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Parr AC, Riek HC, Coe BC, Pari G, Masellis M, Marras C, Munoz DP. Genetic variation in the dopamine system is associated with mixed-strategy decision-making in patients with Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:4523-4544. [PMID: 36453013 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Decision-making during mixed-strategy games requires flexibly adapting choice strategies in response to others' actions and dynamically tracking outcomes. Such decisions involve diverse cognitive processes, including reinforcement learning, which are affected by disruptions to the striatal dopamine system. We therefore investigated how genetic variation in dopamine function affected mixed-strategy decision-making in Parkinson's disease (PD), which involves striatal dopamine pathology. Sixty-six PD patients (ages 49-85, Hoehn and Yahr Stages 1-3) and 22 healthy controls (ages 54-75) competed in a mixed-strategy game where successful performance depended on minimizing choice biases (i.e., flexibly adapting choices trial by trial). Participants also completed a fixed-strategy task that was matched for sensory input, motor outputs and overall reward rate. Factor analyses were used to disentangle cognitive from motor aspects within both tasks. Using a within-subject, multi-centre design, patients were examined on and off dopaminergic therapy, and genetic variation was examined via a multilocus genetic profile score representing the additive effects of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that influence dopamine transmission: rs4680 (COMT Val158 Met), rs6277 (C957T) and rs907094 (encoding DARPP-32). PD and control participants displayed comparable mixed-strategy choice behaviour (overall); however, PD patients with genetic profile scores indicating higher dopamine transmission showed improved performance relative to those with low scores. Exploratory follow-up tests across individual SNPs revealed better performance in individuals with the C957T polymorphism, reflecting higher striatal D2/D3 receptor density. Importantly, genetic variation modulated cognitive aspects of performance, above and beyond motor function, suggesting that genetic variation in dopamine signalling may underlie individual differences in cognitive function in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Parr
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Heidi C Riek
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian C Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giovanna Pari
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Movement Disorder Clinic, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Connie Marras
- Movement Disorders Clinic, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Giovannelli F, Gavazzi G, Noferini C, Palumbo P, Viggiano MP, Cincotta M. Impulsivity Traits in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2023; 10:1448-1458. [PMID: 37868926 PMCID: PMC10585972 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In Parkinson's disease (PD), impulsivity as a personality trait may be linked to the risk of developing impulse control disorders (ICDs) during dopaminergic therapy. However, studies evaluating differences in trait impulsivity between patients with PD and healthy controls or between patients with PD with and without ICDs reported partly inconsistent findings. Objectives We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) of studies comparing Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) scores between patients with PD and healthy controls and between patients with PD with and without ICDs. Methods Eligible studies were identified through a systematic search in 3 databases. Mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for BIS-11 total and subscale scores were separately calculated for studies comparing patients with PD and healthy controls and patients with PD with and without ICDs. Meta-regressions were performed to explore sources of heterogeneity (percentage of men, age, disease duration, and levodopa equivalent daily dose). Results A total of 40 studies were included in the quantitative analyses. BIS-11 total scores were significantly higher in patients with PD compared with healthy controls (mean difference 2.43; 95% CI, 1.03, 3.83), and in patients with PD with active ICDs compared with patients without ICDs (6.62; 95% CI, 5.01, 8.23). No significant moderators emerged by meta-regression analyses. Conclusions The present meta-analysis supports that impulsivity, as a personality trait, may characterize patients with PD, even in the absence of ICDs. Moreover, these data corroborate findings of clinical studies reporting higher levels of trait impulsivity in PD patients with ICDs compared with patients without ICDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Giovannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of PsychologyUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Gioele Gavazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of PsychologyUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Chiara Noferini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of PsychologyUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
- European Laboratory for Non‐Linear Spectroscopy (LENS)Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Pasquale Palumbo
- Unit of Neurology of Prato, Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Disease Area of the Department of Medical SpecialtiesCentral Tuscany Local Health AuthorityPratoItaly
| | - Maria Pia Viggiano
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of PsychologyUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Massimo Cincotta
- Unit of Neurology of Florence, Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Disease Area of the Department of Medical SpecialtiesCentral Tuscany Local Health AuthorityFlorenceItaly
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Sengupta S, Medendorp WP, Selen LPJ, Praamstra P. Exploration of sensory-motor tradeoff behavior in Parkinson’s disease. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:951313. [DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.951313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While slowness of movement is an obligatory characteristic of Parkinson’s disease (PD), there are conditions in which patients move uncharacteristically fast, attributed to deficient motor inhibition. Here we investigate deficient inhibition in an optimal sensory-motor integration framework, using a game in which subjects used a paddle to catch a virtual ball. Display of the ball was extinguished as soon as the catching movement started, segregating the task into a sensing and acting phase. We analyzed the behavior of 9 PD patients (ON medication) and 10 age-matched controls (HC). The switching times (between sensing and acting phase) were compared to the predicted optimal switching time, based on the individual estimates of sensory and motor uncertainties. The comparison showed that deviation from predicted optimal switching times were similar between groups. However, PD patients showed a weaker correlation between variability in switching time and sensory-motor uncertainty, indicating a reduced propensity to generate exploratory behavior for optimizing goal-directed movements. Analysis of the movement kinematics revealed that PD patients, compared to controls, used a lower peak velocity of the paddle and intercepted the ball with greater velocity. Adjusting the trial duration to the time for the paddle to stop moving, we found that PD patients spent a smaller proportion of the trial duration for observing the ball. Altogether, the results do not show the premature movement initiation and truncated sensory processing that we predicted to ensue from deficient inhibition in PD.
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Duprez J, Tabbal J, Hassan M, Modolo J, Kabbara A, Mheich A, Drapier S, Vérin M, Sauleau P, Wendling F, Benquet P, Houvenaghel JF. Spatio-temporal dynamics of large-scale electrophysiological networks during cognitive action control in healthy controls and Parkinson's disease patients. Neuroimage 2022; 258:119331. [PMID: 35660459 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the cognitive symptoms that are associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), alterations in cognitive action control (CAC) are commonly reported in patients. CAC enables the suppression of an automatic action, in favor of a goal-directed one. The implementation of CAC is time-resolved and arguably associated with dynamic changes in functional brain networks. However, the electrophysiological functional networks involved, their dynamic changes, and how these changes are affected by PD, still remain unknown. In this study, to address this gap of knowledge, 10 PD patients and 10 healthy controls (HC) underwent a Simon task while high-density electroencephalography (HD-EEG) was recorded. Source-level dynamic connectivity matrices were estimated using the phase-locking value in the beta (12-25 Hz) and gamma (30-45 Hz) frequency bands. Temporal independent component analyses were used as a dimension reduction tool to isolate the task-related brain network states. Typical microstate metrics were quantified to investigate the presence of these states at the subject-level. Our results first confirmed that PD patients experienced difficulties in inhibiting automatic responses during the task. At the group-level, we found three functional network states in the beta band that involved fronto-temporal, temporo-cingulate and fronto-frontal connections with typical CAC-related prefrontal and cingulate nodes (e.g., inferior frontal cortex). The presence of these networks did not differ between PD patients and HC when analyzing microstates metrics, and no robust correlations with behavior were found. In the gamma band, five networks were found, including one fronto-temporal network that was identical to the one found in the beta band. These networks also included CAC-related nodes previously identified in different neuroimaging modalities. Similarly to the beta networks, no subject-level differences were found between PD patients and HC. Interestingly, in both frequency bands, the dominant network at the subject-level was never the one that was the most durably modulated by the task. Altogether, this study identified the dynamic functional brain networks observed during CAC, but did not highlight PD-related changes in these networks that might explain behavioral changes. Although other new methods might be needed to investigate the presence of task-related networks at the subject-level, this study still highlights that task-based dynamic functional connectivity is a promising approach in understanding the cognitive dysfunctions observed in PD and beyond.
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Key Words
- Cognitive control
- DIFFIT, Difference in data fitting
- DLPFC, Dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex
- EEG, Electroencephalography
- FC, Functional connectivity
- Functional connectivity
- HC, Healthy controls
- HD-EEG, High-density EEG
- ICA, Independent component analysis
- IFC, Inferior frontal cortex
- MEG, Magnetoencephalography
- Networks, Dynamics
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PLV, Phase locking value
- Parkinson's disease Abbreviations CAC, Cognitive action control
- ROIS, Regions of interest
- RT, Reaction time
- Simon task
- dBNS, Dynamic brain network state
- dFC, Dynamic functional connectivity
- fMRI, Functional magnetic resonance imaging
- high density EEG
- pre-SMA, Pre-supplementary motor area
- tICA, Temporal ICA
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Duprez
- Univ Rennes, LTSI - U1099, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Judie Tabbal
- Univ Rennes, LTSI - U1099, F-35000 Rennes, France; Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, EDST, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mahmoud Hassan
- MINDig, F-35000 Rennes, France; School of Engineering, Reykjavik University, Iceland
| | | | | | | | - Sophie Drapier
- CIC INSERM 1414, Rennes, France; Neurology Department, Pontchaillou Hospital, Rennes University Hospital, France
| | - Marc Vérin
- Neurology Department, Pontchaillou Hospital, Rennes University Hospital, France; Behavioral and Basal Ganglia' Research Unit, University of Rennes 1-Rennes University Hospital, France
| | - Paul Sauleau
- Behavioral and Basal Ganglia' Research Unit, University of Rennes 1-Rennes University Hospital, France; Neurophysiology department, Rennes University Hospital, France
| | | | | | - Jean-François Houvenaghel
- Neurology Department, Pontchaillou Hospital, Rennes University Hospital, France; Behavioral and Basal Ganglia' Research Unit, University of Rennes 1-Rennes University Hospital, France
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Maron DN, Bowe SJ, Spencer-Smith M, Mellahn OJ, Perrykkad K, Bellgrove MA, Johnson BP. Oculomotor deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A systematic review and comprehensive meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:1198-1213. [PMID: 34655657 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Atypical motor coordination and cognitive processes, such as response inhibition and working memory, have been extensively researched in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Oculomotor neural circuits overlap extensively with regions involved in motor planning and cognition, therefore studies of oculomotor function may offer unique insights into motor and cognitive control in ADHD. We performed a series of pairwise meta-analyses based on data from 26 oculomotor studies in ADHD to examine whether there were differences in performance on visually-guided saccade, gap, antisaccade, memory-guided, pursuit eye movements and fixation tasks. These analyses revealed oculomotor disturbances in ADHD, particularly for difficulties relating to saccade inhibition, memorizing visual target locations and initiating antisaccades. There was no evidence for pursuit eye movement disturbances or saccade dysmetria. Investigating oculomotor abnormalities in ADHD may provide insight into top-down cognitive control processes and motor control, and may serve as a promising biomarker in ADHD research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia N Maron
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, 18 Innovation Walk, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Steven J Bowe
- Deakin Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Megan Spencer-Smith
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, 18 Innovation Walk, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Olivia J Mellahn
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, 18 Innovation Walk, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kelsey Perrykkad
- Cognition and Philosophy Lab, Philosophy Department, School of Philosophical, Historical and International Studies, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, 18 Innovation Walk, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Beth P Johnson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, 18 Innovation Walk, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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Pickering JS, Leroi I, McBride J, Poliakoff E. Continuous force measurements reveal no inhibitory control deficits in Parkinson's disease. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:1119-1132. [PMID: 32222777 PMCID: PMC7237404 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05768-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of unwanted motor responses can be disrupted by Parkinson’s disease. People with Parkinson’s (PwP) can show maladaptive reward-driven behaviours in the form of impulse control behaviours, which are associated with the use of the dopaminergic treatments used to alleviate the motor symptoms of the disease. However, the effects of Parkinson’s itself on impulsive behaviour and control are unclear—empirical studies have yielded mixed findings, and some imaging studies have shown a functional deficit in the absence of a measurable change in behaviour. Here, we investigated the effects of Parkinson’s on response activation and control by studying the dynamics of response in standard inhibitory control tasks—the Stop Signal and Simon tasks—using a continuous measure of response force. Our results are largely in favour of the conclusion that response inhibition appears to be intact in PwP, even when using a more sensitive measure of behavioural control relative to traditional button-press measures. Our findings provide some clarity as to the effects of Parkinson’s on response inhibition and show continuous response force measurement can provide a sensitive means of detecting erroneous response activity in PwP, which could also be generalised to studying related processes in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade S Pickering
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Iracema Leroi
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Global Brain Health Institute, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer McBride
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Ellen Poliakoff
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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Tao L, Wang Q, Liu D, Wang J, Zhu Z, Feng L. Eye tracking metrics to screen and assess cognitive impairment in patients with neurological disorders. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:1697-1704. [PMID: 32125540 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Eye tracking is a powerful method to investigate the relationship between behavior and neural mechanisms. In recent years, eye movement analysis has been used in patients with neurological disorders to assess cognitive function. In this review, we explore the latest eye tracking researches in neurological disorders that are commonly associated with cognitive deficits, specifically, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and epilepsy. We focus on the application of ocular measures in these disorders, with the goal of understanding how eye tracking technology can be used in the clinical setting. FINDINGS Eye tracking tasks (especially saccadic tasks) are often used as an adjunct to traditional scales for cognitive assessment. Eye tracking data confirmed that executive dysfunction is common in PD and ALS, whereas AD and MS are characterized by attention deficits. Research in evaluating cognitive function in epilepsy using eye tracking is still in its early stages, but this approach has shown advantages as a sensitive quantitative method with high temporal and spatial resolution. Eye tracking technology can facilitate the assessment of cognitive impairment with higher temporal resolution and finer granularity than traditional cognitive assessment. Oculomotor data collected during cognitive tasks can provide insight into biological processes. Eye tracking provides a nonverbal and less cognitively demanding method of measuring disease progression in cognitively impaired patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tao
- XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Spectroscopy of Xi' An, Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging technology, Xi'an, Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics (XIOPM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi' An, China
| | - Ding Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ziqing Zhu
- XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Feng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Duprez J, Houvenaghel JF, Dondaine T, Péron J, Haegelen C, Drapier S, Modolo J, Jannin P, Vérin M, Sauleau P. Subthalamic nucleus local field potentials recordings reveal subtle effects of promised reward during conflict resolution in Parkinson's disease. Neuroimage 2019; 197:232-242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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10
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Abstract
Cognitive control - the ability to override a salient or prepotent action to execute a more deliberate one - is required for flexible, goal-directed behavior, and yet it is subjectively costly: decision-makers avoid allocating control resources, even when doing so affords more valuable outcomes. Dopamine likely offsets effort costs just as it does for physical effort. And yet, dopamine can also promote impulsive action, undermining control. We propose a novel hypothesis that reconciles opposing effects of dopamine on cognitive control: during action selection, striatal dopamine biases benefits relative to costs, but does so preferentially for "proximal" motor and cognitive actions. Considering the nature of instrumental affordances and their dynamics during action selection facilitates a parsimonious interpretation and conserved corticostriatal mechanisms across physical and cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Westbrook
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive, Linguistics, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, 190 Thayer Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Michael Frank
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistics, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, 190 Thayer Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.,Brown Institute for Brain Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Duprez J, Houvenaghel JF, Drapier S, Auffret M, Drapier D, Robert G, Vérin M, Sauleau P. Continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusion does not impair the dynamics of cognitive action control in mild to moderate Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2017; 265:471-477. [PMID: 29285653 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-017-8721-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusion (CSAI) is increasingly used in Parkinson's disease (PD), notably in patients contraindicated for subthalamic deep brain stimulation. Although it has been suggested that CSAI is safe regarding cognition, few studies have actually investigated its effect, especially on cognitive control which is a crucial process for goal-directed behavior. More specifically, its impact on the dynamics of cognitive action control, as reflected by the activation and suppression of impulsive responses, has yet to be investigated, which is the objective of the present study. METHODS We compared cognitive action control between baseline (M0) and 6 months (M6) after the start of add-on CSAI by administering an oculomotor Simon task to 20 patients with mild to moderate PD. We used the activation-suppression model to determine whether CSAI had an effect on either the impulsive errors made in conflict situations or the suppression of these responses. RESULTS We found no difference between M0 and M6 in the congruence effect regarding either reaction time or accuracy, indicating that overall conflict resolution was not influenced by CSAI. Furthermore, the rate of fast errors in the conflict situation and the last slope of the delta plots (reflecting the strength of impulsive response suppression) were unaffected by the treatment. The 95% confidence intervals calculated for the treatment effect on both of these measures fell below the range of usual meaningful effects. CONCLUSION We found no difference between M0 and M6, which strongly suggests that CSAI does not impair the dynamics of cognitive action control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Duprez
- "Behavior and Basal Ganglia" Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Jean-François Houvenaghel
- "Behavior and Basal Ganglia" Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.,Department of Neurology, Rennes University Hospital, rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Drapier
- "Behavior and Basal Ganglia" Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.,Department of Neurology, Rennes University Hospital, rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Manon Auffret
- "Behavior and Basal Ganglia" Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Dominique Drapier
- "Behavior and Basal Ganglia" Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.,Department of Psychiatry, Rennes University Hospital, 108 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35703, Rennes, France
| | - Gabriel Robert
- "Behavior and Basal Ganglia" Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.,Department of Psychiatry, Rennes University Hospital, 108 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35703, Rennes, France
| | - Marc Vérin
- "Behavior and Basal Ganglia" Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.,Department of Neurology, Rennes University Hospital, rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Paul Sauleau
- "Behavior and Basal Ganglia" Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.,Department of Neurophysiology, Rennes University Hospital, rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes, France
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