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Behren LE, König S, May K. Genomic Selection for Dairy Cattle Behaviour Considering Novel Traits in a Changing Technical Production Environment. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1933. [PMID: 37895282 PMCID: PMC10606080 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cow behaviour is a major factor influencing dairy herd profitability and is an indicator of animal welfare and disease. Behaviour is a complex network of behavioural patterns in response to environmental and social stimuli and human handling. Advances in agricultural technology have led to changes in dairy cow husbandry systems worldwide. Increasing herd sizes, less time availability to take care of the animals and modern technology such as automatic milking systems (AMSs) imply limited human-cow interactions. On the other hand, cow behaviour responses to the technical environment (cow-AMS interactions) simultaneously improve production efficiency and welfare and contribute to simplified "cow handling" and reduced labour time. Automatic milking systems generate objective behaviour traits linked to workability, milkability and health, which can be implemented into genomic selection tools. However, there is insufficient understanding of the genetic mechanisms influencing cow learning and social behaviour, in turn affecting herd management, productivity and welfare. Moreover, physiological and molecular biomarkers such as heart rate, neurotransmitters and hormones might be useful indicators and predictors of cow behaviour. This review gives an overview of published behaviour studies in dairy cows in the context of genetics and genomics and discusses possibilities for breeding approaches to achieve desired behaviour in a technical production environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Elisabeth Behren
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sven König
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Katharina May
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
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Wang J, Yin Y, Zhu Y, Xu P, Sun Z, Miao C, Zhong J. Thoracic epidural anaesthesia and analgesia ameliorates surgery-induced stress response and postoperative pain in patients undergoing radical oesophagectomy. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:6160-6170. [PMID: 31426685 PMCID: PMC7045687 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519866943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective An acute severe stress response associated with major surgery can adversely affect the inflammatory and hormonal responses. We hypothesised that total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) combined with thoracic epidural anaesthesia and analgesia (TEA) attenuates the stress response and postoperative pain in patients undergoing radical oesophagectomy. Methods Forty patients scheduled for elective radical oesophagectomy were randomly assigned to one of two groups: TIVA or TIVA+TEA. The plasma levels of stress hormones and cytokines, consumption of fentanyl, postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) scores within 48 hours, and extubation time were assessed. Results The plasma levels of interleukin-6, norepinephrine, cortisol, and adrenocorticotropic hormone at 3 hours after the beginning of surgery were significantly higher in the TIVA group than TIVA+TEA group. The plasma level of interleukin-10 at 3 hours after the beginning of surgery was significantly lower in the TIVA group than TIVA+TEA group. The consumption of fentanyl was significantly greater, VAS scores were significantly higher, and extubation time was significantly longer in the TIVA group than TIVA+TEA group. Conclusions The findings suggest that combination of TIVA and TEA may attenuate the intraoperative stress response and postoperative pain in patients undergoing radical oesophagectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuehao Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pingbo Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhirong Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changhong Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Altered circadian patterns of salivary cortisol in individuals with schizophrenia: A critical literature review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 110:439-447. [PMID: 28506881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This article focuses on stress vulnerability in schizophrenia through an integrated clinical and biological approach. The objective of this article is to better understand the relationships between vulnerability, stress and schizophrenia. First, the concept of vulnerability is defined and several models of vulnerability in schizophrenia are reviewed. Second, a section is developed on the biology of stress, and more specifically on the stress responses of the hypothalamo-pitutary adrenal (HPA) axis. Then, studies of cortisol circadian rhythms are summarized, suggesting hyper-reactivity of the HPA axis in patients with schizophrenia and high risk individuals for schizophrenia. The results support the models of stress vulnerability in schizophrenia and the hypothesis of high cortisol levels as an endophenotype in this disorder. In conclusion, this article highlights the interest of studying the cortisol circadian rhythms in schizophrenia and opens the perspective to identify high risk individuals for schizophrenia by measuring circadian patterns of salivary cortisol.
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Peacock BN, Scheiderer DJ, Kellermann GH. Biomolecular aspects of depression: A retrospective analysis. Compr Psychiatry 2017; 73:168-180. [PMID: 28006716 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of psychological stress, oxidative stress, and chronic low grade inflammation on the neuro-immune connection have been implicated in the pathogenesis of depression. Thus, in the recent past, there has been a growing effort in determining the mechanism of this pathogenesis. While attempting to map out, this mechanism researchers and clinicians have searched for clinically relevant biomarkers for use in the diagnosis and for the assessment of those suffering from depression. In this study, we have performed a retrospective analysis of biomarkers with clinically relevant potentials, including peripheral catecholamines, chemokines, cytokines, and neurotransmitters. METHODS The retrospective analysis was performed on data collected over a six-year period of time (July 2009 to July 2015), gathered from patients (N=1399; Mage=42, SD=13; 71% female, 29% male) who submitted samples with complaints of feeling hopeless, worthless, isolated, alone, general sadness, overwhelmed, and/or a lack of interest in things they once enjoyed. The data collected consisted of quantitative values of urinary catecholamines and neurotransmitters (peripheral dopamine, epinephrine, histamine, kynurenic acid, norepinephrine, β-PEA, and serotonin), salivary hormones (peripheral cortisol and melatonin), and peripheral blood mononuclear cell secreted cytokines and chemokines (Interleukins 1β, 6, 8, 10, MCP-1, GCSF, and TNFα). Statistical and clinical significance was assessed by comparison with a control group (N=2395; Mage=42, SD=13; 70% female, 30% male), calculating the percent mean difference, p value, and effect size (Cohen's ɗ) for each parameter between groups. RESULTS The findings of this study suggested that, in a model of general depression, there is a dysregulation in the enzymatic production and degradation of catecholamines, neurotransmitters, hormones, and immunological proteins. A cycle of interaction was found between all of these biomolecules, where an increase or decrease in one marker could result in a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on others. The mechanism of this was proposed to occur through the interaction of psychological stress, inflammation, and oxidative stress pathways. All of these biomolecules were found to be significantly altered in the general depression group and are key components of the interaction between the neurological and immunological systems. CONCLUSIONS This study serves to further elucidate the role of biomolecules in the regulation of affective disorders, such as depression. Resulting in providing a network of clinically relevant biomarkers to objectively assess and monitor general depression.
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Fernandes PA, Tamura EK, D'Argenio-Garcia L, Muxel SM, da Silveira Cruz-Machado S, Marçola M, Carvalho-Sousa CE, Cecon E, Ferreira ZS, Markus RP. Dual Effect of Catecholamines and Corticosterone Crosstalk on Pineal Gland Melatonin Synthesis. Neuroendocrinology 2017; 104:126-134. [PMID: 26954684 DOI: 10.1159/000445189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The nocturnal production of melatonin by the pineal gland is triggered by sympathetic activation of adrenoceptors and may be modulated by immunological signals. The effect of glucocorticoids on nocturnal melatonin synthesis is controversial; both stimulatory and inhibitory effects have been reported. During pathophysiological processes, an increased sympathetic tonus could result in different patterns of adrenoceptor activation in the pineal gland. Therefore, in this investigation, we evaluated whether the pattern of adrenergic stimulation of the pineal gland drives the direction of the glucocorticoid effect on melatonin production. METHODS The corticosterone effect on the pineal hormonal production induced by β-adrenoceptor or β+α1-adrenoceptor activation was evaluated in cultured glands. We also investigated whether the in vivo lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inhibition of melatonin is dependent on the interaction of glucocorticoids and the α1-adrenoceptor in adrenalectomized animals and on the in vivo blockade of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) or the α1-adrenoceptor. RESULTS Corticosterone potentiated β-adrenoceptor-induced pineal melatonin synthesis, whilst corticosterone-dependent inhibition was observed when melatonin production was induced by β+α1-adrenoceptors agonists. The inhibitory effect of corticosterone is mediated by GR, as it was abolished in the presence of a GR antagonist. Moreover, LPS-induced reduction in melatonin nocturnal plasma content was reversed by adrenalectomy and by antagonizing GR or α1-adrenoceptors. CONCLUSIONS The dual effect of corticosterone on pineal melatonin synthesis is determined by the activation pattern of adrenoceptors (β or β+α1) in the gland during GR activation, suggesting that increased activation of the sympathetic system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis are necessary for the control of melatonin production during defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Fernandes
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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ACTH modulation on corticosterone, melatonin, testosterone and innate immune response in the tree frog Hypsiboas faber. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 204:177-184. [PMID: 27923708 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The modulation exerted by glucocorticoids in physiological responses to stressors is essential for maintaining short-term homeostasis. However, highly frequent and/or prolonged activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal axis may inhibit processes that are important to long-term fitness and health, including reproduction and immunocompetence. The present study evaluates the response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) injection in the adult male tree frog, Hypsiboas faber, as indicated by levels of plasma corticosterone (CORT), plasma testosterone (T), ocular melatonin (MEL), hematocrit and immune functioning (total leukocyte count and bacterial killing ability against Escherichia coli). All levels were measured 1, 3 and 6h after treatment. ACTH increased CORT levels whilst decreasing T and MEL levels at 1h post-treatment. 6h after ACTH injection, hematocrit and MEL levels increased. ACTH treatment did not significantly modulate the immune measures over the time-range sampled. The hormonal changes observed in response to ACTH treatment suggest that stressors could act as inhibitors of reproductive activity, as well as differentially modulating melatonin levels at different time-points.
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Comparative effects of intranasal neuropeptide Y and HS014 in preventing anxiety and depressive-like behavior elicited by single prolonged stress. Behav Brain Res 2014; 295:9-16. [PMID: 25542511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Stress triggered neuropsychiatric disorders are a serious societal problem. Prophylactic treatment or early intervention has great potential in increasing resilience to traumatic stress and reducing its harmful impact. Previously, we demonstrated proof of concept that intranasal administration of neuropeptide Y (NPY) or the melanocortin receptor four (MC4R) antagonist, HS014, prior to single prolonged stress (SPS) rodent post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) model, can prevent or attenuate many PTSD associated impairments. Here, we compare effects of NPY or HS014 given 30 min before or immediately after SPS stressors on development of anxiety, depressive-like behavior and associated biochemical abnormalities. SPS triggered anxiety on elevated plus maze (EPM) was reduced by intranasal administration of 100 μg NPY and to even greater extent HS014 (3.5 ng or 100 μg). The SPS-elicited depressive-like behavior on forced swim test was prevented with 100 μg NPY or the high dose HS014. Combined administration of low HS014 and NPY, ineffective by themselves, prevented development of depressive-like behavior. Reductions in stress triggered activation of locus coeruleus/noradrenergic system and HPA axis were observed with both HS014 and NPY. In contrast to NPY which has been showed earlier, infusion of HS014 immediately after SPS did not prevent the development of anxiogenic behavior on EPM. However, HS014 given after SPS stressors effectively even at very low dose, prevented development of depressive-like behavior. Thus, both MC4R antagonist and NPY, alone or combined, have potential for prophylactic treatment against traumatic stress triggered anxiety or depressive-like behaviors, while NPY has more widespread potential for early intervention.
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Serova LI, Laukova M, Alaluf LG, Sabban EL. Blockage of melanocortin-4 receptors by intranasal HS014 attenuates single prolonged stress-triggered changes in several brain regions. J Neurochem 2014; 131:825-35. [PMID: 25087915 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin receptor four (MC4R) is implicated in regulation of stress-related functions. We previously demonstrated that intranasal infusion of MC4R antagonist HS014, shortly before single prolonged stress (SPS) animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder, lessened the development of anxiety- and depression-like behavior depending on the dose. Here, we evaluated effects of HS014 on SPS-elicited changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and expression of several genes of interest in mediobasal hypothalamus, hippocampus, and locus coeruleus. Rats were given intranasal infusion of HS014 (3.5 ng or 100 μg) and 30 min later subjected to SPS stressors. Short-term responses of HS014 rats in comparison with vehicle-treated, evident 30 min following SPS stressors, included smaller rise in plasma corticosterone (100 μg HS014), absence of induction of corticotrophin-releasing hormone mRNA in mediobasal hypothalamus and of mRNA for tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-β hydroxylase in locus coeruleus. Long-term responses found 7 days after SPS stressors, included lower induction corticotrophin-releasing hormone mRNA levels in the mediobasal hypothalamus without effect on mRNAs for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP5), a component of GR co-chaperone complex; and no induction of GR protein in ventral hippocampus. Thus, antagonism of MC4R prior to SPS attenuates development of several abnormalities in gene expression in regions implicated in post-traumatic stress disorder. Blockade of brain melanocortine receptor 4 (MC4R) with intranasal infusion of the MC4R antagonist HS014 to rats prior to single prolonged stress (SPS) leads to faster termination of stress responses (30 min later) and prevents or attenuates SPS-triggered abnormal gene expression related to post-traumatic stress disorder (7 days later). Targeting of brain MC4R is a promising strategy to protect HPA axis, LC-NE (locus coeruleus-norepinephrine) systems and hippocampus from overstimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia I Serova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
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Graignic-Philippe R, Dayan J, Chokron S, Jacquet AY, Tordjman S. Effects of prenatal stress on fetal and child development: A critical literature review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 43:137-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Serova LI, Laukova M, Alaluf LG, Sabban EL. Intranasal infusion of melanocortin receptor four (MC4R) antagonist to rats ameliorates development of depression and anxiety related symptoms induced by single prolonged stress. Behav Brain Res 2013; 250:139-47. [PMID: 23680165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Brain melanocortinergic systems and specifically melanocortin receptor four (MC4R) are implicated in modulation of anxiety- and depressive-like behavior induced by mild or moderate stress. Here we examine whether blockage of central MC4Rs with HS014 before severe traumatic stress may protect against development of anxiety and depression co-morbid with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Male rats were treated intranasally (IN) with vehicle or varied doses of HS014, 30min prior to single prolonged stress (SPS) animal model of PTSD. IN administration of 100μg HS014 pre-SPS improved despair behavior in forced swim (FS) immediately after immobilization stress part of SPS protocol. During all 4 intervals of 20min FS these rats spent less time immobile than rats given vehicle or 3.5ng HS014. This dose of HS014 also had a long-term beneficial effect manifested as reduction of immobility time in forced swim test performed after SPS. However, both HS014 doses were effective in ameliorating development of anxiety-like behavior after traumatic stress. Thus, rats given IN HS014 prior to SPS exhibited less open arms (OA) visits in elevated plus maze (EPM), spent longer time in OA and less in closed arms, had lower anxiety index, higher risk assessment and more head dips over borders in OA. They also spent longer time in the center of the open field and defecated less. Reduced grooming behavior in EPM was observed with 100μg HS014. This is the first study revealing pronounced resilience effects of HS014 on development of behavioral symptoms co-morbid with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia I Serova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Serova L, Tillinger A, Alaluf L, Laukova M, Keegan K, Sabban E. Single intranasal neuropeptide Y infusion attenuates development of PTSD-like symptoms to traumatic stress in rats. Neuroscience 2013; 236:298-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ross AP, Ben-Zacharia A, Harris C, Smrtka J. Multiple sclerosis, relapses, and the mechanism of action of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Front Neurol 2013; 4:21. [PMID: 23482896 PMCID: PMC3591751 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapses in multiple sclerosis (MS) are disruptive and frequently disabling for patients, and their treatment is often a challenge to clinicians. Despite progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of MS and development of new treatments for long-term management of MS, options for treating relapses have not changed substantially over the past few decades. Corticosteroids, a component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis that modulate immune responses and reduce inflammation, are currently the mainstay of relapse treatment. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) gel is another treatment option. Although it has long been assumed that the efficacy of ACTH in treating relapses depends on the peptide’s ability to increase endogenous corticosteroid production, evidence from research on the melanocortin system suggests that steroidogenesis may only partly account for ACTH influences. Indeed, the melanocortin peptides [ACTH and α-, β-, γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH)] and their receptors (Melanocortin receptors, MCRs) exert multiple actions, including modulation of inflammatory and immune mediator production. MCRs are widely distributed within the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues including immune cells (e.g., macrophages). This suggests that the mechanism of action of ACTH includes not only steroid-mediated indirect effects, but also direct anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating actions via the melanocortin system. An increased understanding of the role of the melanocortin system, particularly ACTH, in the immune and inflammatory processes underlying relapses may help to improve relapse management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Perrin Ross
- Department of Neurosciences, Loyola University Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
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Stress-triggered changes in peripheral catecholaminergic systems. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2013; 68:359-97. [PMID: 24054153 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-411512-5.00017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system not only regulates cardiovascular and metabolic responses to stress but also is altered by stress. The sympathoneural and sympathoadrenomedullary systems are modified by different metabolic pathways and have different responses to short- and to long-term stressors. Stress also induces nonneuronal catecholamine enzymes, primarily through corticosteroids. Catecholamine synthetic enzymes are induced by different pathways in response to short- and long-term acting stressors, like cold exposure or immobilization, and differently in the sympathetic ganglia and the adrenal medulla. However, a long-term exposure to one stressor can increase the response to a second, different stressor. Tyrosine hydroxylase gene transcription increases after only 5min of immobilization through phosphorylation of CREB, but this response is short lived. However, repeated stress gives a longer-lived response utilizing transcription factors such as Egr-1 and Fra-2. Glucocorticoids and ACTH also induce sympathoneural enzymes leading to distinct patterns of short-term and long-lived activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Nonneuronal phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) develops early in the heart and then diminishes. However, intrinsic cardiac adrenergic cells remain and nonneuronal PNMT is present in many cells of the adult organism and increases in response to glucocorticoids. Both stress-induced and administered glucocorticoids induce fetal PNMT and hypertension. Human stressors such as caring for an ill spouse or sleep apnea cause a persistent increase in blood norepinephrine, increased blood pressure, and downregulated catecholamine receptors. Hypertension is associated with a loss of slow-wave sleep, when sympathetic nerve activity is lowest. These findings indicate that stress-induced alteration of the sympathetic nervous system occurs in man as in experimental animals.
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Arnason BG, Berkovich R, Catania A, Lisak RP, Zaidi M. Mechanisms of action of adrenocorticotropic hormone and other melanocortins relevant to the clinical management of patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2012; 19:130-6. [PMID: 23034287 PMCID: PMC3573675 DOI: 10.1177/1352458512458844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic benefits of adrenocorticotropic hormone in multiple sclerosis are usually ascribed to its corticotropic actions. Evidence is presented that adrenocorticotropic hormone, approved for multiple sclerosis relapses, acts via corticosteroid-independent melanocortin pathways to engender down-modulating actions on immune-system cells and the cytokines they synthesize. Immune response-dampening effects are also brought about by agent-induced neurotransmitters that inhibit immunocytes. The likelihood that adrenocorticotropic hormone promotes microglial quiescence and counteracts glucocorticoid-mediated bone resorption is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry G Arnason
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago Medical Center, IL, USA.
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Pilipović I, Radojević K, Perišić M, Leposavić G. Glucocorticoid-catecholamine interplay within the composite thymopoietic regulatory network. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1261:34-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kalinina TS, Shishkina GT, Dygalo NN. Induction of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Gene Expression by Glucocorticoids in the Perinatal Rat Brain is Age-Dependent. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:811-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0676-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Stettner GM, Fenik VB, Kubin L. Effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia on noradrenergic activation of hypoglossal motoneurons. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 112:305-12. [PMID: 22016369 PMCID: PMC3349609 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00697.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In obstructive sleep apnea patients, elevated activity of the lingual muscles during wakefulness protects the upper airway against occlusions. A possibly related form of respiratory neuroplasticity is present in rats exposed to acute and chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). Since rats exposed to CIH have increased density of noradrenergic terminals and increased α(1)-adrenoceptor immunoreactivity in the hypoglossal (XII) nucleus, we investigated whether these anatomic indexes of increased noradrenergic innervation translate to increased sensitivity of XII motoneurons to noradrenergic activation. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to CIH for 35 days, with O(2) level varying between 24% and 7% with 180-s period for 10 h/day. They were then anesthetized, vagotomized, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated. The dorsal medulla was exposed, and phenylephrine (2 mM, 10 nl) and then the α(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin (0.2 mM, 3 × 40 nl) were microinjected into the XII nucleus while XII nerve activity (XIIa) was recorded. The area under integrated XIIa was measured before and at different times after microinjections. The excitatory effect of phenylephrine on XII motoneurons was similar in sham- and CIH-treated rats. In contrast, spontaneous XIIa was more profoundly reduced following prazosin injections in CIH- than sham-treated rats [to 21 ± 7% (SE) vs. 40 ± 8% of baseline, P < 0.05] without significant changes in central respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure, or heart rate. Thus, consistent with increased neuroanatomic measures of noradrenergic innervation of XII motoneurons following exposure to CIH, prazosin injections revealed a stronger endogenous noradrenergic excitatory drive to XII motoneurons in CIH- than sham-treated anesthetized rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg M Stettner
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6046, USA.
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Serova LI, Nostramo R, Veerasirikul M, Cappell DB, Sabban EL. Varied mechanisms of oestradiol-mediated regulation of dopamine β-hydroxylase transcription. J Neuroendocrinol 2011; 23:168-76. [PMID: 21062376 PMCID: PMC3077094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.02086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Experiments performed in vivo and in cell culture have demonstrated that oestradiol induces dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) gene transcription. In the present study, we examined oestrogen-responsive elements of the rat DBH gene promoter aiming to characterise the mechanisms of oestradiol-induced DBH transcription. Various mutations and deletions of DBH promoter reporter constructs were tested for responsiveness to 17β-oestradiol (E(2) ). Mutation of the half palindromic oestrogen response element (ERE) at position -759 reduced the response to E(2) in PC12 cells co-transfected with oestrogen receptor (ER) α, indicating a functional role for this motif. In cells co-transfected with ERβ, mutations at the -759 site were unresponsive to E(2) . To characterise the additional E(2) responsive elements, mediated by ERα, the DBH promoter was truncated to the proximal 249 or 200 nucleotides upstream of the transcription start site. Despite either truncation, 10 nm E(2) still elicited an approximately two-fold induction of DBH promoter activity. Mutation of a possible ERE-like sequence at -59 had no effect. The lack of a functional ERE in the proximal region of the rat DBH promoter despite E(2) -mediated DBH promoter activity, suggests regulation by a nonclassical mechanism, such as a membrane-initiated signalling pathway. Moreover, the induction of DBH promoter activity and the rise in DBH mRNA levels were observed within hours. To determine whether membrane-initiated E(2) signalling is involved in rat DBH gene transcription, a membrane impermeable E(2) conjugate, β-oestradiol-6-(O-carboxy-methyl) oxime-bovine serum albumin (E(2) BSA), was used. Incubation with E(2) -BSA induced luciferase activity and elicited a significant rise in DBH mRNA levels in the ERα transfected cells. The findings indicate two different mechanisms whereby DBH transcription is regulated by E(2) in the presence of ERα. The results implicate both genomic and membrane-initiated mechanisms, mediated by ERα, in E(2) -induced DBH gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia I Serova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595 USA
| | - Regina Nostramo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595 USA
| | - Mary Veerasirikul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595 USA
| | - Deborah B. Cappell
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Mt Sinai Hospital, New York, NY 10128 USA
| | - Esther L. Sabban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595 USA
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van Schijndel JE, van Zweeden M, van Loo KMJ, Lubbers LJ, Pesman GJ, Sweep FCGJ, Martens GJM. Dopamine susceptibility of APO-SUS rats is not per se coupled to HPA-axis activity. Physiol Behav 2010; 102:121-5. [PMID: 21034754 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A synergistic relationship is thought to exist between hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and dopamine neurotransmission. To test whether a high response to dopamine indeed implies a hyperactive HPA-axis, we here used Wistar rats that were selected twice independently (original and replicate lines) for a high or low susceptibility to the dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine (so-called APO-SUS and APO-UNSUS rats, respectively). The APO-SUS rats from the original line displayed a hyperactive HPA-axis in that higher basal and stress-induced adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels, and lower basal free-corticosterone levels were observed than those found in the original APO-UNSUS rats. In contrast, the activity of the HPA-axis in the APO-SUS rats from the replicate line did not differ from that in the replicate APO-UNSUS rats. Thus, in the APO-SUS/APO-UNSUS rat model the level of HPA-axis activity is not necessarily causally linked to dopamine responsiveness, implying that a hyperactive HPA-axis is not a prerequisite for a high dopaminergic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E van Schijndel
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience & Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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20
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Kim Y, Choi EH, Doo M, Kim JY, Kim CJ, Kim CT, Kim IH. Anti-stress effects of ginseng via down-regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) gene expression in immobilization-stressed rats and PC12 cells. Nutr Res Pract 2010; 4:270-5. [PMID: 20827341 PMCID: PMC2933443 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2010.4.4.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Catecholamines are among the first molecules that displayed a kind of response to prolonged or repeated stress. It is well established that long-term stress leads to the induction of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes such as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) in adrenal medulla. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of ginseng on TH and DBH mRNA expression. Repeated (2 h daily, 14 days) immobilization stress resulted in a significant increase of TH and DBH mRNA levels in rat adrenal medulla. However, ginseng treatment reversed the stress-induced increase of TH and DBH mRNA expression in the immobilization-stressed rats. Nicotine as a ligand of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) in adrenal medulla stimulates catecholamine secretion and activates TH and DBH gene expression. Nicotine treatment increased mRNA levels of TH and DBH by 3.3- and 3.1-fold in PC12 cells. The ginseng total saponin exhibited a significant reversal in the nicotine-induced increase of TH and DBH mRNA expression, decreasing the mRNA levels of TH and DBH by 57.2% and 48.9%, respectively in PC12 cells. In conclusion, immobilization stress induced catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes gene expression, while ginseng appeared to restore homeostasis via suppression of TH and DBH gene expression. In part, the regulatory activity in the TH and DBH gene expression of ginseng may account for the anti-stress action produced by ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangha Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 11-1 Daehyun-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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21
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Leret ML, Rua C, Garcia-Montojo M, Lecumberri M, González JC. Influence of metyrapone treatment during pregnancy on the development and maturation of brain monoaminergic systems in the rat. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2009; 197:333-40. [PMID: 19656124 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2009.02027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study examines the effect of reducing the corticosterone levels of gestating rat dams on the postnatal development and maturation of monoaminergic systems in their offspring's brains. METHODS Metyrapone, an inhibitor of CORT synthesis, was administered to pregnant rats from E0 to E17 of gestation. Monoamine concentrations were determined in male and female offspring at postnatal days (PN) 23 and 90 in the hippocampus, hypothalamus and striatum. RESULTS Reducing maternal corticosterone (mCORT) during gestation led to alterations in dopamine and serotonin levels in all three brain areas studied at PN 23. Alterations persisted until at least PN 90 in the serotonergic systems; the dopamine content of the hippocampus also remained modified. Reduced mCORT during gestation also led to alterations in the development and maturation of the hypothalamic noradrenergic systems. Sexually dimorphic responses were observed in all these monoaminergic systems at different times. CONCLUSION These results suggest that while they are still developing, brain monoaminergic systems are particularly sensitive to epigenetic influences. An adequate foetal level of CORT is required for the normal ontogeny of brain monoaminergic systems. The present data also provide that during the critical period of brain development, maternal CORT plays an important role in the sexual differentiation of monoaminergic systems, with particular influence on brain serotonergic neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Leret
- Department of Animal Physiology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
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Cheng SY, Serova LI, Sabban EL. Immobilization stress elevates intron-containing transcripts for tyrosine hydroxylase in rat superior cervical ganglia indicating transcriptional activation. Stress 2009; 12:544-8. [PMID: 20102321 PMCID: PMC2813454 DOI: 10.3109/10253890802687696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While both the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nervous system are important in mediating the catecholaminergic response to stress, there are crucial differences in the mechanism. Stress elevates tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein and mRNA levels in both the adrenal medulla and sympathetic ganglia. In the adrenal medulla, transcription of the TH gene is rapidly induced with immobilization (IMO) stress. Here, we examine whether IMO also increases TH transcription in the superior cervical ganglia (SCG). Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the changes in TH mRNA and in transcripts containing intron 2. As expected in the adrenal medulla following repeated IMO TH mRNA and intron containing transcripts were elevated about 5-fold. In the SCG, a significant increase in TH mRNA was observed following repeated 2 h IMO for 2 or 6 days, but not with single IMO. The intron 2 containing transcripts were elevated about 50% above controls with even single IMO, and were at similarly elevated levels after the 2nd or 6th repeated daily IMO. The results indicate, for the first time, that transcriptional mechanisms are involved in mediating the IMO stress triggered elevation in TH gene expression in the SCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yuan Cheng
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justices, New York, USA
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23
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2009; 16:260-77. [PMID: 19390324 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32832c937e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kvetnansky R, Sabban EL, Palkovits M. Catecholaminergic systems in stress: structural and molecular genetic approaches. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:535-606. [PMID: 19342614 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressful stimuli evoke complex endocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses that are extremely variable and specific depending on the type and nature of the stressors. We first provide a short overview of physiology, biochemistry, and molecular genetics of sympatho-adrenomedullary, sympatho-neural, and brain catecholaminergic systems. Important processes of catecholamine biosynthesis, storage, release, secretion, uptake, reuptake, degradation, and transporters in acutely or chronically stressed organisms are described. We emphasize the structural variability of catecholamine systems and the molecular genetics of enzymes involved in biosynthesis and degradation of catecholamines and transporters. Characterization of enzyme gene promoters, transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms, transcription factors, gene expression and protein translation, as well as different phases of stress-activated transcription and quantitative determination of mRNA levels in stressed organisms are discussed. Data from catecholamine enzyme gene knockout mice are shown. Interaction of catecholaminergic systems with other neurotransmitter and hormonal systems are discussed. We describe the effects of homotypic and heterotypic stressors, adaptation and maladaptation of the organism, and the specificity of stressors (physical, emotional, metabolic, etc.) on activation of catecholaminergic systems at all levels from plasma catecholamines to gene expression of catecholamine enzymes. We also discuss cross-adaptation and the effect of novel heterotypic stressors on organisms adapted to long-term monotypic stressors. The extra-adrenal nonneuronal adrenergic system is described. Stress-related central neuronal regulatory circuits and central organization of responses to various stressors are presented with selected examples of regulatory molecular mechanisms. Data summarized here indicate that catecholaminergic systems are activated in different ways following exposure to distinct stressful stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kvetnansky
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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25
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Radcliffe PM, Sterling CR, Tank AW. Induction of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA by nicotine in rat midbrain is inhibited by mifepristone. J Neurochem 2009; 109:1272-84. [PMID: 19476543 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Repeated nicotine administration induces tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA in rat midbrain. In this study we investigate the mechanisms responsible for this response using two models of midbrain dopamine neurons, rat ventral midbrain slice explant cultures and mouse MN9D cells. In both models nicotine stimulates TH gene transcription rate in a dose-dependent manner. However, this stimulation is short-lived, lasting for 1 h, but less than 3 h, and is not sufficient to induce TH mRNA or TH protein. Nicotine elevates circulating glucocorticoids, which induce TH expression in some model systems. We tested the hypothesis that the effect of nicotine on midbrain TH mRNA is mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor. When rats are administered the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone, the induction of TH mRNA by nicotine in both substantia nigra and ventral tegmentum is inhibited. Furthermore, the glucocorticoid receptor agonist dexamethasone stimulates TH gene transcription for sustained periods of time in both midbrain slices and MN9D cells, leading to induction of TH mRNA and TH protein. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that nicotine induces TH mRNA in midbrain by elevating glucocorticoids, which then act on glucocorticoid receptors in dopamine neurons leading to transcriptional activation of the TH gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pheona M Radcliffe
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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26
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Hellhammer DH, Wüst S, Kudielka BM. Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34:163-171. [PMID: 19095358 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 989] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Salivary cortisol is frequently used as a biomarker of psychological stress. However, psychobiological mechanisms, which trigger the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) can only indirectly be assessed by salivary cortisol measures. The different instances that control HPAA reactivity (hippocampus, hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenals) and their respective modulators, receptors, or binding proteins, may all affect salivary cortisol measures. Thus, a linear relationship with measures of plasma ACTH and cortisol in blood or urine does not necessarily exist. This is particularly true under response conditions. The present paper addresses several psychological and biological variables, which may account for such dissociations, and aims to help researchers to rate the validity and psychobiological significance of salivary cortisol as an HPAA biomarker of stress in their experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk H Hellhammer
- Psychology, Department of Clinical and Physiological Psychology, University of Trier, Johanniterufer 15, 54290 Trier, Germany.
| | - Stefan Wüst
- Psychology, Department of Clinical and Physiological Psychology, University of Trier, Johanniterufer 15, 54290 Trier, Germany; Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Brigitte M Kudielka
- Psychology, Department of Clinical and Physiological Psychology, University of Trier, Johanniterufer 15, 54290 Trier, Germany; Jacobs Center on Lifelong Learning and Institutional Development, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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