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Robison CL, Madore V, Cova N, Drugan RC, Charntikov S. Individual corticosterone response to intermittent swim stress predicts a shift in economic demand for ethanol from pre- stress to post-stress in male rats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.26.582066. [PMID: 38464299 PMCID: PMC10925097 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.26.582066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between stress exposure and subsequent ethanol use, focusing on individual differences among male rats. We combined operant self-administration with behavioral economics to assess how intermittent swim stress affects ethanol consumption. This approach allowed for a nuanced analysis of the transition from regular ethanol intake to stress-induced escalation in economic demand. Results showed a consistent rise in ethanol demand post-stress among subjects, irrespective of exposure to actual swim stress or a sham procedure. This increase may result from a two-week abstinence or an inherent rise in demand over time. Significantly, we identified a direct link between post-stress corticosterone levels and the demand for ethanol, considering baseline levels. This correlation was particularly pronounced when examining the shifts in both corticosterone levels and demand for ethanol post-stress. However, neither post-stress corticosterone levels nor their change over time correlated significantly with changes in ethanol demand following a forced swim test that was administered 24 hours after the intermittent swim stress test. This suggests potential context-specific or stressor-specific effects. Importantly, pre-stress ethanol demand did not significantly predict the corticosterone response to stress, indicating that high ethanol-demand rats do not inherently exhibit heightened stress sensitivity. Our research brings to light the complex interplay between stress and ethanol consumption, highlighting the critical role of individual differences in this relationship. This research introduces a nuanced perspective, underscoring the need for future studies in the realm of stress and substance use to give greater consideration to individual variability.
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Kahnau P, Mieske P, Wilzopolski J, Kalliokoski O, Mandillo S, Hölter SM, Voikar V, Amfim A, Badurek S, Bartelik A, Caruso A, Čater M, Ey E, Golini E, Jaap A, Hrncic D, Kiryk A, Lang B, Loncarevic-Vasiljkovic N, Meziane H, Radzevičienė A, Rivalan M, Scattoni ML, Torquet N, Trifkovic J, Ulfhake B, Thöne-Reineke C, Diederich K, Lewejohann L, Hohlbaum K. A systematic review of the development and application of home cage monitoring in laboratory mice and rats. BMC Biol 2023; 21:256. [PMID: 37953247 PMCID: PMC10642068 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01751-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditionally, in biomedical animal research, laboratory rodents are individually examined in test apparatuses outside of their home cages at selected time points. However, the outcome of such tests can be influenced by various factors and valuable information may be missed when the animals are only monitored for short periods. These issues can be overcome by longitudinally monitoring mice and rats in their home cages. To shed light on the development of home cage monitoring (HCM) and the current state-of-the-art, a systematic review was carried out on 521 publications retrieved through PubMed and Web of Science. RESULTS Both the absolute (~ × 26) and relative (~ × 7) number of HCM-related publications increased from 1974 to 2020. There was a clear bias towards males and individually housed animals, but during the past decade (2011-2020), an increasing number of studies used both sexes and group housing. In most studies, animals were kept for short (up to 4 weeks) time periods in the HCM systems; intermediate time periods (4-12 weeks) increased in frequency in the years between 2011 and 2020. Before the 2000s, HCM techniques were predominantly applied for less than 12 h, while 24-h measurements have been more frequent since the 2000s. The systematic review demonstrated that manual monitoring is decreasing in relation to automatic techniques but still relevant. Until (and including) the 1990s, most techniques were applied manually but have been progressively replaced by automation since the 2000s. Independent of the year of publication, the main behavioral parameters measured were locomotor activity, feeding, and social behaviors; the main physiological parameters were heart rate and electrocardiography. External appearance-related parameters were rarely examined in the home cages. Due to technological progress and application of artificial intelligence, more refined and detailed behavioral parameters have been investigated in the home cage more recently. CONCLUSIONS Over the period covered in this study, techniques for HCM of mice and rats have improved considerably. This development is ongoing and further progress as well as validation of HCM systems will extend the applications to allow for continuous, longitudinal, non-invasive monitoring of an increasing range of parameters in group-housed small rodents in their home cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Kahnau
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Mieske
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Science of Intelligence, Research Cluster of Excellence, Marchstr. 23, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jenny Wilzopolski
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Berlin, Germany
| | - Otto Kalliokoski
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Silvia Mandillo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabine M Hölter
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Vootele Voikar
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Adriana Amfim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Spiru Haret University, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sylvia Badurek
- Preclinical Phenotyping Facility, Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities (VBCF), member of the Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Aleksandra Bartelik
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Angela Caruso
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Research Coordination and Support Service, Rome, Italy
| | - Maša Čater
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Elodie Ey
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, Illkirch, 67400, France
| | - Elisabetta Golini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Anne Jaap
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Science of Intelligence, Research Cluster of Excellence, Marchstr. 23, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dragan Hrncic
- Institute of Medical Physiology "Richard Burian", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Anna Kiryk
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing of Higher Standard, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Benjamin Lang
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Science of Intelligence, Research Cluster of Excellence, Marchstr. 23, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natasa Loncarevic-Vasiljkovic
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hamid Meziane
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Clinique de La Souris (ICS), CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, 67404, France
| | - Aurelija Radzevičienė
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marion Rivalan
- Research Institute for Experimental Medicine (FEM) and NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Animal Behaviour Phenotyping Facility, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Luisa Scattoni
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Research Coordination and Support Service, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicolas Torquet
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Inserm, IGBMC, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, Illkirch, 67400, France
| | - Julijana Trifkovic
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of East Sarajevo, East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Brun Ulfhake
- Div. Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christa Thöne-Reineke
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Science of Intelligence, Research Cluster of Excellence, Marchstr. 23, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Diederich
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Lewejohann
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Science of Intelligence, Research Cluster of Excellence, Marchstr. 23, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Hohlbaum
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Berlin, Germany.
- Science of Intelligence, Research Cluster of Excellence, Marchstr. 23, 10587, Berlin, Germany.
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Pangemanan L, Irwanto I, Maramis MM. Psychological dominant stressor modification to an animal model of depression with chronic unpredictable mild stress. Vet World 2023; 16:595-600. [PMID: 37041835 PMCID: PMC10082728 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.595-600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) is a protocol widely used to create an animal model of depression with food deprivation, water deprivation, and physical-dominant stressors as routine procedures. However, human depression mainly involves psychological stressors and does not always involve a lack of food and water; thus, CUMS procedures should be modified accordingly. Therefore, this study aimed to create an animal model of depression, mainly focusing on a psychologically dominant stressor without food and water deprivation. Materials and Methods The CUMS and control groups, respectively, received CUMS modification (psychologically dominant stressors without food and water deprivation) for 21 days. A 24-h sucrose preference test (SPT) was used to assess the successful creation of an animal model of depression. Daily food intake measurements, weekly weight monitoring, and weight gain calculations were performed. Either an independent sample t-test or the Mann-Whitney test was used. Results Of the 42 rats included, 39 completed the study. Chronic unpredictable mild stress procedures for 21 days significantly reduced the SPT (p < 0.05), mean body weight (p < 0.05), and weekly weight gain (p < 0.05) in the CUMS group compared to the control group. However, the weekly average food intake did not statistically differ between the two groups. Conclusion Psychological dominant CUMS modification to an animal model of depression resulted in lower SPT, body weight, and weekly weight gain in the CUMS group than in the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Pangemanan
- Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Widya Mandala Catholic University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Irwanto Irwanto
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Corresponding author: Irwanto Irwanto, e-mail: Co-authors: LP: , MMM:
| | - Margarita M. Maramis
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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da Silva RCB, de Barros Viana M, Ribeiro DA. The impact of stress on rat tongue carcinogenesis induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide: some theoretical concepts for scientific debate. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:631-632. [PMID: 35859018 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03339-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Claudia Barbosa da Silva
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Milena de Barros Viana
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil.
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Nguyen KT, Gates CA, Hassell JE, Foxx CL, Salazar SN, Luthens AK, Arnold AL, Elam BL, Elsayed AI, Leblanc M, Adams SC, Lowry CA, Reuter JD. Evaluation of the effects of altitude on biological signatures of inflammation and anxiety- and depressive-like behavioral responses. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 111:110331. [PMID: 33891978 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over sixteen million people suffer from a depressive episode annually in the United States, with females affected at twice the rate of males. Little is known about the effects of exposure to high altitude on the risk of development of major depressive disorder, despite reports of higher suicide rates at higher altitudes. We hypothesize that exposure to hypobaric hypoxia at high altitude increases endophenotypes of self-directed suicidal violence, including biological signatures of chronic inflammation and vulnerability to anxiety-like and depressive-like behavioral responses in a sex-specific manner. Biological signatures of inflammation, including granulocyte:lymphocyte ratios, monocyte cell counts, and monocyte:lymphocyte ratios were assessed using complete blood count data, anhedonia, and anxiety- and depressive-like behavioral responses were evaluated. We assessed biological signatures of inflammation and behavioral responses in the open-field test, sucrose preference test, and modified Porsolt forced swim test in young adult male and female Long-Evans and Sprague Dawley rats. All tests were conducted near sea level (374 ft [114 m] elevation) and at moderate-high altitude (5430 ft [1655 m] elevation) during acclimation periods of one, two, three, four, and five weeks following shipment from a sea level animal breeding facility (N = 320, n = 8 per group). Exposure to moderate-high altitude induced a biological signature of increased inflammation, as evidenced by main effects of altitude for: 1) increased granulocyte:lymphocyte ratio; 2) increased count and relative abundance of circulating monocytes; and 3) increased monocyte:lymphocyte ratios. Exposure to moderate-high altitude also increased anhedonia as assessed in the sucrose preference test in both male and female rats, when data were collapsed across strain and time. Among male and female Long Evans rats, exposure to moderate-high altitude increased immobility in the forced swim test, without changing anxiety-like behaviors in the open-field test. Finally, granulocyte:lymphocyte ratios were correlated with anhedonia in the sucrose preference test. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that hypobaric hypoxia at moderate-high altitude induces persistent endophenotypes of self-directed suicidal violence including biological signatures of inflammation, anhedonia, and depressive-like behavioral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadi T Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Chloé A Gates
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - James E Hassell
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Christine L Foxx
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Stephanie N Salazar
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Amalia K Luthens
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Andrea L Arnold
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Brooke L Elam
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Ahmed I Elsayed
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Mathias Leblanc
- Animal Resources Department, Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Sean C Adams
- Animal Resources Department, Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Jon D Reuter
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Office of Animal Resources, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Abdelwahab LA, Galal OO, Abd El-Rahman SS, El-Brairy AI, Khattab MM, El-Khatib AS. Targeting the oxytocin system to ameliorate early life depressive-like behaviors in maternally-separated rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1445-1457. [PMID: 34349049 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OXT) - "the love hormone" - has been involved in the anti-depressant activity of some selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The exact mechanism underlying the OXT pathway in depression is not fully clear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of OXT analogue, carbetocin (CBT) and the SSRI, escitalopram (ESCIT) on depressive-like behaviors following maternal separation (MS). It is worthy to mention that intranasal CBT has been approved by FDA for Prader-Willi syndrome. Adolescent Wistar albino maternally-separated rats were given CBT, (100 μg/animal/day via inhalation route), and, ESCIT, (20 mg kg-1, po) either alone or in combination for 7 days. Repeated 3-h MS demonstrated increased immobility time in forced swim test (FST) and decreased locomotor activity in open field test. MS elevated plasma level of adrenocortico-trophic hormone (ACTH) but notably reduced plasma OXT, with no effect on hippocampal OXT-R expression. Following MS, hippocampal contents of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors (5HT1A-R), serotonin transporter (SERT) were increased. CBT and ESCIT corrected the behavioral dysfunction in FST and suppressed the high levels of ACTH. Additionally, both treatments boosted OXT level, reduced 5HT1A-R and normalized SERT contents, which reflects increased availability of serotonin. Finally, CBT markedly ameliorated the histopathological damage induced by MS and suppressed the increased glial fibrillary acidic protein. CBT and ESCIT manage depressive-like behavior by positively affecting serotonergic and oxytocinergic systems. Targeting OXT system -using CBT- ameliorated depressive like behaviors induced by maternal separation most probably via enhancing OXT plasma levels, attenuating hormonal ACTH and restoring the expression of hippocampal oxytocin and serotonin mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lobna A Abdelwahab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA)
| | - Omneya O Galal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University (ACU)
| | | | - Amany I El-Brairy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA)
| | - Mahmoud M Khattab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University
| | - Aiman S El-Khatib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University
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Armario A. The forced swim test: Historical, conceptual and methodological considerations and its relationship with individual behavioral traits. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128:74-86. [PMID: 34118295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The forced swim test (FST), developed by Porsolt and collaborators in 1977 to evaluate antidepressant (AD) treatments in rodents, has become extensively used for this purpose and to evaluate depression-like states. Despite its popularity, studies have raised important concerns regarding its theoretical and predictive validity. In my view and that of others, the FST mainly evaluates coping strategies in an inescapable situation. Although it is reasonable to assume that ADs act favoring active coping whereas negative affective states would favor passive coping, this does not mean that only ADs should enhance active coping or that a depression state has developed, respectively. Given its simplicity, proper interpretation of the FST behavior is critically dependent on how FST behavior relates to other behavioral traits. Unfortunately, this issue has been poorly discussed previously. Then, the present review, using a historical perspective, offers information needed to better understand the meaning and limitations of the FST, discusses critical methodological aspects and analyzes the relationship of FST behavior with classical behavioral traits in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Armario
- Institut de Neurociències, Animal Physiology Unit (Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology), Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Campus Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
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8
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Shimizu S, Nakatani Y, Kurose M, Imbe H, Ikeda N, Takagi R, Yamamura K, Okamoto K. Modulatory effects of repeated psychophysical stress on masseter muscle nociception in the nucleus raphe magnus of rats. J Oral Sci 2020; 62:231-235. [PMID: 32074544 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.19-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Psychophysical stress can cause neural changes that increase nociception in the orofacial region, particularly the masseter muscle (MM). The nucleus raphe magnus (NRM), which is located in the brain stem, serves the crucial role of regulating nociception through descending modulatory pain control. However, it remains unclear if neural activities in the NRM are affected under psychophysical stress conditions. This study conducted experiments to assess (1) whether neural activity, indicated by Fos expression in an NRM that has experienced MM injury, is affected by the stress of repeated forced swim tests (FST); and (2) whether the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine administered daily after an FST could affect the number of Fos-positive neurons in the NRM. Results revealed that the stress from repeated FSTs significantly increased the number of Fos-positive neurons in an NRM that had been affected by MM injury. Fluoxetine inhibited increases in the number of Fos-positive neurons in the NRM that occurred as a result of FSTs, but this was not observed in sham rats. These findings indicate that the stress from FSTs could increase nociceptive neural activity in an NRM that has experienced MM injury. This could be due, in part, to changes in serotonergic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Shimizu
- Division of Oral Physiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences.,Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Yosuke Nakatani
- Division of Oral Physiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences.,Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Masayuki Kurose
- Division of Oral Physiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Hiroki Imbe
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University
| | - Nobuyuki Ikeda
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Ritsuo Takagi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Kensuke Yamamura
- Division of Oral Physiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Keiichiro Okamoto
- Division of Oral Physiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
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Reinebrant HE, Wixey JA, Buller KM. Hypoxia-ischemia in the immature rodent brain impairs serotonergic neuronal function in certain dorsal raphé nuclei. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:457-463. [PMID: 31571657 PMCID: PMC6921336 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.266067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) results in losses of serotonergic neurons in specific dorsal raphé nuclei. However, not all serotonergic raphé neurons are lost and it is therefore important to assess the function of remaining neurons in order to understand their potential to contribute to neurological disorders in the HI-affected neonate. The main objective of this study was to determine how serotonergic neurons, remaining in the dorsal raphé nuclei after neonatal HI, respond to an external stimulus (restraint stress). On postnatal day 3 (P3), male rat pups were randomly allocated to one of the following groups: (i) control + no restraint (n = 5), (ii) control + restraint (n = 6), (iii) P3 HI + no restraint (n = 5) or (iv) P3 HI + restraint (n = 7). In the two HI groups, rat pups underwent surgery to ligate the common carotid artery and were then exposed to 6% O2 for 30 minutes. Six weeks after P3 HI, on P45, rats were subjected to restraint stress for 30 minutes. Using dual immunolabeling for Fos protein, a marker for neuronal activity, and serotonin (5-hydroxytrypamine; 5-HT), numbers of Fos-positive 5-HT neurons were determined in five dorsal raphé nuclei. We found that restraint stress alone increased numbers of Fos-positive 5-HT neurons in all five dorsal raphé nuclei compared to control animals. However, following P3 HI, the number of stress-induced Fos-positive 5-HT neurons was decreased significantly in the dorsal raphé ventrolateral, interfascicular and ventral nuclei compared with control animals exposed to restraint stress. In contrast, numbers of stress-induced Fos-positive 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphé dorsal and caudal nuclei were not affected by P3 HI. These data indicate that not only are dorsal raphé serotonergic neurons lost after neonatal HI, but also remaining dorsal raphé serotonergic neurons have reduced differential functional viability in response to an external stimulus. Procedures were approved by the University of Queensland Animal Ethics Committee (UQCCR958/08/NHMRC) on February 27, 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna E Reinebrant
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Julie A Wixey
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kathryn M Buller
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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10
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Hale MW, Lukkes JL, Dady KF, Kelly KJ, Paul ED, Smith DG, Heinze JD, Raison CL, Lowry CA. Interactions between whole-body heating and citalopram on body temperature, antidepressant-like behaviour, and neurochemistry in adolescent male rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 359:428-439. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Two models of inescapable stress increase tph2 mRNA expression in the anxiety-related dorsomedial part of the dorsal raphe nucleus. Neurobiol Stress 2018. [PMID: 29520369 PMCID: PMC5842308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of TPH2, the rate-limiting enzyme for brain serotonin synthesis, is elevated in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) of depressed suicide victims. One hypothesis is that this increase in TPH2 expression is stress-induced. Here, we used an established animal model to address whether exposure to an acute stressor, inescapable tail shock (IS), increases tph2 mRNA and Tph2 protein expression, and if IS sensitizes the DR to a subsequent, heterotypic stressor. In Experiment 1, we measured tph2 mRNA expression 4 h after IS or home cage (HC) control conditions in male rats, using in situ hybridization histochemistry. In Experiment 2, we measured Tph2 protein expression 12 h or 24 h after IS using western blot. In Experiment 3, we measured tph2 mRNA expression following IS on Day 1, and cold swim stress (10 min, 15 °C) on Day 2. Inescapable tail shock was sufficient to increase tph2 mRNA expression 4 h and 28 h later, selectively in the dorsomedial DR (caudal aspect of the dorsal DR, cDRD; an area just rostral to the caudal DR, DRC) and increased Tph2 protein expression in the DRD (rostral and caudal aspects of the dorsal DR combined) 24 h later. Cold swim increased tph2 mRNA expression in the dorsomedial DR (cDRD) 4 h later. These effects were associated with increased immobility during cold swim, elevated plasma corticosterone, and a proinflammatory plasma cytokine milieu (increased interleukin (IL)-6, decreased IL-10). Our data demonstrate that two models of inescapable stress, IS and cold swim, increase tph2 mRNA expression selectively in the anxiety-related dorsomedial DR (cDRD).
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Acute Administration of the Nonpathogenic, Saprophytic Bacterium, Mycobacterium vaccae, Induces Activation of Serotonergic Neurons in the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus and Antidepressant-Like Behavior in Association with Mild Hypothermia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:289-304. [PMID: 29134419 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0564-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral immune activation can have profound physiologic and behavioral effects. One mechanism through which immune activation may affect physiology and behavior is through actions on brainstem neuromodulatory systems, such as serotonergic systems. To test this hypothesis, in Experiment 1, adult male BALB/c mice were implanted with telemetric recording devices and then immunized with Mycobacterium vaccae NCTC 11659 (0.1 mg, s.c.; Days - 28, - 14; N = 36). On Day 1, mice received an acute challenge with M. vaccae (0.1 mg, s.c.) or borate-buffered saline vehicle. Core body temperature and locomotor activity recordings were conducted during a 36 h period beginning 24 h prior to challenge; 12 h following acute challenge, mice were either tested in a 6-min forced swim test, or served as home cage controls (n = 9 per group). In Experiment 2, the protocol was repeated, but with the aim of assessing c-Fos expression in brainstem serotonergic neurons, assessed 90 min following exposure to forced swim (N = 32; n = 8 per group). In Experiment 1, acute M. vaccae challenge in M. vaccae-immunized mice, relative to vehicle-challenged controls, decreased locomotor activity and core body temperature measured 3 h following challenge, as measured by continuous telemetric recordings, and decreased immobility in the forced swim test measured 12 h following challenge. In Experiment 2, acute M. vaccae challenge in M. vaccae-immunized mice decreased home cage locomotion, in alignment with findings in Experiment 1, as measured by video-based behavioral analysis, and, among mice exposed to the forced swim test, increased c-Fos expression in subsets of serotonergic neurons within the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) measured 13.5 h following challenge. Together, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that acute peripheral immune activation with a heat-killed preparation of M. vaccae transiently induces mild hypothermia in association with suppression of locomotor activity, activates subsets of serotonergic neurons in the DR, and induces antidepressant-like behavioral responses.
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Whole-body hyperthermia and a subthreshold dose of citalopram act synergistically to induce antidepressant-like behavioral responses in adolescent rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 79:162-168. [PMID: 28619470 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Open and randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials have demonstrated clinical efficacy of infrared whole-body hyperthermia in treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Demonstration of antidepressant-like behavioral effects of whole-body hyperthermia in preclinical rodent models would provide further support for the clinical use of infrared whole-body hyperthermia for the treatment of MDD, and would provide additional opportunities to explore underlying mechanisms. METHODS Adolescent male Wistar rats were habituated daily for 7days to an incubator (23°C, 15min), then exposed, 24h later, to an 85-min period of whole-body hyperthermia (37°C) or control conditions (23°C), with or without pretreatment with a subthreshold dose of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, citalopram (5mg/kg, s.c., 23h, 5h, and 1h before behavioral testing in a 5-min forced swim test). Rectal temperature was monitored daily and immediately before and after the forced swim test to determine the relationship between body temperature and antidepressant-like behavioral responses. RESULTS Whole-body hyperthermia and citalopram independently increased body temperature and acted synergistically to induce antidepressant-like behavioral responses, as measured by increased swimming and decreased immobility in the absence of any effect on climbing behaviors in the forced swim test, consistent with a serotonergic mechanism of action. CONCLUSIONS Preclinical data support use of infrared whole-body hyperthermia in the treatment of MDD.
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Liu YY, Zhou XY, Yang LN, Wang HY, Zhang YQ, Pu JC, Liu LX, Gui SW, Zeng L, Chen JJ, Zhou CJ, Xie P. Social defeat stress causes depression-like behavior with metabolite changes in the prefrontal cortex of rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176725. [PMID: 28453574 PMCID: PMC5409051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a serious mental disorder with high morbidity and mortality. The role of social stress in the development of depression remains unclear. Here, we used the social defeat stress paradigm to induce depression-like behavior in rats, then evaluated the behavior of the rats and measured metabolic changes in the prefrontal cortex using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Within the first week after the social defeat procedure, the sucrose preference test (SPT), open field test (OFT), elevated plus maze (EPM) and forced swim test (FST) were conducted to examine the depressive-like and anxiety-like behaviors. For our metabolite analysis, multivariate statistics were applied to observe the distribution of all samples and to differentiate the socially defeated group from the control group. Ingenuity pathway analysis was used to find the potential relationships among the differential metabolites. In the OFT and EPM, there were no significant differences between the two experimental groups. In the SPT and FST, socially defeated rats showed less sucrose intake and longer immobility time compared with control rats. Metabolic profiling identified 25 significant variables with good predictability. Ingenuity pathways analysis revealed that “Hereditary Disorder, Neurological Disease, Lipid Metabolism” was the most significantly altered network. Stress-induced alterations of low molecular weight metabolites were observed in the prefrontal cortex of rats. Particularly, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and energy metabolism were significantly perturbed. The results of this study suggest that repeated social defeat can lead to metabolic changes and depression-like behavior in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yun Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Ning Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hai-Yang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun-Cai Pu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lan-Xiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Si-Wen Gui
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian-Jun Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chan-Juan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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Glover ME, Clinton SM. Of rodents and humans: A comparative review of the neurobehavioral effects of early life SSRI exposure in preclinical and clinical research. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 51:50-72. [PMID: 27165448 PMCID: PMC4930157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been a mainstay pharmacological treatment for women experiencing depression during pregnancy and postpartum for the past 25 years. SSRIs act via blockade of the presynaptic serotonin transporter and result in a transient increase in synaptic serotonin. Long-lasting changes in cellular function such as serotonergic transmission, neurogenesis, and epigenetics, are thought to underlie the therapeutic benefits of SSRIs. In recent years, though, growing evidence in clinical and preclinical settings indicate that offspring exposed to SSRIs in utero or as neonates exhibit long-lasting behavioral adaptions. Clinically, children exposed to SSRIs in early life exhibit increased internalizing behavior reduced social behavior, and increased risk for depression in adolescence. Similarly, rodents exposed to SSRIs perinatally exhibit increased traits of anxiety- or depression-like behavior. Furthermore, certain individuals appear to be more susceptible to early life SSRI exposure than others, suggesting that perinatal SSRI exposure may pose greater risks for negative outcome within certain populations. Although SSRIs trigger a number of intracellular processes that likely contribute to their therapeutic effects, early life antidepressant exposure during critical neurodevelopmental periods may elicit lasting negative effects in offspring. In this review, we cover the basic development and structure of the serotonin system, how the system is affected by early life SSRI exposure, and the behavioral outcomes of perinatal SSRI exposure in both clinical and preclinical settings. We review recent evidence indicating that perinatal SSRI exposure perturbs the developing limbic system, including altered serotonergic transmission, neurogenesis, and epigenetic processes in the hippocampus, which may contribute to behavioral domains (e.g., sociability, cognition, anxiety, and behavioral despair) that are affected by perinatal SSRI treatment. Identifying the molecular mechanisms that underlie the deleterious behavioral effects of perinatal SSRI exposure may highlight biological mechanisms in the etiology of mood disorders. Moreover, because recent studies suggest that certain individuals may be more susceptible to the negative consequences of early life SSRI exposure than others, understanding mechanisms that drive such susceptibility could lead to individualized treatment strategies for depressed women who are or plan to become pregnant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah M Clinton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alabama-Birmingham, USA.
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