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Kanno Y. The Roles of Fibrinolytic Factors in Bone Destruction Caused by Inflammation. Cells 2024; 13:516. [PMID: 38534360 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Crohn's disease, periodontitis, and carcinoma metastasis frequently result in bone destruction. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-17 are known to influence bone loss by promoting the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts. Fibrinolytic factors, such as plasminogen (Plg), plasmin, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), its receptor (uPAR), tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), α2-antiplasmin (α2AP), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) are expressed in osteoclasts and osteoblasts and are considered essential in maintaining bone homeostasis by regulating the functions of both osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Additionally, fibrinolytic factors are associated with the regulation of inflammation and the immune system. This review explores the roles of fibrinolytic factors in bone destruction caused by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kanno
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, 97-1 Kodo Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0395, Japan
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Mathias K, Machado RS, Stork S, Dos Santos D, Joaquim L, Generoso J, Danielski LG, Barichello T, Prophiro JS, Petronilho F. Blood-brain barrier permeability in the ischemic stroke: An update. Microvasc Res 2024; 151:104621. [PMID: 37918521 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2023.104621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death globally and the major cause of long-term disability. Among the types of strokes, ischemic stroke, which occurs due to obstruction of blood vessels responsible for cerebral irrigation, is considered the most prevalent, accounting for approximately 86 % of all stroke cases. This interruption of blood supply leads to a critical pathophysiological mechanism, including oxidative stress and neuroinflammation which are responsible for structural alterations of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The increased BBB permeability associated with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion may contribute to a worse outcome after stroke. Thus, this narrative review aims to update the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the increase in BBB permeability and to list the possible therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khiany Mathias
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil.
| | - Richard Simon Machado
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Solange Stork
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - David Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Larissa Joaquim
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Generoso
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Lucinéia Gainski Danielski
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Josiane Somariva Prophiro
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
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Deng L, Zhang J, Chen S, Wu Y, Fan X, Zuo T, Hu Q, Jiang L, Yang S, Dong Z. miR-671-5p Upregulation Attenuates Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in the Ischemia Stroke Model Via the NF-кB/MMP-9 Signaling Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3824-3838. [PMID: 36949221 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03318-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption can induce further hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke (IS). miR-671-5p, a micro-RNA, is abundant in the cortex of mammalian brains. Herein, we investigated the roles and potential mechanisms for the effects of miR-671-5p on BBB permeability in IS. Results showed that miR-671-5p levels were significantly downregulated in the cerebral cortex of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) C57/BL6 mice in vivo. miR-671-5p agomir administration via right intracerebroventricular injection significantly reduced infarct volume, improved neurological deficits, the axon of neurons and nerve fiber, attenuated cell injury and apoptosis, as well as reduced BBB permeability in MCAO/R mice. Treatment with miR-671-5p agomir alleviated tight junction proteins degradation, including claudin, occludin, and ZO-1 in MCAO/R mice, and these effects were reversed following NF-κB overexpression. Bend.3 brain endothelial cells were subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) treatment in vivo, and then miR-671-5p agomir was transfected into the cells. This resulted in reduction of cytotoxicity, improved cell viability, trans-endothelial electrical resistance, reduced fluorescein sodium permeability, and inhibited tight junction degradation in Bend.3 OGD/R cells. However, these effects were reversed following NF-κB overexpression. These results demonstrated that upregulation of miR-671-5p in IS models in vivo and in vitro alleviated BBB permeability by targeting NF-κB/MMP-9. In summary, miR-671-5p is a potential therapeutic target for protecting BBB permeability in IS to minimize cerebral hemorrhage transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Deng
- College of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- Pain Department, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Jiulongpo District in Chongqing, Chongqing, 400050, China
| | - Sha Chen
- College of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yu Wu
- College of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaomei Fan
- College of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Tianrui Zuo
- College of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Qingwen Hu
- College of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- College of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Shaonan Yang
- College of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhi Dong
- College of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cardioembolic Stroke: From Background to Complications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043628. [PMID: 36835040 PMCID: PMC9959608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are endopeptidases participating in physiological processes of the brain, maintaining the blood-brain barrier integrity and playing a critical role in cerebral ischemia. In the acute phase of stroke activity, the expression of MMPs increase and is associated with adverse effects, but in the post-stroke phase, MMPs contribute to the process of healing by remodeling tissue lesions. The imbalance between MMPs and their inhibitors results in excessive fibrosis associated with the enhanced risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), which is the main cause of cardioembolic strokes. MMPs activity disturbances were observed in the development of hypertension, diabetes, heart failure and vascular disease enclosed in CHA2DS2VASc score, the scale commonly used to evaluate the risk of thromboembolic complications risk in AF patients. MMPs involved in hemorrhagic complications of stroke and activated by reperfusion therapy may also worsen the stroke outcome. In the present review, we briefly summarize the role of MMPs in the ischemic stroke with particular consideration of the cardioembolic stroke and its complications. Moreover, we discuss the genetic background, regulation pathways, clinical risk factors and impact of MMPs on the clinical outcome.
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Li Y, Han X, Luo S, Huang H, Huang X, Li M, Huang Y, Chen Y, Wu Z. Predictive value of longitudinal changes of serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in acute ischemic stroke. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:952038. [PMID: 36092813 PMCID: PMC9452807 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.952038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundMatrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have documented roles in the inflammatory injury cascade of neurovascular units following ischemic brain injury. However, their dynamic changes and predictive values after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) have not been well elucidated.ObjectiveTo investigate the temporal profiles of serum MMP-9 and BDNF concentrations and their relationship with the prognosis in patients with AIS.MethodsMMP-9 and BDNF levels were measured in 42 AIS patients in prospectively collected blood samples, which were taken on the first day (Day 1), the second day (Day 2), and the fifth day (Day 5) after admission. Healthy subjects (n = 40) were used as controls. The AIS patients were divided into groups of good functional prognosis (n = 24) and poor prognosis (n = 18) according to their modified Rankin Scale score at 3 months. Longitudinal analysis of MMP-9 and BDNF and their association with neurological prognosis was performed using repeated measurement ANOVA.ResultsAt baseline (Day 1), the levels of serum MMP-9 and BDNF were significantly higher in the AIS group than in the normal control group (P < 0.01). Repeated measurement ANOVA showed a significant main effect and interaction of MMP-9 between good prognosis and the poor group (P < 0.05). Further simple-effect analysis showed that the MMP-9 level was significantly increased in the poor prognosis group compared with the good prognosis group at T5 (P < 0.05). There were no significant time-dependent or the interaction effect (all P > 0.05), but a main effect (P < 0.05) for BDNF. Compared with the poor prognosis group, the simple-effect results indicated that the BDNF level of the good prognosis group was lower at Day 1, while the same was reversed for expression at Day 5 (P < 0.05).ConclusionMMP-9 and BDNF are closely related to the prognosis of patients with AIS in a time-dependent manner. The dynamic changes of the two biomarkers are superior to baseline levels in predicting the prognosis of AIS patients. A sustained decrease in MMP-9 and an increase in BDNF levels in AIS patients after several days of treatment implied a favourable prognosis.
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Caban M, Owczarek K, Lewandowska U. The Role of Metalloproteinases and Their Tissue Inhibitors on Ocular Diseases: Focusing on Potential Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084256. [PMID: 35457074 PMCID: PMC9026850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eye diseases are associated with visual impairment, reduced quality of life, and may even lead to vision loss. The efficacy of available treatment of eye diseases is not satisfactory. The unique environment of the eye related to anatomical and physiological barriers and constraints limits the bioavailability of existing agents. In turn, complex ethiopathogenesis of ocular disorders that used drugs generally are non-disease specific and do not act causally. Therefore, there is a need for the development of a new therapeutic and preventive approach. It seems that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) have a significant role in the development and progression of eye diseases and could be used in the therapy of these disorders as pharmacological targets. MMPs and TIMPs play an important role in the angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell invasion, and migration, which occur in ocular diseases. In this review, we aim to describe the participation of MMPs and TIMPs in the eye diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, dry eye syndrome, glaucoma, and ocular cancers, posterior capsule opacification focusing on potential mechanisms.
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The Quinazoline Otaplimastat (SP-8203) Reduces the Hemorrhagic Transformation and Mortality Aggravated after Delayed rtPA-Induced Thrombolysis in Cerebral Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031403. [PMID: 35163322 PMCID: PMC8835804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) is the only agent clinically approved by FDA for patients with acute ischemic stroke. However, delayed treatment of rtPA (e.g., more than 3 h after stroke onset) exacerbates ischemic brain damage by causing intracerebral hemorrhage and increasing neurotoxicity. In the present study, we investigated whether the neuroprotant otaplimastat reduced delayed rtPA treatment-evoked neurotoxicity in male Sprague Dawley rats subjected to embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (eMCAO). Otaplimastat reduced cerebral infarct size and edema and improved neurobehavioral deficits. In particular, otaplimastat markedly reduced intracerebral hemorrhagic transformation and mortality triggered by delayed rtPA treatment, consequently extending the therapeutic time window of rtPA. We further found that ischemia-evoked extracellular matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) expression was closely correlated with cerebral hemorrhagic transformation and brain damage. In ischemic conditions, delayed rtPA treatment further increased brain injury via synergistic expression of MMPs in vascular endothelial cells. In oxygen-glucose-deprived endothelial cells, otaplimastat suppressed the activity rather than protein expression of MMPs by restoring the level of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) suppressed in ischemia, and consequently reduced vascular permeation. This paper shows that otaplimastat under clinical trials is a new drug which can inhibit stroke on its own and extend the therapeutic time window of rtPA, especially when administered in combination with rtPA.
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Zhao H, Li Y, Zhang Y, He WY, Jin WN. Role of Immune and Inflammatory Mechanisms in Stroke: A Review of Current Advances. Neuroimmunomodulation 2022; 29:255-268. [PMID: 35640538 DOI: 10.1159/000524951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke accounts for a large proportion of morbidity and mortality burden in China. Moreover, there is a high prevalence of the leading risk factors for stroke, including hypertension and smoking. Understanding the underlying mechanisms and developing effective therapeutic interventions for patients with stroke is a key imperative. The pathophysiology of stroke involves a complex interplay between the immune and inflammatory mechanisms. Focal brain inflammation triggered by neuronal cell death and the release of factors such as damage-associated molecular patterns can further exacerbate neuronal injury; in addition, impairment of the blood-brain barrier, oxidative stress, microvascular dysfunction, and brain edema cause secondary brain injury. Immune cells, including microglia and other infiltrating inflammatory cells, play a key role in triggering focal and global brain inflammation. Anti-inflammatory therapies targeting the aforementioned mechanisms can alleviate primary and secondary brain injury in the aftermath of a stroke. Further experimental and clinical studies are required to explore the beneficial effects of anti-inflammatory drugs in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen-Yan He
- Center for Neuroinflammation, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Na Jin
- Center for Neuroinflammation, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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