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Zhang Y, Chu JMT, Wong GTC. Cerebral Glutamate Regulation and Receptor Changes in Perioperative Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Dysfunction. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040597. [PMID: 35454185 PMCID: PMC9029551 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and is intricately linked to learning and memory. Its activity depends on the expression of AMPA and NMDA receptors and excitatory amino transporters on neurons and glial cells. Glutamate transporters prevent the excess accumulation of glutamate in synapses, which can lead to aberrant synaptic signaling, excitotoxicity, or cell death. Neuroinflammation can occur acutely after surgical trauma and contributes to the development of perioperative neurocognitive disorders, which are characterized by impairment in multiple cognitive domains. In this review, we aim to examine how glutamate handling and glutamatergic function are affected by neuroinflammation and their contribution to cognitive impairment. We will first summarize the current data regarding glutamate in neurotransmission, its receptors, and their regulation and trafficking. We will then examine the impact of inflammation on glutamate handling and neurotransmission, focusing on changes in glial cells and the effect of cytokines. Finally, we will discuss these changes in the context of perioperative neuroinflammation and the implications they have for perioperative neurocognitive disorders.
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Wang XY, Liu WG, Hou AS, Song YX, Ma YL, Wu XD, Cao JB, Mi WD. Dysfunction of EAAT3 Aggravates LPS-Induced Post-Operative Cognitive Dysfunction. Membranes 2022; 12:membranes12030317. [PMID: 35323793 PMCID: PMC8951453 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12030317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Numerous results have revealed an association between inhibited function of excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3) and several neurodegenerative diseases. This was also corroborated by our previous studies which showed that the EAAT3 function was intimately linked to learning and memory. With this premise, we examined the role of EAAT3 in post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) and explored the potential benefit of riluzole in countering POCD in the present study. We first established a recombinant adeno-associated-viral (rAAV)-mediated shRNA to knockdown SLC1A1/EAAT3 expression in the hippocampus of adult male mice. The mice then received an intracerebroventricular microinjection of 2 μg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to construct the POCD model. In addition, for old male mice, 4 mg/kg of riluzole was intraperitoneally injected for three consecutive days, with the last injection administered 2 h before the LPS microinjection. Cognitive function was assessed using the Morris water maze 24 h following the LPS microinjection. Animal behavioral tests, as well as pathological and biochemical assays, were performed to clarify the role of EAAT3 function in POCD and evaluate the effect of activating the EAAT3 function by riluzole. In the present study, we established a mouse model with hippocampal SLC1A1/EAAT3 knockdown and found that hippocampal SLC1A1/EAAT3 knockdown aggravated LPS-induced learning and memory deficits in adult male mice. Meanwhile, LPS significantly inhibited the expression of EAAT3 membrane protein and the phosphorylation level of GluA1 protein in the hippocampus of adult male mice. Moreover, riluzole pretreatment significantly increased the expression of hippocampal EAAT3 membrane protein and also ameliorated LPS-induced cognitive impairment in elderly male mice. Taken together, our results demonstrated that the dysfunction of EAAT3 is an important risk factor for POCD susceptibility and therefore, it may become a promising target for POCD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Wang
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing 100853, China; (X.-Y.W.); (W.-G.L.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Wen-Gang Liu
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing 100853, China; (X.-Y.W.); (W.-G.L.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; (A.-S.H.); (Y.-X.S.); (Y.-L.M.); (X.-D.W.)
| | - Ai-Sheng Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; (A.-S.H.); (Y.-X.S.); (Y.-L.M.); (X.-D.W.)
| | - Yu-Xiang Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; (A.-S.H.); (Y.-X.S.); (Y.-L.M.); (X.-D.W.)
| | - Yu-Long Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; (A.-S.H.); (Y.-X.S.); (Y.-L.M.); (X.-D.W.)
| | - Xiao-Dong Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; (A.-S.H.); (Y.-X.S.); (Y.-L.M.); (X.-D.W.)
| | - Jiang-Bei Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; (A.-S.H.); (Y.-X.S.); (Y.-L.M.); (X.-D.W.)
- Correspondence: (J.-B.C.); (W.-D.M.)
| | - Wei-Dong Mi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; (A.-S.H.); (Y.-X.S.); (Y.-L.M.); (X.-D.W.)
- Correspondence: (J.-B.C.); (W.-D.M.)
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3
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Grecco GG, Haggerty DL, Doud EH, Fritz BM, Yin F, Hoffman H, Mosley AL, Simpson E, Liu Y, Baucum AJ, Atwood BK. A multi-omic analysis of the dorsal striatum in an animal model of divergent genetic risk for alcohol use disorder. J Neurochem 2020; 157:1013-1031. [PMID: 33111353 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of selectively bred high and low alcohol-preferring mice (HAP and LAP, respectively) has allowed for an assessment of the polygenetic risk for pathological alcohol consumption and phenotypes associated with alcohol use disorder (AUD). Accumulating evidence indicates that the dorsal striatum (DS) is a central node in the neurocircuitry underlying addictive processes. Therefore, knowledge of differential gene, protein, and phosphorylated protein expression in the DS of HAP and LAP mice may foster new insights into how aberrant DS functioning may contribute to AUD-related phenotypes. To begin to elucidate these basal differences, a complementary and integrated analysis of DS tissue from alcohol-naïve male and female HAP and LAP mice was performed using RNA sequencing, quantitative proteomics, and phosphoproteomics. These datasets were subjected to a thorough analysis of gene ontology, pathway enrichment, and hub gene assessment. Analyses identified 2,108, 390, and 521 significant differentially expressed genes, proteins, and phosphopeptides, respectively between the two lines. Network analyses revealed an enrichment in the differential expression of genes, proteins, and phosphorylated proteins connected to cellular organization, cytoskeletal protein binding, and pathways involved in synaptic transmission and functioning. These findings suggest that the selective breeding to generate HAP and LAP mice may lead to a rearrangement of synaptic architecture which could alter DS neurotransmission and plasticity differentially between mouse lines. These rich datasets will serve as an excellent resource to inform future studies on how inherited differences in gene, protein, and phosphorylated protein expression contribute to AUD-related phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G Grecco
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David L Haggerty
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Emma H Doud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brandon M Fritz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Fuqin Yin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hunter Hoffman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Amber L Mosley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Edward Simpson
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Anthony J Baucum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brady K Atwood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Bhardwaj A, Bhardwaj R, Dhawan DK, Kaur T. Exploring the Effect of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Inhibition by 4-Phenylbutyric Acid on AMPA-Induced Hippocampal Excitotoxicity in Rat Brain. Neurotox Res 2018; 35:83-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9932-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Samuel N, Taub A, Paz R, Raz A. Implicit aversive memory under anaesthesia in animal models: a narrative review. Br J Anaesth 2018; 121:219-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Underhill SM, Ingram SL, Ahmari SE, Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Amara SG. Neuronal excitatory amino acid transporter EAAT3: Emerging functions in health and disease. Neurochem Int 2018; 123:69-76. [PMID: 29800605 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Underhill
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Susan L Ingram
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Susanne E Ahmari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Room 227, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Mail Unit 78, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Susan G Amara
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Lu Z, Sun J, Xin Y, Chen K, Ding W, Wang Y. Sevoflurane-induced memory impairment in the postnatal developing mouse brain. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:4097-4104. [PMID: 29731813 PMCID: PMC5920718 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to confirm that sevoflurane induces memory impairment in the postnatal developing mouse brain and determine its mechanism of action. C57BL/6 mice 7 days old were randomly assigned into a 2.6% sevoflurane (n=68), a 1.3% sevoflurane (n=68) and a control (n=38) group. Blood gas analysis was performed to evaluate hypoxia and respiratory depression during anesthesia in 78 mice. Measurements for expression of caspase-3 by immunohistochemistry, cleavage of poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase (PARP) by western blotting, as well as levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tyrosine kinase receptor type 2 (Ntrk2), pro-BDNF, p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed in the hippocampus of 12 mice from each group. A total of 60 mice underwent the Morris water maze (MWM) test. Results from the MWM test indicated that the time spent in the northwest quadrant and platform site crossovers by mice in the 2.6 and 1.3% sevoflurane groups was significantly lower than that of the control group. Meanwhile, levels of caspase-3 and cleaved PARP in the 2.6 and 1.3% sevoflurane groups were significantly higher than that in the control group. Levels of pro-BDNF and p75NTR were significantly increased and the level of PKB/Akt was significantly decreased following exposure to 2.6% sevoflurane. Finally, the memory of postnatal mice was impaired by sevoflurane, this was determined using a MWM test. Therefore, the results of the current study suggest that caspase-3 induced cleavage of PARP, as well as pro-BDNF, p75NTR and PKB/Akt may be important in sevoflurane-induced memory impairment in the postnatal developing mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Lu
- Department of Anesthesia, Rui Jin Hospital Luwan Branch, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200020, P.R. China
| | - Jihui Sun
- Department of Anesthesia, Rui Jin Hospital Luwan Branch, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200020, P.R. China
| | - Yichun Xin
- Department of Anesthesia, Rui Jin Hospital Luwan Branch, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200020, P.R. China
| | - Ken Chen
- Department of Anesthesia, Rui Jin Hospital Luwan Branch, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200020, P.R. China
| | - Wen Ding
- Department of Anesthesia, Rui Jin Hospital Luwan Branch, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200020, P.R. China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, Shanghai Jing'an District Shibei Hospital, Shanghai 200443, P.R. China
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Guo NL, Zhang JX, Wu JP, Xu YH. Isoflurane promotes glucose metabolism through up-regulation of miR-21 and suppresses mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in ovarian cancer cells. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170818. [PMID: 28951521 DOI: 10.1042/BSR20170818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal gynecologic malignancies in women. Isoflurane is one of the volatile anesthetics used extensively for inhalational anesthesia and gynecological surgery. However, the effects of isoflurane on ovarian cancer have not been fully elucidated. It is widely studied that one of the biochemical fingerprints of cancer cells is the altered energy metabolism which is characterized by preferential dependence on glycolysis for energy production in an oxygen-independent manner. In the present study, we explored the roles of isoflurane in the regulation of cellular metabolism of ovarian cancer cells. We observed the glucose uptake, lactate production and extracellular acidification of two ovarian cancer cell lines, SKOV3 and TOV21G were significantly stimulated by isoflurane treatments at 1 and 2 h. The glycolysis enzymes, HK2, PKM2, and LDHA were up-regulated by isoflurane. We report that miR-21 was induced by isoflurane treatments in ovarian cancer cells, leading to the elevated AKT phosphorylation and up-regulation of glycolysis enzymes. In contrast, the mitochondrial functions were suppressed by isoflurane treatments: the oxygen consumption, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and activities of complex I, II, and IV on the electron transport chain were significantly decreased under isoflurane treatments. Importantly, ovarian cancer cells become hypersensitive to glycolysis inhibitors with isoflurane pretreatments. The present study demonstrates that isoflurane treatments drive a metabolic switch of ovarian cancer cells and contributes to the discovery and development of clinical therapeutic agents against ovarian cancer.
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Fontana ACK. Drugs to Alter Extracellular Concentration of Glutamate: Modulators of Glutamate Uptake Systems. In: Parrot S, Denoroy L, editors. Biochemical Approaches for Glutamatergic Neurotransmission. New York: Springer; 2018. pp. 169-225. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7228-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wu J, Gao L, Shang L, Wang G, Wei N, Chu T, Chen S, Zhang Y, Huang J, Wang J, Lin R. Ecdysterones from Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin reduce hippocampal excitotoxic cell loss and upregulate mTOR signaling in rats. Fitoterapia 2017; 119:158-167. [PMID: 28373010 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity is a key pathological mechanism in many neurological disease states. Ecdysterones derived from Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin (RCI) have been shown to alleviate glutamate-induced neuronal damage; although their mechanism of action is unclear, some data suggest that they enhance signaling in the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. This study sought to elucidate the mechanisms underlying ecdysterone-mediated neuroprotection. We used in silico target prediction and simulation methods to identify putative ecdysterone binding targets, and to specifically identify those that represent nodes where several neurodegenerative diseases converge. We then used histological analyses in a rat hippocampal excitotoxicity model to test the effectiveness of ecdysterones in vivo. We found that RCI-derived ecdysterones should bind to glutamatergic NMDA-type receptors (NMDARs); specifically, in vivo modeling showed binding to the GRIN2B subunit of NMDARs, which was found also to be a node of convergence in several neurodegenerative disease pathways. Computerized network construction by using pathway information from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database showed putative links between GRIN2B and mTOR pathway elements including phosphoinositide-3kinase (PI3K), mTOR, and protein kinase C (PKC); these elements are associated with neuronal survival. Brain tissue western blots of ecdysterone-treated rats showed upregulated PI3K, Akt, mTOR, and phosphorylated Akt and mTOR, and down regulated GRIN2B and the apoptotic enzyme cleaved caspase-3. Ecdysterone treatment also prevented glutamate-induced rat hippocampal cell loss. In summary, RCI-derived ecdysterones appear to prevent glutamatergic excitotoxicity by increasing mTOR/Akt/PI3K signaling activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiming Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Le Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lei Shang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Guihua Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Nana Wei
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tiantian Chu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Suping Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yujun Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jian Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Jinhui Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China.
| | - Ruichao Lin
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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Bjørn-Yoshimoto WE, Underhill SM. The importance of the excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3). Neurochem Int 2016; 98:4-18. [PMID: 27233497 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3) is fairly ubiquitously expressed in the brain, though it does not necessarily maintain the same function everywhere. It is important in maintaining low local concentrations of glutamate, where its predominant post-synaptic localization can buffer nearby glutamate receptors and modulate excitatory neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. It is also the main neuronal cysteine uptake system acting as the rate-limiting factor for the synthesis of glutathione, a potent antioxidant, in EAAT3 expressing neurons, while on GABAergic neurons, it is important in supplying glutamate as a precursor for GABA synthesis. Several diseases implicate EAAT3, and modulation of this transporter could prove a useful therapeutic approach. Regulation of EAAT3 could be targeted at several points for functional modulation, including the level of transcription, trafficking and direct pharmacological modulation, and indeed, compounds and experimental treatments have been identified that regulate EAAT3 function at different stages, which together with observations of EAAT3 regulation in patients is giving us insight into the endogenous function of this transporter, as well as the consequences of altered function. This review summarizes work done on elucidating the role and regulation of EAAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walden E Bjørn-Yoshimoto
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Suzanne M Underhill
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive Room 3A: 210 MSC3742, Bethesda, MD 20892-3742, USA.
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