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Pathophysiology of Post-Traumatic Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121753. [PMID: 36551181 PMCID: PMC9775491 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trigeminal nerve injury is one of the causes of chronic orofacial pain. Patients suffering from this condition have a significantly reduced quality of life. The currently available management modalities are associated with limited success. This article reviews some of the common causes and clinical features associated with post-traumatic trigeminal neuropathic pain (PTNP). A cascade of events in the peripheral and central nervous system function is involved in the pathophysiology of pain following nerve injuries. Central and peripheral processes occur in tandem and may often be co-dependent. Due to the complexity of central mechanisms, only peripheral events contributing to the pathophysiology have been reviewed in this article. Future investigations will hopefully help gain insight into trigeminal-specific events in the pathophysiology of the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain secondary to nerve injury and enable the development of new therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chul Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University
| | - Atsushi Yoshida
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
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Yang L, Ding W, You Z, Yang J, Shen S, Doheny JT, Chen L, Li R, Mao J. Alleviation of trigeminal neuropathic pain by electroacupuncture: the role of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel protein expression in the Gasserian ganglion. Acupunct Med 2019; 37:192-198. [PMID: 30977667 DOI: 10.1177/0964528419841614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to examine the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on trigeminal neuropathic pain in rats and explore the potential mechanism underlying the putative therapeutic effect of EA. METHODS Trigeminal neuropathic pain behavior was induced in rats by unilateral chronic constriction injury of the distal infraorbital nerve (dIoN-CCI). EA was administered at ST2 (Sibai) and Jiachengjiang. A total of 60 Sprague Dawley rats were divided into the following four groups (n = 15 per group) to examine the behavioral outcomes after surgery and/or EA treatment: sham (no ligation); dIoN-CCI (received isoflurane only, without EA treatment); dIoN-CCI+EA-7d (received EA treatment for 7 days); and dIoN-CCI+EA-14d (received EA treatment for 14 days). Both evoked and spontaneous nociceptive behaviors were measured. Of these, 12 rats (n = 4 from sham, dIoN-CCI, and dIoN-CCI+EA-14d groups, respectively) were used to analyze protein expression of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel in the Gasserian ganglion (GG) by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS dIoN-CCI rats exhibited mechanical allodynia and increased face-grooming activity that lasted at least 35 days. EA treatment reduced mechanical allodynia and face-grooming in dIoN-CCI rats. Overall, 14 days of EA treatment produced a prolonged anti-nociceptive effect as compared to 7-day EA treatment. The counts of HCN1 and HCN2 immunopositive puncta were increased in the ipsilateral GG in dIoN-CCI rats and were reduced by 14 days of EA treatment. DISCUSSION EA treatment relieved trigeminal neuropathic pain in dIoN-CCI rats, and this effect was dependent on the duration of EA treatment. The downregulation of HCN expression may contribute to the anti-nociceptive effect of EA in this rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyue Yang
- 1 School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,2 MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weihua Ding
- 2 MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zerong You
- 2 MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinsheng Yang
- 2 MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shiqian Shen
- 2 MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason T Doheny
- 2 MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lucy Chen
- 2 MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruhui Li
- 1 School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianren Mao
- 2 MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
The trigeminal sensory nerve fiber branches supply afferent information from the skin and mucous membranes of the face and head and the oral cavity regarding information on temperature, touch, and pain. Under normal conditions, the trigeminal nerve serves to provide important information from nerve fibers and tissues using specialized receptors sensitive for irritant and painful stimuli. The current scientific consensus indicates that nerve endings responsible for chemical and thermal sensitivity of the skin and mucous membranes are the same nerves responsible for nociception. This "chemesthetic sense" allows many vertebrates to detect chemical agonists that induce sensations such as touch, burning, stinging, tingling, or changes in temperature. Research has been under way for many years to determine how exposure of the oral and/or nasal cavity to compounds that elicit pungent or irritant sensations can produce these sensations. In addition, these chemicals can alter other sensory information such as taste and smell to affect the flavor of foods and beverages. We now know that these 'chemesthetic molecules' are agonists of molecular receptors, which exist on primary afferent nerve fibers that innervate the orofacial area. However, under pathophysiologic conditions, over- or underexpression or activity of these receptors may lead to painful orotrigeminal syndromes. Some of these individual receptors are discussed in detail, including transient receptor potential channels and acid sensing ion channels, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H Klein
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States. //
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Kawasaki Y, Saito M, Won J, Bae JY, Sato H, Toyoda H, Kuramoto E, Kogo M, Tanaka T, Kaneko T, Oh SB, Bae YC, Kang Y. Inhibition of GluR Current in Microvilli of Sensory Neurons via Na +-Microdomain Coupling Among GluR, HCN Channel, and Na +/K + Pump. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:113. [PMID: 29740287 PMCID: PMC5928758 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamatergic dendritic EPSPs evoked in cortical pyramidal neurons are depressed by activation of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels expressed in dendritic spines. This depression has been attributed to shunting effects of HCN current (Ih) on input resistance or Ih deactivation. Primary sensory neurons in the rat mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN) have the somata covered by spine-like microvilli that express HCN channels. In rat MTN neurons, we demonstrated that Ih enhancement apparently diminished the glutamate receptor (GluR) current (IGluR) evoked by puff application of glutamate/AMPA and enhanced a transient outward current following IGluR (OT-IGluR). This suggests that some outward current opposes inward IGluR. The IGluR inhibition displayed a U-shaped voltage-dependence with a minimal inhibition around the resting membrane potential, suggesting that simple shunting effects or deactivation of Ih cannot explain the U-shaped voltage-dependence. Confocal imaging of Na+ revealed that GluR activation caused an accumulation of Na+ in the microvilli, which can cause a negative shift of the reversal potential for Ih (Eh). Taken together, it was suggested that IGluR evoked in MTN neurons is opposed by a transient decrease or increase in standing inward or outward Ih, respectively, both of which can be caused by negative shifts of Eh, as consistent with the U-shaped voltage-dependence of the IGluR inhibition and the OT-IGluR generation. An electron-microscopic immunohistochemical study revealed the colocalization of HCN channels and glutamatergic synapses in microvilli of MTN neurons, which would provide a morphological basis for the functional interaction between HCN and GluR channels. Mathematical modeling eliminated the possibilities of the involvements of Ih deactivation and/or shunting effect and supported the negative shift of Eh which causes the U-shaped voltage-dependent inhibition of IGluR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kawasaki
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Saito
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jonghwa Won
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Bae
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hajime Sato
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Toyoda
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eriko Kuramoto
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mikihiko Kogo
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuma Tanaka
- Department of Computational Intelligence and Systems Science, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kaneko
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seog Bae Oh
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Chul Bae
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Youngnam Kang
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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He Q, Yu YL, Li GH, Chen S. The Dome Wall of Bladder Acts as a Pacemaker Site in Detrusor Instability in Rats. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:2400-2407. [PMID: 28528343 PMCID: PMC5448627 DOI: 10.12659/msm.904406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to confirm that the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) in the dome wall of the bladder are pacemaker cells, and that the dome wall of the bladder acts as a pacemaker site in the detrusor instability (DI) rat model. MATERIAL AND METHODS The model of DI in Wistar rats was established and urodynamic studies measuring the bladder volume and pressure were performed. The detrusor excitability was investigated using the amplitude and frequency of phasic contraction of strips. The localization and quantity of ICCs was identified by immunohistochemistry and c-KIT protein expression in the rat bladder. PCR assay and Western blot were used to assess the expression of HCN2 and Cx43. RESULTS The bladder capacity, residual volume, voiding volume, and maximum voiding pressure were significantly increased in the DI group. The contraction frequency and amplitude of the strips from the dome of the bladder in the DI group were higher than the triangle, body, and base parts. Both the concentration of c-KIT positive ICCs cells and expression of the c-KIT protein in the dome wall were higher than in other parts of the bladder. The expression of HCN2 and Cx43 in each part of the DI rat group were obviously higher than each part in the control group. Compared to the body, base, and triangle parts, the expression of HCN2 and Cx43 in the dome wall were obviously higher in the DI group. CONCLUSIONS The quantity of ICCs was higher in the dome wall and the dome wall of bladder acts as a pacemaker site in the DI rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian He
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yan-Lan Yu
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Gong-Hui Li
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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