Casein Reactivates Dopaminergic Nerve Injury and Intestinal Inflammation with Disturbing Intestinal Microflora and Fecal Metabolites in a Convalescent Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model

Memory-Enhancing Effects of Daidzin, Possibly Through Dopaminergic and AChEergic Dependent Pathways

BACKGROUND

The soy isoflavone daidzin (DZN) possesses cognitive-enhancing effects in animals.

OBJECTIVES

However, the mechanism for this effect is yet to be discovered.

METHODS

For this, we investigate its memory-enhancing capacity using the mouse models of marble burying, dust removal, an open-field study, and in silico studies. Adult male Swiss albino mice were randomly assigned to different groups consisting of control (vehicle: 10 mL/kg), DZN 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, dopamine (agonist: 22 mg/kg), galantamine (inhibitor: 3 mg/kg), and a combination of DZN-10 with standards.

RESULTS

DZN dose-dependently and significantly (P < 0.05) increased marble burying and removed dust while decreasing the total distance in the open-field test (OFT). DZN-10 enhanced dopamine's effect significantly (P < 0.05). In silico findings suggest that DZN has strong binding capacities of -10.3, -7.5, -9.8, and -9.2 kcal/mol to the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), D1, D3, and D5 receptors, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Taken together, DZN may exert its memory-enhancing ability by interacting with AChE and dopamine receptors.

Interaction between Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances (PFAS) and Acetaminophen in Disease Exacerbation-Focusing on Autism and the Gut-Liver-Brain Axis

This review presents a new perspective on the exacerbation of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through the gut-liver-brain axis. We have summarized evidence reported on the involvement of the gut microbiome and liver inflammation that led to the onset and exacerbation of ASD symptoms. As PFAS are toxicants that particularly target liver, this review has comprehensively explored the possible interaction between PFAS and acetaminophen, another liver toxicant, as the chemicals of interest for future toxicology research. Our hypothesis is that, at acute dosages, acetaminophen has the ability to aggravate the impaired conditions of the PFAS-exposed liver, which would further exacerbate neurological symptoms such as lack of social communication and interest, and repetitive behaviors using mechanisms related to the gut-liver-brain axis. This review discusses their potential interactions in terms of the gut-liver-brain axis and signaling pathways that may contribute to neurological diseases.