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Salmanzadeh H, Halliwell RF. Antiseizure properties of fenamate NSAIDs determined in mature human stem-cell derived neuroglial circuits. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1385523. [PMID: 38828453 PMCID: PMC11141243 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1385523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Repeated and uncontrolled seizures in epilepsy result in brain cell loss and neural inflammation. Current anticonvulsants primarily target ion channels and receptors implicated in seizure activity. Identification of neurotherapeutics that can inhibit epileptiform activity and reduce inflammation in the brain may offer significant benefits in the long-term management of epilepsy. Fenamates are unique because they are both non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and highly subunit selective modulators of GABAA receptors. In the current study we have investigated the hypothesis that fenamates have antiseizure properties using mature human stem cell-derived neuro-glia cell cultures, maintained in long-term culture, and previously shown to be sensitive to first, second and third generation antiepileptics. Mefenamic acid, flufenamic acid, meclofenamic acid, niflumic acid, and tolfenamic acid (each tested at 10-100 μM) attenuated 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 100 μM) evoked epileptiform activity in a dose-dependent fashion. These actions were as effective diazepam (3-30 μM) and up to 200 times more potent than phenobarbital (300-1,000 μM). The low (micromolar) concentrations of fenamates that inhibited 4-AP evoked epileptiform activity correspond to those reported to potentiate GABAA receptor function. In contrast, the fenamates had no effect on neural spike amplitudes, indicating that their antiseizure actions did not result from inhibition of sodium-channels. The antiseizure actions of fenamates were also not replicated by either of the two non-fenamate NSAIDs, ibuprofen (10-100 μM) or indomethacin (10-100 μM), indicating that inhibition of cyclooxygenases is not the mechanism through which fenamates have anticonvulsant properties. This study therefore shows for the first time, using functionally mature human stem cell-derived neuroglial circuits, that fenamate NSAIDs have powerful antiseizure actions independent of, and in addition to their well-established anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting these drugs may provide a novel insight and new approach to the treatment of epilepsy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert F. Halliwell
- Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States
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Nuzhnyi EP, Arestova AS, Rossokhin AV, Protopopova AO, Abramycheva NY, Suponeva NA, Illarioshkin SN. Case report: A novel CACNA1S mutation associated with hypokalemic periodic paralysis. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1267426. [PMID: 37840943 PMCID: PMC10570449 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1267426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HypoKPP) is a rare neuromuscular genetic disorder causing recurrent episodes of flaccid paralysis. Most cases are associated with CACNA1S mutation, causing defect of calcium channel and subsequent impairment of muscle functions. Due to defined management approaches early diagnosis is crucial for promptly treatment and prevention new attacks. Materials and methods We report a case of HypoKPP associated with previously unreported mutation in CACNA1S gene (p.R900M). Molecular modeling of CaV1.1 was applied to evaluate its pathogenicity. Results As a patient referred between attacks neurological status, laboratory and neurophysiological examination were unremarkable. Molecular modeling predicted that the p.R900M mutation affects the process of calcium channels activation. Conclusion Novel CACNA1S mutation, associated with HypoKPP was identified. Monte-Carlo energy minimization of the CaV1.1 model supported the association of this mutation with this disease.
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Thomas M, Tripathi N, Eappen SM, Meena KC, Shrivastava A, Prasad N. Effect of storage age and containers on the physicochemical degradation of guggul oleo-resin. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12821. [PMID: 37550367 PMCID: PMC10406816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39594-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Guggul is a gum oleo-resin, tapped from a data deficient plant- Commiphora wightii (Arnott.) Bhandari in India. It is extensively used in ayurvedic drugs and formulations since ages. Natural plant-based products; especially aromatic ones like guggul gum oleo-resin deteriorates, qualitatively during its storage and transits before reaching the industry for its value addition. This economical and ecological loss can be avoided if it is stored in proper containers. Physico-chemical degradation of guggul samples stored were analysed by scanned electron microscopy, fourier transformed infra red, thermogravimatric, Powdered X-ray diffraction and elemental analysis for carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur. Physico-chemical degradation of guggul oleo-resin occurs with the age of storage and the type of storage containers used. Among the four storage containers (earthen pot, plastic jar, polythene bag, jute bag) evaluated, earthen pot was found to be the best in checking the qualitative loss of guggul even upto 24 months. The qualitative information generated in the study on guggul storage may be useful to the drug industry and guggul traders. It may encourage them practice storing guggul in earthen pots against current practice of using jute bags and polythene bags, to store it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moni Thomas
- Directorate of Research Services, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, 482004, India
| | - Niraj Tripathi
- Directorate of Research Services, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, 482004, India.
| | - Shibu M Eappen
- Sophisticated Test and Instrumentation Centre, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Ernakulam, 682022, India
| | - Kailash C Meena
- Directorate of Research Services, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, 482004, India
| | - Atul Shrivastava
- Directorate of Research Services, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, 482004, India
| | - Niranjan Prasad
- Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Namkum, Ranchi, 834010, India
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Koniuszewski F, Vogel FD, Bampali K, Fabjan J, Seidel T, Scholze P, Schmiedhofer PB, Langer T, Ernst M. Molecular Mingling: Multimodal Predictions of Ligand Promiscuity in Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:860246. [PMID: 35615739 PMCID: PMC9124788 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.860246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Human pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) comprise nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptors (5-HT3Rs), zinc-activated channels (ZAC), γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAARs) and glycine receptors (GlyRs). They are recognized therapeutic targets of some of the most prescribed drugs like general anesthetics, anxiolytics, smoking cessation aids, antiemetics and many more. Currently, approximately 100 experimental structures of pLGICs with ligands bound exist in the protein data bank (PDB). These atomic-level 3D structures enable the generation of a comprehensive binding site inventory for the superfamily and the in silico prediction of binding site properties. Methods: A panel of high throughput in silico methods including pharmacophore screening, conformation analysis and descriptor calculation was applied to a selection of allosteric binding sites for which in vitro screens are lacking. Variant abundance near binding site forming regions and computational docking complement the approach. Results: The structural data reflects known and novel binding sites, some of which may be unique to individual receptors, while others are broadly conserved. The membrane spanning domain, comprising four highly conserved segments, contains ligand interaction sites for which in vitro assays suitable for high throughput screenings are critically lacking. This is also the case for structurally more variable novel sites in the extracellular domain. Our computational results suggest that the phytocannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) can utilize multiple pockets which are likely to exist on most superfamily members. Conclusion: With this study, we explore the potential for polypharmacology among pLGICs. Our data suggest that ligands can display two forms of promiscuity to an extent greater than what has been realized: 1) Ligands can interact with homologous sites in many members of the superfamily, which bears toxicological relevance. 2) Multiple pockets in distinct localizations of individual receptor subtypes share common ligands, which counteracts efforts to develop selective agents. Moreover, conformational states need to be considered for in silico drug screening, as certain binding sites display considerable flexibility. In total, this work contributes to a better understanding of polypharmacology across pLGICs and provides a basis for improved structure guided in silico drug development and drug derisking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Koniuszewski
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian D. Vogel
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konstantina Bampali
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jure Fabjan
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Seidel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Scholze
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philip B. Schmiedhofer
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margot Ernst
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Yang Q, Burkardt AC, Sunkara LT, Xiao K, Zhang G. Natural Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors Synergize With Butyrate to Augment Chicken Host Defense Peptide Gene Expression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:819222. [PMID: 35273602 PMCID: PMC8902166 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.819222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancing the synthesis of microbicidal and immunomodulatory host defense peptides (HDP) is a promising host-directed antimicrobial strategy to combat a growing threat of antimicrobial resistance. Here we investigated the effect of several natural cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors on chicken HDP gene regulation. Our results indicated that phenolic COX-2 inhibitors such as quercetin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate, anacardic acid, and garcinol enhanced HDP gene expression in chicken HTC macrophage cell line and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Moreover, these natural COX-2 inhibitors showed a strong synergy with butyrate in augmenting the expressions of multiple HDP genes in HTC cells and PBMCs. Additionally, quercetin and butyrate synergistically promoted the expressions of mucin-2 and claudin-1, two major genes involved in barrier function, while suppressing lipopolysaccharide-triggered interleukin-1β expression in HTC macrophages. Mechanistically, we revealed that NF-κB, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling pathways were all involved in the avian β-defensin 9 gene induction, but histone H4 was not hyperacetylated in response to a combination of butyrate and quercetin. Because of their HDP-inducing, barrier-protective, and antiinflammatory activities, these natural COX-2 inhibitors, when combined with butyrate, may be developed as novel host-directed antimicrobial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Amanda C Burkardt
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Lakshimi T Sunkara
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States.,Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Kan Xiao
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
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Rossokhin A. The general anesthetic etomidate and fenamate mefenamic acid oppositely affect GABA AR and GlyR: a structural explanation. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2020; 49:591-607. [PMID: 32940715 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-020-01464-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
GABA and glycine act as inhibitory neurotransmitters in the CNS. Inhibitory neurotransmission is mediated via activation of ionotropic GABAA and glycine receptors. We used a modeling approach to explain the opposite effects of the general anesthetic etomidate (ETM) and fenamate mefenamic acid (MFA) on GABA- and glycine-activated currents recorded in isolated cerebellar Purkinje cells and hippocampal pyramidal neurons, respectively. These drugs potentiated GABAARs but blocked GlyRs. We built a homology model of α1β GlyR based on the cryo-EM structure of open α1 GlyR, used the α1β3γ2 GABAAR structure from the PDB, and applied Monte-Carlo energy minimization to optimize models of receptors and ligand-receptor complexes. In silico docking suggests that ETM/MFA bind at the transmembrane β( +)/α( -) intersubunit interface in GABAAR. Our models predict that the bulky side chain of the highly conserved Arg19' residue at the plus interface side wedges the interface and maintains the conducting receptor state. We hypothesized that MFA/ETM binding at the β( +)/α( -) interface leads to prolongation of receptor life-time in the open state. Having analyzed different GABAAR and GlyR structures available in the PDB, we found that mutual arrangement of the Arg19' and Gln-26' side chains at the plus and minus interface sides, respectively, plays an important role when the receptor switches from the open to closed state. We show that this process is accompanied by narrowing of the intersubunit interfaces, leading to extrusion of the Arg19' side chain from the interface. Our models allow us to explain the lack of GlyR potentiation in our electrophysiological experiments.
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