preclinical models. Our study revealed that Shank3B heterozygous mice (+/-) were slower to reach criterion in the pairwise visual discrimination task, and exhibited trends toward making more errors (first trial errors) and more correction errors than wildtype mice (+/+). Open field activity was normal in +/-, ruling out hypo- or hyperactivity as potential confounds in the touchscreen test. Sociability in the three chamber test was also normal in both +/+ and +/-. These results indicate a deficit in discrimination learning in the Shank3B model of PMS and ASD, suggesting that this mouse model is a useful preclinical tool for studying neurobiological mechanisms behind cognitive impairments in PMS and ASD. The current findings are the starting point for our future research in which we will investigate multiple domains of cognition and explore pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nycole A Copping
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
| | - Elizabeth L Berg
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
| | - Gillian M Foley
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
| | - Melanie D Schaffler
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
| | - Beth L Onaga
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
| | - Nathalie Buscher
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
| | - Jill L Silverman
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
| | - Mu Yang
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States.
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Terry AV, Plagenhoef M, Callahan PM. Effects of the nicotinic agonist varenicline on the performance of tasks of cognition in aged and middle-aged rhesus and pigtail monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:761-71. [PMID: 26612616 PMCID: PMC4752862 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Due to the rising costs of drug development especially in the field of neuropsychiatry, there is increasing interest in efforts to identify new clinical uses for existing approved drugs (i.e., drug repurposing). OBJECTIVES The purpose of this work was to evaluate in animals the smoking cessation agent, varenicline, a partial agonist at α4β2 and full agonist at α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, for its potential as a repurposed drug for disorders of cognition. METHODS Oral doses of varenicline ranging from 0.01 to 0.3 mg/kg were evaluated in aged and middle-aged monkeys for effects on the following: working/short-term memory in a delayed match to sample (DMTS) task, distractibility in a distractor version of the DMTS (DMTS-D), and cognitive flexibility in a ketamine-impaired reversal learning task. RESULTS In dose-effect studies in the DMTS and DMTS-D tasks, varenicline was not associated with statistically significant effects on performance. However, individualized "optimal doses" were effective when repeated on a separate occasion (i.e., improving DMTS accuracy at long delays and DMTS-D accuracy at short delays by approximately 13.6 and 19.6 percentage points above baseline, respectively). In reversal learning studies, ketamine impaired accuracy and increased perseverative responding, effects that were attenuated by all three doses of varenicline that were evaluated. CONCLUSIONS While the effects of varenicline across the different behavioral tasks were modest, these data suggest that varenicline may have potential as a repurposed drug for disorders of cognition associated with aging (e.g., Alzheimer's disease), as well as those not necessarily associated with advanced age (e.g., schizophrenia).
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11
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LaCrosse AL, Taylor SB, Nemirovsky NE, Gass JT, Olive MF. mGluR5 Positive and Negative Allosteric Modulators Differentially Affect Dendritic Spine Density and Morphology in the Prefrontal Cortex. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2016; 14:476-85. [PMID: 25921744 DOI: 10.2174/1871527314666150429112849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Positive and negative allosteric modulators (PAMs and NAMs, respectively) of type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR5) are currently being investigated as novel treatments for neuropsychiatric diseases including drug addiction, schizophrenia, and Fragile X syndrome. However, only a handful of studies have examined the effects of mGluR5 PAMs or NAMs on the structural plasticity of dendritic spines in otherwise naïve animals, particularly in brain regions mediating executive function. In the present study, we assessed dendritic spine density and morphology in pyramidal cells of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) after repeated administration of either the prototypical mGluR5 PAM 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5- yl)benzamide (CDPPB, 20 mg/kg), the clinically utilized mGluR5 NAM 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-methyl-5-oxo-4Himidazol- 2-yl)urea (fenobam, 20 mg/kg), or vehicle in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Following once daily treatment for 10 consecutive days, coronal brain sections containing the mPFC underwent diolistic labeling and 3D image analysis of dendritic spines. Compared to vehicle treated animals, rats administered fenobam exhibited significant increases in dendritic spine density and the overall frequency of spines with small (<0.2 μm) head diameters, decreases in frequency of spines with medium (0.2-0.4 μm) head diameters, and had no changes in frequency of spines with large head diameters (>0.4 μm). Administration of CDPPB had no discernable effects on dendritic spine density or morphology, and neither CDPPB nor fenobam had any effect on spine length or volume. We conclude that mGluR5 PAMs and NAMs differentially affect mPFC dendritic spine structural plasticity in otherwise naïve animals, and additional studies assessing their effects in combination with cognitive or behavioral tasks are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael F Olive
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, PO Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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12
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Conde-Ceide S, Alcázar J, Alonso de Diego SA, López S, Martín-Martín ML, Martínez-Viturro CM, Pena MA, Tong HM, Lavreysen H, Mackie C, Bridges TM, Daniels JS, Niswender CM, Jones CK, Macdonald GJ, Steckler T, Conn PJ, Stauffer SR, Lindsley CW, Bartolomé-Nebreda JM. Preliminary investigation of 6,7-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazin-4-one derivatives as a novel series of mGlu5 receptor positive allosteric modulators with efficacy in preclinical models of schizophrenia. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:429-434. [PMID: 26684851 PMCID: PMC4835042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As part of our efforts to identify a suitable back-up compound to our recently disclosed mGlu5 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) clinical candidate VU0490551/JNJ-46778212, this letter details the investigation and challenges of a novel series of 6,7-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazin-4-one derivatives. From these efforts, compound 4k emerged as a potent and selective mGlu5 PAM displaying overall attractive in vitro (pharmacological and ADMET) and PK profiles combined with in vivo efficacy in preclinical models of schizophrenia. However, further advancement of the compound was precluded due to severely limiting CNS-related side-effects confirming the previously reported association between excessive mGlu5 activation and target-related toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Conde-Ceide
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Jesús Alcázar
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Sergio A Alonso de Diego
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Silvia López
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - María Luz Martín-Martín
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Miguel-Angel Pena
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Han Min Tong
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Hilde Lavreysen
- Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Claire Mackie
- Discovery Sciences ADME/Tox, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Thomas M Bridges
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - J Scott Daniels
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Gregor J Macdonald
- Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Thomas Steckler
- Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Shaun R Stauffer
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 – a promising target in drug development and neuroimaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 43:1151-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-015-3301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Isherwood SN, Pekcec A, Nicholson JR, Robbins TW, Dalley JW. Dissociable effects of mGluR5 allosteric modulation on distinct forms of impulsivity in rats: interaction with NMDA receptor antagonism. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3327-44. [PMID: 26063678 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3984-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Impaired N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor signalling underlies several psychiatric disorders that express high levels of impulsivity. Although synergistic interactions exist between NMDA receptors and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5), the significance of this interaction for impulsivity is unknown. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the effects of negative and positive allosteric mGluR5 modulation (NAM/PAM) on trait impulsivity and impulsivity evoked by NMDA receptor antagonism in rats. METHODS Motor and choice impulsivity were assessed using the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) and delayed-discounting task (DDT), respectively. The effects of RO4917523 and 3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl]pyridine (MTEP) (NAMs) and ADX47273 (PAM) were investigated in non-impulsive rats and in trait high- and low-impulsive rats. The effects of these compounds on impulsivity induced by NMDA receptor antagonism (MK801) in the 5-CSRTT were also investigated. RESULTS RO4917523 (0.1-1 mg/kg) decreased premature responding and increased omissions but had no effect on locomotor activity up to 0.1 mg/kg. MTEP significantly increased omissions, decreased accuracy and slowed responding but had no effect on premature responding. ADX47273 decreased premature responding at doses that had no effect on locomotor activity. MK801 increased premature responding and impaired attentional accuracy; these deficits were dose dependently rescued by ADX47273 pre-treatment. Allosteric modulation of mGluR5 had no significant effect on choice impulsivity, nor did it modulate general task performance. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that mGluR5 allosteric modulation selectively dissociates motor and choice impulsivity. We further show that mGluR5 PAMs may have therapeutic utility in selectively targeting specific aspects of impulsivity and executive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Isherwood
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Div. Research Germany, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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Biased mGlu5-Positive Allosteric Modulators Provide In Vivo Efficacy without Potentiating mGlu5 Modulation of NMDAR Currents. Neuron 2015; 86:1029-1040. [PMID: 25937172 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with disruptions in N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor subtype (NMDAR)-mediated excitatory synaptic signaling. The metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5) is a closely associated signaling partner with NMDARs and regulates NMDAR function in forebrain regions implicated in the pathology of schizophrenia. Efficacy of mGlu5 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) in animal models of psychosis and cognition was previously attributed to potentiation of NMDAR function. To directly test this hypothesis, we identified VU0409551 as a novel mGlu5 PAM that exhibits distinct stimulus bias and selectively potentiates mGlu5 coupling to Gαq-mediated signaling but not mGlu5 modulation of NMDAR currents or NMDAR-dependent synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus. Interestingly, VU0409551 produced robust antipsychotic-like and cognition-enhancing activity in animal models. These data provide surprising new mechanistic insights into the actions of mGlu5 PAMs and suggest that modulation of NMDAR currents is not critical for in vivo efficacy. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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mGluR5 positive allosteric modulation and its effects on MK-801 induced set-shifting impairments in a rat operant delayed matching/non-matching-to-sample task. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:251-8. [PMID: 24973895 PMCID: PMC4278949 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3653-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR5) exert pro-cognitive effects in animal models of various neuropsychiatric diseases. However, few studies to date have examined ability of mGluR5 PAMs to reverse cognitive deficits in operant delayed matching/non-matching-to-sample (DMS/DNMS) tasks. OBJECTIVES This study aims to determine the ability of the mGluR5 PAM 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide (CDPPB) to reverse set-shifting deficits induced by the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were initially trained to lever press for sucrose reinforcement under either DMS or DNMS conditions. Following successful acquisition of the task, reinforcement conditions were reversed (DNMS → DMS or DMS → DNMS). In Experiment 1, rats were treated daily prior to each session with vehicle/vehicle, vehicle/MK-801 (0.06 mg/kg) simultaneously, CDPPB (20 mg/kg)/MK-801 simultaneously, or CDPPB 30 min prior to MK-801. In Experiment 2, rats were treated with either vehicle/vehicle, vehicle/MK-801, or CDPPB 30 min prior to MK-801 only prior to sessions that followed task reversal. RESULTS In Experiment 1, no group differences in initial task acquisition were observed. Rats treated with vehicle/MK-801 showed significant set-shifting impairments following task reversal, which were partially attenuated by simultaneous administration of CDPPB/MK-801 and completely precluded by administration of CDPPB 30 min prior to MK-801. In Experiment 2, MK-801 did not impair reversal learning, and no other group differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS MK-801-induced deficits in operant set-shifting ability were prevented by pretreatment with CDPPB. MK-801 did not produce deficits in task learning when treatment was initiated following task reversal.
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Fellini L, Kumar G, Gibbs S, Steckler T, Talpos J. Re-evaluating the PCP challenge as a pre-clinical model of impaired cognitive flexibility in schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:1836-49. [PMID: 25300235 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
NMDA-R antagonists are a popular translational pharmacological challenge to induce cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. Amongst their many cognitive and non-cognitive effects is an ability to impair cognitive flexibility in general, and reversal learning in particular. Here, we test the hypothesis that the NMDA-R antagonist phencyclidine when given acutely selectively effects reversal learning by simultaneously measuring reversal learning and baseline responding, or acquisition and baseline responding, under identical conditions. Animals were trained to simultaneously perform two different visual discriminations in a touch-screen equipped operant box. Accordingly the reward contingencies associated with one pair could be altered, while the second pair acted as an experimental control. As such, the effect of a manipulation on reversal learning, stimuli acquisition, or baseline responding can be more accurately evaluated through the use of a double visual discrimination. A similar approach was also used to investigate the influence of sub-chronic phencyclidine administration on cognitive flexibility. Phencyclidine (1mg/kg) given before testing caused a slowing in acquisition and reversal learning, while having a minimal effect on secondary measures. Sub-chronic phencyclidine administration had no significant effect on any of the measures used within this study. While acute phencyclidine impairs reversal learning, it is clear from these results that other aspects of cognition (learning/relearning) are also impaired, potentially questioning the specificity of acute phencyclidine in conjunction with reversal learning paradigms as a model of impaired cognitive flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Fellini
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Steven Gibbs
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Thomas Steckler
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - John Talpos
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
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18
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Opportunities and challenges in the discovery of allosteric modulators of GPCRs for treating CNS disorders. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13:692-708. [PMID: 25176435 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Novel allosteric modulators of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are providing fundamental advances in the development of GPCR ligands with high subtype selectivity and novel modes of efficacy that have not been possible with traditional approaches. As new allosteric modulators are advancing as drug candidates, we are developing an increased understanding of the major advantages and broad range of activities that can be achieved with these agents through selective modulation of specific signalling pathways, differential effects on GPCR homodimers versus heterodimers, and other properties. This understanding creates exciting opportunities, as well as unique challenges, in the optimization of novel therapeutic agents for disorders of the central nervous system.
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19
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Turlington M, Noetzel MJ, Bridges TM, Vinson PN, Steckler T, Lavreysen H, Mackie C, Bartolomé-Nebreda JM, Conde-Ceide S, Tong HM, Macdonald GJ, Daniels JS, Jones CK, Niswender CM, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW, Stauffer SR. Discovery and SAR of a novel series of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 positive allosteric modulators with high ligand efficiency. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3641-6. [PMID: 24961642 PMCID: PMC4234308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We report the optimization of a series of novel metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) from a 5,6-bicyclic class of dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-4(5H)-ones containing a phenoxymethyl linker. Studies focused on a survey of non-amide containing hydrogen bond accepting (HBA) pharmacophore replacements. A highly potent and selective PAM, 2-(phenoxymethyl)-6,7-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-4(5H)-one (11, VU0462054), bearing a simple ketone moiety, was identified (LE=0.52, LELP=3.2). In addition, hydroxyl, difluoro, ether, and amino variations were examined. Despite promising lead properties and exploration of alternative core heterocycles, linkers, and ketone replacements, oxidative metabolism and in vivo clearance remained problematic for the series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Turlington
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Meredith J Noetzel
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Thomas M Bridges
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Paige N Vinson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Thomas Steckler
- Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hilde Lavreysen
- Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Claire Mackie
- Discovery Sciences ADME/Tox, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - José M Bartolomé-Nebreda
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Susana Conde-Ceide
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Han Min Tong
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Gregor J Macdonald
- Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - J Scott Daniels
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Shaun R Stauffer
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Newell KA, Matosin N. Rethinking metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 pathological findings in psychiatric disorders: implications for the future of novel therapeutics. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:23. [PMID: 24472577 PMCID: PMC3907147 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-14-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacological modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is of marked interest as a novel therapeutic mechanism to treat schizophrenia and major depression. However, the status of mGluR5 in the pathophysiology of these disorders remains unknown. DISCUSSION The majority of studies in the schizophrenia post-mortem brain indicate that total mGluR5 expression is unaltered. However, close examination of the literature suggests that these findings are superficial, and in actuality, a number of critical factors have not yet been considered; alterations may be highly dependent on brain region, neuronal population or molecular organisation in specific cellular compartments. A number of genetic knockout studies (mGluR5, Norbin, Homer1 etc.) continue to lend support to a role of mGluR5 in the pathology of schizophrenia, providing impetus to explore the regulation of mGluR5 beyond total mGluR5 protein and mRNA levels. With regards to major depression, preliminary evidence to date shows a reduction in total mGluR5 protein and mRNA levels; however, as in schizophrenia, there are no studies examining mGluR5 function or regulation in the pathological state. A comprehensive understanding of mGluR5 regulation in major depression, particularly in comparison to schizophrenia, is crucial as this has extensive implications for mGluR5 targeting novel therapeutics, especially considering that opposing modulation of mGluR5 is of therapeutic interest for these two disorders. SUMMARY Despite the complexities, examinations of post-mortem human brain provide valuable insights into the pathologies of these inherently human disorders. It is important, especially with regards to the identification of novel therapeutic drug targets, to have an in depth understanding of the pathophysiologies of these disorders. We posit that brain region- and cell type-specific alterations exist in mGluR5 in schizophrenia and depression, with evidence pointing towards altered regulation of this receptor in psychiatric pathology. We consider the implications of these alterations, as well as the distinction between schizophrenia and depression, in the context of novel mGluR5 based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Newell
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Natalie Matosin
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
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21
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Nickols HH, Conn PJ. Development of allosteric modulators of GPCRs for treatment of CNS disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 61:55-71. [PMID: 24076101 PMCID: PMC3875303 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of allosteric modulators of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) provides a promising new strategy with potential for developing novel treatments for a variety of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Traditional drug discovery efforts targeting GPCRs have focused on developing ligands for orthosteric sites which bind endogenous ligands. Allosteric modulators target a site separate from the orthosteric site to modulate receptor function. These allosteric agents can either potentiate (positive allosteric modulator, PAM) or inhibit (negative allosteric modulator, NAM) the receptor response and often provide much greater subtype selectivity than orthosteric ligands for the same receptors. Experimental evidence has revealed more nuanced pharmacological modes of action of allosteric modulators, with some PAMs showing allosteric agonism in combination with positive allosteric modulation in response to endogenous ligand (ago-potentiators) as well as "bitopic" ligands that interact with both the allosteric and orthosteric sites. Drugs targeting the allosteric site allow for increased drug selectivity and potentially decreased adverse side effects. Promising evidence has demonstrated potential utility of a number of allosteric modulators of GPCRs in multiple CNS disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, as well as psychiatric or neurobehavioral diseases such as anxiety, schizophrenia, and addiction.
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Key Words
- (+)-6-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-2-ethyl-6,7-dihydrobenzo[d]oxazol-4(5H)-one
- (1-(4-cyano-4-(pyridine-2-yl)piperidine-1-yl)methyl-4-oxo-4H-quinolizine-3-carboxylic acid)
- (1S,2S)-N(1)-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxamide
- (1S,3R,4S)-1-aminocyclo-pentane-1,3,4-tricarboxylic acid
- (3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrano[2,3]b quinolin-7-yl)(cis-4-methoxycyclohexyl) methanone
- (3aS,5S,7aR)-methyl 5-hydroxy-5-(m-tolylethynyl)octahydro-1H-indole-1-carboxylate
- 1-(1′-(2-methylbenzyl)-1,4′-bipiperidin-4-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-one
- 1-[3-(4-butyl-1-piperidinyl)propyl]-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone
- 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
- 2-(2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)-5-methylpyridine
- 2-chloro-4-((2,5-dimethyl-1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-1Himidazol-4-yl)ethynyl)pyridine
- 2-methyl-6-(2-phenylethenyl)pyridine
- 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine
- 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide
- 3-cyclohexyl-5-fluoro-6-methyl-7-(2-morpholin-4-ylethoxy)-4H-chromen-4-one
- 3[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethylnyl]pyridine
- 4-((E)-styryl)-pyrimidin-2-ylamine
- 4-[1-(2-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]-N-isopropyl-N-methyl-3,6-dihydropyridine-1(2H)-carboxamide
- 4-n-butyl-1-[4-(2-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-butyl]-piperidine
- 5-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine
- 5MPEP
- 6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-3-(4-pyridinyl)-isoxazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-4(5H)-one
- 6-OHDA
- 6-hydroxydopamine
- 6-methyl-2-(phenylazo)-3-pyridinol
- 77-LH-28-1
- 7TMR
- AC-42
- ACPT-1
- AChE
- AD
- ADX71743
- AFQ056
- APP
- Allosteric modulator
- Alzheimer's disease
- BINA
- BQCA
- CDPPB
- CFMMC
- CNS
- CPPHA
- CTEP
- DA
- DFB
- DHPG
- Drug discovery
- ERK1/2
- FMRP
- FTIDC
- FXS
- Fragile X syndrome
- GABA
- GPCR
- JNJ16259685
- L-AP4
- L-DOPA
- Lu AF21934
- Lu AF32615
- M-5MPEP
- MMPIP
- MPEP
- MPTP
- MTEP
- Metabotropic glutamate receptor
- Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
- N-[4-chloro-2[(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl]phenyl]-2-hydrobenzamide
- N-methyl-d-aspartate
- N-phenyl-7-(hydroxylimino)cyclopropa[b]chromen-1a-carboxamide
- NAM
- NMDA
- PAM
- PCP
- PD
- PD-LID
- PET
- PHCCC
- PQCA
- Parkinson's disease
- Parkinson's disease levodopa-induced dyskinesia
- SAM
- SIB-1757
- SIB-1893
- TBPB
- [(3-fluorophenyl)methylene]hydrazone-3-fluorobenzaldehyde
- acetylcholinesterase
- amyloid precursor protein
- benzylquinolone carboxylic acid
- central nervous system
- dihydroxyphenylglycine
- dopamine
- extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
- fragile X mental retardation protein
- l-(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid
- l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine
- mGlu
- metabotropic glutamate receptor
- negative allosteric modulator
- phencyclidine
- positive allosteric modulator
- positron emission tomography
- potassium 30-([(2-cyclopentyl-6-7-dimethyl-1-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5yl)oxy]methyl)biphenyl l-4-carboxylate
- seven transmembrane receptor
- silent allosteric modulator
- γ-aminobutyric acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Highfield Nickols
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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22
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Temporally distinct cognitive effects following acute administration of ketamine and phencyclidine in the rat. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:1414-22. [PMID: 23561394 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine are commonly and interchangeably used to model aspects of schizophrenia in animals. We compared here the effects of acute administration of these compounds over a range of pre-treatment times in tests of instrumental responding (VI 30s response schedule), simple reaction time (SRT) and cognitive flexibility (reversal learning and attentional set shifting digging task) in rats. At standard pre-treatment times (15-30 min), both ketamine and PCP produced overall response suppression in VI 30 and increased reaction times in SRT suggesting that any concomitant cognitive performance deficits are likely to be confounded by motor and/or motivational changes. However, the use of extended pre-treatment times produced deficits in cognitive flexibility measured up to 4h after drug administration in the absence of motor/motivational impairment. Generally, PCP increased impulsive responding in the SRT indicating a possible loss of inhibitory response control that may have contributed to deficits observed in reversal learning and attentional set-shifting. In contrast to PCP, ketamine did not have the same effect on impulsive responding, and possibly as a consequence produced more subtle cognitive deficits in attentional set-shifting. In summary, acute treatment with NMDAR antagonists can produce cognitive deficits in rodents that are relevant to schizophrenia, provided that motor and/or motivational effects are allowed to dissipate. The use of longer pre-treatment times than commonly employed might be advantageous. Also, ketamine, which is more frequently used in clinical settings, did not produce as extensive cognitive deficits as PCP.
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Bartolomé-Nebreda JM, Conde-Ceide S, Delgado F, Iturrino L, Pastor J, Pena MÁ, Trabanco AA, Tresadern G, Wassvik CM, Stauffer SR, Jadhav S, Gogi K, Vinson PN, Noetzel MJ, Days E, Weaver CD, Lindsley CW, Niswender CM, Jones CK, Conn PJ, Rombouts F, Lavreysen H, Macdonald GJ, Mackie C, Steckler T. Dihydrothiazolopyridone derivatives as a novel family of positive allosteric modulators of the metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptor. J Med Chem 2013; 56:7243-59. [PMID: 23947773 PMCID: PMC3924858 DOI: 10.1021/jm400650w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Starting from a singleton chromanone high throughput screening (HTS) hit, we describe a focused medicinal chemistry optimization effort leading to the identification of a novel series of phenoxymethyl-dihydrothiazolopyridone derivatives as selective positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptor. These dihydrothiazolopyridones potentiate receptor responses in recombinant systems. In vitro and in vivo drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic (DMPK) evaluation allowed us to select compound 16a for its assessment in a preclinical animal screen of possible antipsychotic activity. 16a was able to reverse amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in rats in a dose-dependent manner without showing any significant motor impairment or overt neurological side effects at comparable doses. Evolution of our medicinal chemistry program, structure activity, and properties relationships (SAR and SPR) analysis as well as a detailed profile for optimized mGlu5 receptor PAM 16a are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana Conde-Ceide
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Francisca Delgado
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Laura Iturrino
- CREATe Analytical Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Joaquín Pastor
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Pena
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Andrés A. Trabanco
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Gary Tresadern
- CREATe Molecular Informatics, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Carola M. Wassvik
- CREATe Molecular Informatics, Janssen Research and Development, Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Shaun R. Stauffer
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Satyawan Jadhav
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kiran Gogi
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Paige N. Vinson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Meredith J. Noetzel
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Emily Days
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - C. David Weaver
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Carrie K. Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Frederik Rombouts
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hilde Lavreysen
- Neuroscience Biology, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gregor J. Macdonald
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Claire Mackie
- CREATe Discovery ADME/Tox, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Thomas Steckler
- Neuroscience Biology, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
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24
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Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in schizophrenia: emerging evidence for the development of antipsychotic drugs. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:1471-4. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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25
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Gregory KJ, Herman EJ, Ramsey AJ, Hammond AS, Byun NE, Stauffer SR, Manka JT, Jadhav S, Bridges TM, Weaver CD, Niswender CM, Steckler T, Drinkenburg WH, Ahnaou A, Lavreysen H, Macdonald GJ, Bartolomé JM, Mackie C, Hrupka BJ, Caron MG, Daigle TL, Lindsley CW, Conn PJ, Jones CK. N-aryl piperazine metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 positive allosteric modulators possess efficacy in preclinical models of NMDA hypofunction and cognitive enhancement. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 347:438-57. [PMID: 23965381 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.206623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired transmission through glutamatergic circuits has been postulated to play a role in the underlying pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Furthermore, inhibition of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors (NMDAR) induces a syndrome that recapitulates many of the symptoms observed in patients with schizophrenia. Selective activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5) may provide a novel therapeutic approach for treatment of symptoms associated with schizophrenia through facilitation of transmission through central glutamatergic circuits. Here, we describe the characterization of two novel N-aryl piperazine mGlu5 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs): 2-(4-(2-(benzyloxy)acetyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzonitrile (VU0364289) and 1-(4-(2,4-difluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-((4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)ethanone (DPFE). VU0364289 and DPFE induced robust leftward shifts in the glutamate concentration-response curves for Ca(2+) mobilization and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 phosphorylation. Both PAMs displayed micromolar affinity for the common mGlu5 allosteric binding site and high selectivity for mGlu5. VU0364289 and DPFE possessed suitable pharmacokinetic properties for dosing in vivo and produced robust dose-related effects in reversing amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion, a preclinical model predictive of antipsychotic-like activity. In addition, DPFE enhanced acquisition of contextual fear conditioning in rats and reversed behavioral deficits in a mouse model of NMDAR hypofunction. In contrast, DPFE had no effect on reversing apomorphine-induced disruptions of prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex. These mGlu5 PAMs also increased monoamine levels in the prefrontal cortex, enhanced performance in a hippocampal-mediated memory task, and elicited changes in electroencephalogram dynamics commensurate with procognitive effects. Collectively, these data support and extend the role for the development of novel mGlu5 PAMs for the treatment of psychosis and cognitive deficits observed in individuals with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Gregory
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (K.J.G., E.J.H., A.S.H., N.E.B., S.R.S., J.T.M., S.J., T.M.B., C.D.W., C.M.N., C.W.L., P.J.C., C.K.J.); Drug Discovery Biology, MIPS, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.J.R.); Institute of Imaging and Science, Vanderbilt University (N.E.B.); Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium (T.S., W.H.D., A.A., H.L., G.J.M., C.M., B.J.H.); Janssen Research & Development, Toledo, Spain (J.M.B.); Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (M.G.C., T.L.D.); Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.W.L.); and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee (C.K.J.)
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26
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Leading compounds for the validation of animal models of psychopathology. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 354:309-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1692-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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27
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Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5-positive allosteric modulators for the treatment of schizophrenia (2004–2012). Pharm Pat Anal 2013; 2:93-108. [DOI: 10.4155/ppa.12.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The mGlu5, a class C G-protein-coupled receptor and member of the group I mGlu receptor family, has been demonstrated to play a role in a number of therapeutic areas within the CNS, including schizophrenia, dementia, epilepsy, cognition, drug abuse, and fragile X syndrome. Small-molecule modulation of mGlu5 via positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) is being pursued as a promising approach for the treatment of schizophrenia and has been validated preclinically in a number of animal models. This article provides a brief historical overview of mGlu5 PAMs in the primary literature followed by a comprehensive overview of the patent literature since 2004. Schizophrenia is a complex disorder and although no mGlu5 PAMs have progressed into clinical trials in patients, the target continues to show promise as an attractive non-dopaminergic therapy. The successful development of mGlu5 PAMs for clinical testing must address several issues, including challenges associated with ‘molecular switches’, allosteric-agonist activity and stimulus bias.
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