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Tyler RE, Van Voorhies K, Blough BE, Landavazo A, Besheer J. mGlu 2 and mGlu 3 receptor negative allosteric modulators attenuate the interoceptive effects of alcohol in male and female rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 239:173767. [PMID: 38608960 PMCID: PMC11090252 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE The subjective effects of alcohol are associated with alcohol use disorder (AUD) vulnerability and treatment outcomes. The interoceptive effects of alcohol are part of these subjective effects and can be measured in animal models using drug discrimination procedures. The newly developed mGlu2 and mGlu3 negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) are potential therapeutics for AUD and may alter interoceptive sensitivity to alcohol. OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of mGlu2 and mGlu3 NAMs on the interoceptive effects of alcohol in rats. METHODS Long-Evans rats were trained to discriminate the interoceptive stimulus effects of alcohol (2.0 g/kg, i.g.) from water using both operant (males only) and Pavlovian (male and female) drug discrimination techniques. Following acquisition training, an alcohol dose-response (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 g/kg) experiment was conducted to confirm stimulus control over behavior. Next, to test the involvement of mGlu2 and mGlu3, rats were pretreated with the mGlu2-NAM (VU6001966; 0, 3, 6, 12 mg/kg, i.p.) or the mGlu3-NAM (VU6010572; 0, 3, 6, 12 mg/kg, i.p.) before alcohol administration (2.0 g/kg, i.g.). RESULTS In Pavlovian discrimination, male rats showed greater interoceptive sensitivity to 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg alcohol compared to female rats. Both mGlu2-NAM and mGlu3-NAM attenuated the interoceptive effects of alcohol in male and female rats using Pavlovian and operant discrimination. There may be a potential sex difference in response to the mGlu2-NAM at the highest dose tested. CONCLUSIONS Male rats may be more sensitive to the interoceptive effects of the 2.0 g/kg alcohol training dose compared to female rats. Both mGlu2-and mGlu3-NAM attenuate the interoceptive effects of alcohol in male and female rats. These drugs may have potential for treatment of AUD in part by blunting the subjective effects of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Tyler
- Neuroscience Curriculum, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America; Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Kalynn Van Voorhies
- Neuroscience Curriculum, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America; Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Bruce E Blough
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Antonio Landavazo
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Joyce Besheer
- Neuroscience Curriculum, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America; Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America.
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Predator odor (TMT) exposure potentiates interoceptive sensitivity to alcohol and increases GABAergic gene expression in the anterior insular cortex and nucleus accumbens in male rats. Alcohol 2022; 104:1-11. [PMID: 36150613 PMCID: PMC9733390 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) confers enhanced vulnerability to developing comorbid alcohol use disorder (AUD). Exposure to the scent of a predator, such as the fox odor TMT, has been used to model a traumatic stressor with relevance to PTSD symptomatology. Alcohol produces distinct interoceptive (subjective) effects that may influence vulnerability to problem drinking and AUD. As such, understanding the lasting impact of stressors on sensitivity to the interoceptive effects of alcohol is clinically relevant. The present study used a 2-lever, operant drug discrimination procedure to train male Long-Evans rats to discriminate the interoceptive effects of alcohol (2 g/kg, i.g. [intragastrically]) from water. Upon stable performance, rats underwent a 15-min exposure to TMT. Two weeks later, an alcohol dose-response curve was conducted to evaluate the lasting effects of the TMT stressor on the interoceptive effects of alcohol. The TMT group showed a leftward shift in the effective dose (ED50) of the dose-response curve compared to controls, reflecting potentiated interoceptive sensitivity to alcohol. TMT exposure did not affect response rate. GABAergic signaling in both the anterior insular cortex (aIC) and the nucleus accumbens (Acb) is involved in the interoceptive effects of alcohol and stressor-induced adaptations. As such, follow-up experiments in alcohol-naïve rats examined neuronal activation (as measured by c-Fos immunoreactivity) following TMT and showed that TMT exposure increased c-Fos expression in the aIC and the nucleus accumbens core (AcbC). Two weeks after TMT exposure, Gad-1 gene expression was elevated in the aIC and Gat-1 was increased in the Acb, compared to controls. Lastly, the alcohol discrimination and alcohol-naïve groups displayed dramatic differences in stress reactive behaviors during the TMT exposure, suggesting that alcohol exposure may alter the behavioral response to predator odor. Together, these data suggest that predator odor stressor results in potentiated sensitivity to alcohol, possibly through GABAergic adaptations in the aIC and Acb, which may be relevant to understanding PTSD-AUD comorbidity.
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Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a highly prevalent but severely under-treated disorder, with only three widely-approved pharmacotherapies. Given that AUD is a very heterogeneous disorder, it is unlikely that one single medication will be effective for all individuals with an AUD. As such, there is a need to develop new, more effective, and diverse pharmacological treatment options for AUD with the hopes of increasing utilization and improving care. In this qualitative literature review, we discuss the efficacy, mechanism of action, and tolerability of approved, repurposed, and novel pharmacotherapies for the treatment of AUD with a clinical perspective. Pharmacotherapies discussed include: disulfiram, acamprosate, naltrexone, nalmefene, topiramate, gabapentin, varenicline, baclofen, sodium oxybate, aripiprazole, ondansetron, mifepristone, ibudilast, suvorexant, prazosin, doxazosin, N-acetylcysteine, GET73, ASP8062, ABT-436, PF-5190457, and cannabidiol. Overall, many repurposed and novel agents discussed in this review demonstrate clinical effectiveness and promise for the future of AUD treatment. Importantly, these medications also offer potential improvements towards the advancement of precision medicine and personalized treatment for the heterogeneous AUD population. However, there remains a great need to improve access to treatment, increase the menu of approved pharmacological treatments, and de-stigmatize and increase treatment-seeking for AUD.
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Li J, Xu K, Ding H, Xi Q. Gabapentin Reduces Alcohol Intake in Rats by Regulating NF-κB Signaling Pathway Via PPAR γ. Alcohol Alcohol 2021; 57:234-241. [PMID: 34553211 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agab065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Increasing preclinical and clinical reports have demonstrated the efficacy of gabapentin (GBP) in treating alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, the mechanism of the effects of GBP in AUD is largely unknown. Herein, we sought to investigate the effect of GBP in a rat model of AUD and explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS The intermittent access to 20% ethanol in a 2-bottle choice (IA2BC) procedure was exploited to induce high voluntary ethanol consumption in rats. The rats were treated daily for 20 days with different doses of GBP, simultaneously recording ethanol/water intake. The locomotor activity and grooming behavior of rats were also tested to evaluate the potential effects of GBP on confounding motor in rats. The levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in serum and hippocampus homogenate from the rats were detected by using ELISA. The expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated-receptor γ (PPAR-γ) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the hippocampus were determined by immunofluorescence and western blot. RESULTS GBP reduced alcohol consumption, whereas increased water consumption and locomotor activity of rats. GBP was also able to decrease the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in both serum and hippocampus, in addition to the expression of NF-κB in the hippocampus. Furthermore, these effects attributed to GBP were observed to disappear in the presence of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), a specific inhibitor of PPAR-γ. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed that GBP could activate PPAR-γ to suppress the NF-κB signaling pathway, contributing to the decrease of ethanol consumption and ethanol-induced neuroimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Rehabilitation Department, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Shandong 266034, PR China
| | - Kewei Xu
- Rehabilitation Department, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Shandong 266034, PR China
| | - Hao Ding
- Rehabilitation Department, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Shandong 266034, PR China
| | - Qiaozhen Xi
- Rehabilitation Department, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Shandong 266034, PR China
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Calleja-Conde J, Fernández-Calle R, Zapico JM, Ramos A, de Pascual-Teresa B, Bühler KM, Echeverry-Alzate V, Giné E, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, López-Moreno JA, Herradón G. Inhibition of Receptor Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase β/ζ Reduces Alcohol Intake in Rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:1037-1045. [PMID: 32154588 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pleiotrophin (PTN) and midkine (MK) are cytokines that are up-regulated in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) after alcohol administration and have been shown to reduce alcohol intake and reward. Both cytokines are endogenous inhibitors of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP) β/ζ (a.k.a. PTPRZ1). Recently, a new compound named MY10 was designed with the aim of mimicking the activity of PTN and MK. MY10 has already shown promising results regulating alcohol-related behaviors in mice. METHODS We have now tested the effects of MY10 on alcohol operant self-administration and Drinking In the Dark-Multiple Scheduled Access (DID-MSA) paradigms in rats. Gene expression of relevant genes in the PTN/MK signaling pathway in the PFC was analyzed by real-time PCR. RESULTS MY10, at the highest dose tested (100 mg/kg), reduced alcohol consumption in the alcohol operant self-administration paradigm (p = 0.040). In the DID-MSA paradigm, rats drank significantly less alcohol (p = 0.019) and showed a significant decrease in alcohol preference (p = 0.002). We observed that the longer the exposure to alcohol, the greater the suppressing effects of MY10 on alcohol consumption. It was demonstrated that the effects of MY10 were specific to alcohol since saccharin intake was not affected by MY10 (p = 0.804). MY10 prevented the alcohol-induced down-regulation of Ptprz1 (p = 0.004) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (Alk; p = 0.013) expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results support and provide further evidence regarding the efficacy of MY10 on alcohol-related behaviors and suggest the consideration of the blockade of RPTPβ/ζ as a target for reducing excessive alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Calleja-Conde
- From the, Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, (JC-C, K-MB, VE-A, JAL-M), School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosalía Fernández-Calle
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, (RF-C, GH), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - José M Zapico
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, (JMZ, AR, BP-T), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Ana Ramos
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, (JMZ, AR, BP-T), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Beatriz de Pascual-Teresa
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, (JMZ, AR, BP-T), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Kora-Mareen Bühler
- From the, Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, (JC-C, K-MB, VE-A, JAL-M), School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Echeverry-Alzate
- From the, Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, (JC-C, K-MB, VE-A, JAL-M), School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, (VE-A, FRF), Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Fundación IMABIS, Málaga, Spain
| | - Elena Giné
- Department of Cellular Biology, (EG), School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, (VE-A, FRF), Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Fundación IMABIS, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio López-Moreno
- From the, Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, (JC-C, K-MB, VE-A, JAL-M), School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Herradón
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, (RF-C, GH), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Alcorcón, Spain
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Ozburn AR, Metten P, Potretzke S, Townsley KG, Blednov YA, Crabbe JC. Effects of Pharmacologically Targeting Neuroimmune Pathways on Alcohol Drinking in Mice Selectively Bred to Drink to Intoxication. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:553-566. [PMID: 31853996 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rodent models of high alcohol drinking offer opportunities to better understand factors for alcohol use disorders (AUD) and test potential treatments. Selective breeding was carried out to create 2 unique High Drinking in the Dark (HDID-1, HDID-2) mouse lines that represent models of genetic risk for binge-like drinking. A number of studies have indicated that neuroimmune genes are important for regulation of alcohol drinking. We tested whether compounds shown to reduce drinking in other models also reduce alcohol intake in these unique genetic lines. METHODS We report tests of gabapentin, tesaglitazar, fenofibrate, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), ibrutinib, and rolipram. Although these compounds have different mechanisms of action, they have all been shown to reduce inflammatory responses. We evaluated effects of these compounds on alcohol intake. In order to facilitate comparison with previously published findings for some compounds, we employed similar schedules that were previously used for that compound. RESULTS Gabapentin increased ethanol (EtOH) binge-like alcohol drinking in female HDID-1 and HS/NPT mice. Tesaglitazar and fenofibrate did not alter 2-bottle choice (2BC) drinking in male HDID-1 or HS/NPT mice. However, tesaglitazar had no effect on DID EtOH intake but reduced blood alcohol levels (BAL), and fenofibrate increased DID intake with no effects on BAL. CAPE had no effect on EtOH intake. Ibrutinib reduced intake in female HDID-1 in initial testing, but did not reduce intake in a second week of testing. Rolipram reduced DID intake and BALs in male and female HDID-1, HDID-2, and HS/NPT mice. CONCLUSIONS A number of compounds shown to reduce EtOH drinking in other models, and genotypes are not effective in HDID mice or their genetically heterogeneous founders, HS/NPT. The most promising compound was the PDE4 inhibitor, rolipram. These results highlight the importance of assessing generalizability when rigorously testing compounds for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Ozburn
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Portland Alcohol Research Center, VA Portland Health Care System, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Pamela Metten
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Portland Alcohol Research Center, VA Portland Health Care System, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sheena Potretzke
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Portland Alcohol Research Center, VA Portland Health Care System, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kayla G Townsley
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Portland Alcohol Research Center, VA Portland Health Care System, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Yuri A Blednov
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - John C Crabbe
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Portland Alcohol Research Center, VA Portland Health Care System, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Jin C, Decker AM, Makhijani VH, Besheer J, Darcq E, Kieffer BL, Maitra R. Discovery of a Potent, Selective, and Brain-Penetrant Small Molecule that Activates the Orphan Receptor GPR88 and Reduces Alcohol Intake. J Med Chem 2018; 61:6748-6758. [PMID: 30011199 PMCID: PMC6108082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The orphan G-protein-coupled receptor GPR88 is highly expressed in the striatum. Studies using GPR88 knockout mice have suggested that the receptor is implicated in alcohol seeking and drinking behaviors. To date, the biological effects of GPR88 activation are still unknown due to the lack of a potent and selective agonist appropriate for in vivo investigation. In this study, we report the discovery of the first potent, selective, and brain-penetrant GPR88 agonist RTI-13951-33 (6). RTI-13951-33 exhibited an EC50 of 25 nM in an in vitro cAMP functional assay and had no significant off-target activity at 38 GPCRs, ion channels, and neurotransmitter transporters that were tested. RTI-13951-33 displayed enhanced aqueous solubility compared to (1 R,2 R)-2-PCCA (2) and had favorable pharmacokinetic properties for behavioral assessment. Finally, RTI-13951-33 significantly reduced alcohol self-administration and alcohol intake in a dose-dependent manner without effects on locomotion and sucrose self-administration in rats when administered intraperitoneally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Jin
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Ann M. Decker
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Viren H. Makhijani
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Joyce Besheer
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Emmanuel Darcq
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Brigitte L. Kieffer
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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Abstract
Patients who suffer from alcohol use disorders (AUDs) usually go through various socio-behavioral and pathophysiological changes that take place in the brain and other organs. Recently, consumption of unhealthy food and excess alcohol along with a sedentary lifestyle has become a norm in both developed and developing countries. Despite the beneficial effects of moderate alcohol consumption, chronic and/or excessive alcohol intake is reported to negatively affect the brain, liver and other organs, resulting in cell death, organ damage/failure and death. The most effective therapy for alcoholism and alcohol related comorbidities is alcohol abstinence, however, chronic alcoholic patients cannot stop drinking alcohol. Therefore, targeted therapies are urgently needed to treat such populations. Patients who suffer from alcoholism and/or alcohol abuse experience harmful effects and changes that occur in the brain and other organs. Upon stopping alcohol consumption, alcoholic patients experience acute withdrawal symptoms followed by a protracted abstinence syndrome resulting in the risk of relapse to heavy drinking. For the past few decades, several drugs have been available for the treatment of AUDs. These drugs include medications to reduce or stop severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms during alcohol detoxification as well as recovery medications to reduce alcohol craving and support abstinence. However, there is no drug that completely antagonizes the adverse effects of excessive amounts of alcohol. This review summarizes the drugs which are available and approved by the FDA and their mechanisms of action as well as the medications that are under various phases of preclinical and clinical trials. In addition, the repurposing of the FDA approved drugs, such as anticonvulsants, antipsychotics, antidepressants and other medications, to prevent alcoholism and treat AUDs and their potential target mechanisms are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Akbar
- Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Mark Egli
- Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Young-Eun Cho
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Antonio Noronha
- Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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Abstract
Animal models provide rapid, inexpensive assessments of an investigational drug's therapeutic potential. Ideally, they support the plausibility of therapeutic efficacy and provide a rationale for further investigation. Here, I discuss how the absence of clear effective-ineffective categories for alcohol use disorder (AUD) medications and biases in the clinical and preclinical literature affect the development of predictive preclinical alcohol dependence (AD) models. Invoking the analogical argument concept from the philosophy of science field, I discuss how models of excessive alcohol drinking support the plausibility of clinical pharmacotherapy effects. Even though these models are not likely be completely discriminative, they are sensitive to clinically effective medications and have revealed dozens of novel medication targets. In that context, I discuss recent preclinical work on GLP-1 receptor agonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, glucocorticoid receptor antagonists, nociception agonists and antagonists, and CRF1 antagonists. Clinically approved medications are available for each of these drug classes. I conclude by advocating a translational approach in which drugs are evaluated highly congruent preclinical models and human laboratory studies. Once translation is established, I suggest the burden is to develop hypothesis-based therapeutic interventions maximizing the impact of the confirmed pharmacotherapeutic effects in the context of additional variables falling outside the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Egli
- Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Bonnet U, Scherbaum N. How addictive are gabapentin and pregabalin? A systematic review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27:1185-1215. [PMID: 28988943 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.08.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the last ten years, gabapentin and pregabalin have been becoming dispensed broadly and sold on black markets, thereby, exposing millions to potential side-effects. Meanwhile, several pharmacovigilance-databases have warned for potential abuse liabilities and overdose fatalities in association with both gabapentinoids. To evaluate their addiction risk in more detail, we conducted a systematic review on PubMed/Scopus and included 106 studies. We did not find convincing evidence of a vigorous addictive power of gabapentinoids which is primarily suggested from their limited rewarding properties, marginal notes on relapses, and the very few cases with gabapentinoid-related behavioral dependence symptoms (ICD-10) in patients without a prior abuse history (N=4). In support, there was no publication about people who sought treatment for the use of gabapentinoids. Pregabalin appeared to be somewhat more addictive than gabapentin regarding the magnitude of behavioral dependence symptoms, transitions from prescription to self-administration, and the durability of the self-administrations. The principal population at risk for addiction of gabapentinoids consists of patients with other current or past substance use disorders (SUD), mostly opioid and multi-drug users, who preferred pregabalin. Pure overdoses of gabapentinoids appeared to be relative safe but can become lethal (pregabalin > gabapentin) in mixture with other psychoactive drugs, especially opioids again and sedatives. Based upon these results, we compared the addiction risks of gabapentin and pregabalin with those of traditional psychoactive substances and recommend that in patients with a history of SUD, gabapentinoids should be avoided or if indispensable, administered with caution by using a strict therapeutic and prescription monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Bonnet
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatic Medicine, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Castrop-Rauxel, Academic Teaching Hospital of the University of Duisburg-Essen, Grutholzallee 21, D-44577 Castrop-Rauxel, Germany; LVR-Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - N Scherbaum
- LVR-Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany
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Jaramillo AA, Randall PA, Stewart S, Fortino B, Van Voorhies K, Besheer J. Functional role for cortical-striatal circuitry in modulating alcohol self-administration. Neuropharmacology 2017; 130:42-53. [PMID: 29183687 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cortical-striatal brain circuitry is heavily implicated in drug-use. As such, the present study investigated the functional role of cortical-striatal circuitry in modulating alcohol self-administration. Given that a functional role for the nucleus accumbens core (AcbC) in modulating alcohol-reinforced responding has been established, we sought to test the role of cortical brain regions with afferent projections to the AcbC: the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the insular cortex (IC). Long-Evans rats were trained to self-administer alcohol (15% alcohol (v/v)+2% sucrose (w/v)) during 30 min sessions. To test the functional role of the mPFC or IC, we utilized a chemogenetic technique (hM4Di-Designer Receptors Activation by Designer Drugs) to silence neuronal activity prior to an alcohol self-administration session. Additionally, we chemogenetically silenced mPFC→AcbC or IC→AcbC projections, to investigate the role of cortical-striatal circuitry in modulating alcohol self-administration. Chemogenetically silencing the mPFC decreased alcohol self-administration, while silencing the IC increased alcohol self-administration, an effect absent in mCherry-Controls. Interestingly, silencing mPFC→AcbC projections had no effect on alcohol self-administration. In contrast, silencing IC→AcbC projections decreased alcohol self-administration, in a reinforcer-specific manner as there was no effect in rats trained to self-administer sucrose (0.8%, w/v). Additionally, no change in self-administration was observed in the mCherry-Controls. Together these data demonstrate the complex role of the cortical-striatal circuitry while implicating a role for the insula-striatal circuit in modulating ongoing alcohol self-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anel A Jaramillo
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Neuroscience Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Patrick A Randall
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Spencer Stewart
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Brayden Fortino
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Kalynn Van Voorhies
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Joyce Besheer
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Neuroscience Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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Spierling SR, Zorrilla EP. Don't stress about CRF: assessing the translational failures of CRF 1antagonists. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1467-1481. [PMID: 28265716 PMCID: PMC5420464 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4556-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dr. Athina Markou sought treatments for a common neural substrate shared by depression and drug dependence. Antagonists of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors, a target of interest to her, have not reached the clinic despite strong preclinical rationale and sustained translational efforts. METHODS We explore potential causes for the failure of CRF1 antagonists and review recent findings concerning CRF-CRF1 systems in psychopathology. RESULTS Potential causes for negative outcomes include (1) poor safety and efficacy of initial drug candidates due to bad pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties, (2) specificity problems with preclinical screens, (3) the acute nature of screens vs. late-presenting patients, (4) positive preclinical results limited to certain models and conditions with dynamic CRF-CRF1 activation not homologous to tested patients, (5) repeated CRF1 activation-induced plasticity that reduces the importance of ongoing CRF1 agonist stimulation, and (6) therapeutic silencing which may need to address CRF2 receptor or CRF-binding protein molecules, constitutive CRF1 activity, or molecules that influence agonist-independent activity or to target structural regions other than the allosteric site bound by all drug candidates. We describe potential markers of activation towards individualized treatment, human genetic, and functional data that still implicate CRF1 systems in emotional disturbance, sex differences, and suggestive clinical findings for CRF1 antagonists in food craving and CRF-driven HPA-axis overactivation. CONCLUSION The therapeutic scope of selective CRF1 antagonists now appears narrower than had been hoped. Yet, much remains to be learned about CRF's role in the neurobiology of dysphoria and addiction and the potential for novel anti-CRF therapies therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Spierling
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, SP30-2400, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Eric P Zorrilla
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, SP30-2400, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Soyka M, Kranzler HR, Hesselbrock V, Kasper S, Mutschler J, Möller HJ. Guidelines for biological treatment of substance use and related disorders, part 1: Alcoholism, first revision. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:86-119. [PMID: 28006997 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1246752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
These practice guidelines for the biological treatment of alcohol use disorders are an update of the first edition, published in 2008, which was developed by an international Task Force of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP). For this 2016 revision, we performed a systematic review (MEDLINE/PUBMED database, Cochrane Library) of all available publications pertaining to the biological treatment of alcoholism and extracted data from national guidelines. The Task Force evaluated the identified literature with respect to the strength of evidence for the efficacy of each medication and subsequently categorised it into six levels of evidence (A-F) and five levels of recommendation (1-5). Thus, the current guidelines provide a clinically and scientifically relevant, evidence-based update of our earlier recommendations. These guidelines are intended for use by clinicians and practitioners who evaluate and treat people with alcohol use disorders and are primarily concerned with the biological treatment of adults with such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Soyka
- a Psychiatric Hospital Meiringen , Meiringen , Switzerland.,b Department of Psychiatry , Ludwig-Maximilians-University , Munich , Germany.,c Medicalpark Chiemseeblick , Bernau , Germany
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- d Crescenz VAMC , University of Pennsylvania and VISN 4 MIRECC , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | | | - Siegfried Kasper
- f Department of Psychiatric Medicine , University of Vienna, Vienna , Austria
| | - Jochen Mutschler
- a Psychiatric Hospital Meiringen , Meiringen , Switzerland.,g Psychiatric Hospital University of Zürich, Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Hans-Jürgen Möller
- b Department of Psychiatry , Ludwig-Maximilians-University , Munich , Germany
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Jaramillo AA, Randall PA, Frisbee S, Besheer J. Modulation of sensitivity to alcohol by cortical and thalamic brain regions. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:2569-2580. [PMID: 27543844 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens core (AcbC) is a key brain region known to regulate the discriminative stimulus/interoceptive effects of alcohol. As such, the goal of the present work was to identify AcbC projection regions that may also modulate sensitivity to alcohol. Accordingly, AcbC afferent projections were identified in behaviorally naïve rats using a retrograde tracer which led to the focus on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), insular cortex (IC) and rhomboid thalamic nucleus (Rh). Next, to examine the possible role of these brain regions in modulating sensitivity to alcohol, neuronal response to alcohol in rats trained to discriminate alcohol (1 g/kg, intragastric [IG]) vs. water was examined using a two-lever drug discrimination task. As such, rats were administered water or alcohol (1 g/kg, IG) and brain tissue was processed for c-Fos immunoreactivity (IR), a marker of neuronal activity. Alcohol decreased c-Fos IR in the mPFC, IC, Rh and AcbC. Lastly, site-specific pharmacological inactivation with muscimol + baclofen (GABAA agonist + GABAB agonist) was used to determine the functional role of the mPFC, IC and Rh in modulating the interoceptive effects of alcohol in rats trained to discriminate alcohol (1 g/kg, IG) vs. water. mPFC inactivation resulted in full substitution for the alcohol training dose, and IC and Rh inactivation produced partial alcohol-like effects, demonstrating the importance of these regions, with known projections to the AcbC, in modulating sensitivity to alcohol. Together, these data demonstrate a site of action of alcohol and the recruitment of cortical/thalamic regions in modulating sensitivity to the interoceptive effects of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anel A Jaramillo
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Thurston-Bowles Building, CB#7178, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Patrick A Randall
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Thurston-Bowles Building, CB#7178, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Suzanne Frisbee
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Thurston-Bowles Building, CB#7178, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Joyce Besheer
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Thurston-Bowles Building, CB#7178, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA. .,Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Hiranita T. (-)-Trans-Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-Like Discriminative-Stimulus Effects of Gabapentin in Cannabis Users. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 4. [PMID: 27376100 DOI: 10.4172/2329-6488.1000e129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takato Hiranita
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA
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