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Speranza G, Harish K, Rockman C, Sadek M, Jacobowitz G, Garg K, Chang H, Teter K, Maldonado TS. Duplex ultrasound and cross-sectional imaging in carotid artery occlusion diagnosis. J Vasc Surg 2024; 79:577-583. [PMID: 37992947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2023.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigations into imaging modalities in the diagnosis of extracranial carotid artery occlusion (CAO) have raised questions about the inter-modality comparability of duplex ultrasound (DUS) and cross-sectional imaging (CSI). This study examines the relationship between DUS and CSI diagnoses of extracranial CAO. METHODS This single-institution retrospective analysis studied patients with CAO diagnosed by DUS from 2010 to 2021. Patients were identified in our office-based accredited vascular laboratory database. Imaging and clinical data was obtained via our institutional electronic medical record. Primary outcome was discrepancy between DUS and CSI modalities. Secondary outcomes included incidence of stroke and intervention subsequent to CAO diagnosis. RESULTS Of our 140-patient cohort, 95 patients (67.9%) had DUS follow-up (mean, 42.7 ± 31.3 months). At index duplex, 68.0% of individuals (n = 51) were asymptomatic. Seventy-five patients (53.6%) had CSI of the carotids after DUS CAO diagnosis; 18 (24%) underwent magnetic resonance imaging and 57 (76%) underwent computed tomography. Indications for CSI included follow-up of DUS findings of carotid stenosis/occlusion (44%), stroke/transient ischemic attack (16%), other symptoms (12%), preoperative evaluation (2.7%), unrelated pathology follow-up (9.3%), and outside institution imaging with unavailable indications (16%). When comparing patients with CSI and those without, there were no differences with regard to symptoms at diagnosis, prior neck interventions, or hypertension. There was a significant difference between cross-sectionally imaged and non-imaged patients in anti-hypertensive medications (72% vs 53.8%; P = .04). Despite initial DUS diagnoses of carotid occlusion, 10 patients (13.3%) ultimately had CSI indicating patent carotids. Four of these 10 patients had stenoses of ∼99% (with 1 string sign), four of 70% to 99%, one of 50% to 69%, and one of less than 50% on CSI. The majority of patients (70%) had CSI within 1 month of the index ultrasound. There were no significant relationships between imaging discrepancies and body mass index, heart failure, upper body edema, carotid artery calcification, and neck hardware. Eight individuals (10.7%) underwent ipsilateral revascularization; 62.5% (n = 5) were carotid endarterectomy procedures, and the remaining three procedures were a transcervical carotid revascularization, subclavian to internal carotid artery bypass, and transfemoral carotid artery stenting. Eight patients (10.7%) underwent contralateral revascularization, with the same distribution of procedures as those ipsilateral to occlusions. Two of the 10 patients with discrepancies underwent carotid endarterectomy, and one underwent carotid stenting. CONCLUSIONS In our experience, duplex diagnosis of CAO is associated with a greater than 10% discordance when compared with CSI. These patients may benefit from closer surveillance as well as confirmatory computed tomography or magnetic resonance angiography. Further work is needed to determine the optimal diagnostic modality for CAO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keerthi Harish
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Caron Rockman
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY
| | - Mikel Sadek
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY
| | - Glenn Jacobowitz
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY
| | - Karan Garg
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY
| | - Heepeel Chang
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Katherine Teter
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY
| | - Thomas S Maldonado
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY.
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Ay H. Classification of Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pala AA, Urcun YS. Effect of calculated plasma osmolality and atherogenic index of plasma on carotid artery blood flow velocities. Vascular 2020; 29:527-534. [PMID: 33245024 DOI: 10.1177/1708538120963922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The increase in carotid artery blood flow velocity is a measure of the severity of the carotid artery stenosis caused by atherosclerosis. Carotid artery stenosis is progressive and is of great importance due to the risk of stroke it creates. As an alternative to radiological examinations in these patients, patient follow-up can be facilitated by associating novel laboratory parameters with the severity of stenosis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of the calculated plasma osmolality and atherogenic index of plasma on carotid artery blood flow velocities in patients with carotid artery stenosis. METHODS A total of 161 patients diagnosed with carotid artery stenosis who admitted to our clinic between May 2018 and May 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the carotid artery blood flow velocities measured with the Doppler ultrasonography, the patients were divided into two groups as "Normal flow velocity group" (n = 62) and "Increased flow velocity group" (n = 99). RESULTS The calculated plasma osmolality, atherogenic index of plasma, and mean platelet volume were significantly associated with increased carotid artery blood flow velocity (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.006; respectively). Calculated plasma osmolality and atherogenic index of plasma were identified as independent predictors of increase in carotid artery blood flow velocity (p < 0.001, p < 0.001; respectively). In the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analysis, the plasma osmolality cut-off value, which predicts the increase in carotid artery blood flow velocity was found to be 291.45 mOsm/kg (Area Under the Curve: 0.746, p < 0.001, 65.7% sensitivity, and 67.7% specificity), and atherogenic index of plasma cut-off value was 0.20 (Area Under the Curve: 0.735, p < 0.001, 65.7% sensitivity, and 66.1% specificity). CONCLUSION There was a significant relationship between the increase in carotid artery blood flow velocity and the increase in plasma osmolality and atherogenic index of plasma values. As a result, we can predict the increase in carotid artery blood flow velocity, that is, the increase in the severity of the carotid artery stenosis, with plasma osmolality and atherogenic index of plasma values that can be calculated simply from routine biochemical tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arda Aybars Pala
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Adiyaman Training and Research Hospital, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Salim Urcun
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Adiyaman Training and Research Hospital, Adiyaman, Turkey
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Miller PA, Oberg KC, Sun A, Achiriloaie A. A unique variant of a right persistent hypoglossal artery arising from the common carotid artery with complex cardiovascular anomalies in a female neonatal patient. J Radiol Case Rep 2020; 13:28-35. [PMID: 32184928 DOI: 10.3941/jrcr.v13i9.3601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent primitive hypoglossal artery is a carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomosis, which commonly arises from the internal carotid artery at the level of the C (cervical) 1-3 vertebrae. We describe a unique case of a female infant patient with this anomaly that has an unusually low origin from the distal common carotid artery just below the bifurcation at the level of roughly C5 and supplies the entire vertebrobasilar system. Additional cardiovascular anatomical variations were present: Tetralogy of Fallot and a right-sided aortic arch with mirror image branching. These singular variations are rare in the general population, but even rarer when combined. Awareness of these unusual vascular variants is clinically significant, as they may predispose the patients to early ischemic injury, hemorrhage, aneurysm formation, and can be essential in surgical planning. Therefore, radiographic imaging is of importance in proper diagnosis of such variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Miller
- School of Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Kerby C Oberg
- Department of Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, Ca, USA
| | - Alex Sun
- Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, Ca, USA
| | - Adina Achiriloaie
- Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, Ca, USA
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Correspondence: Submillisievert CT angiography for carotid arteries using wide array CT scanner and latest iterative reconstruction algorithm in comparison with previous generations technologies: Feasibility and diagnostic accuracy. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2019; 13:299-300. [PMID: 30962032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcct.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Morales MM, Anacleto A, Filho CM, Ledesma S, Aldrovani M, Wolosker N. Peak Systolic Velocity for Calcified Plaques Fails to Estimate Carotid Stenosis Degree. Ann Vasc Surg 2019; 59:1-4. [PMID: 30802575 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2018.12.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duplex ultrasonography (DUS), although consolidated as the primary tool for the estimation of carotid stenosis, may be impaired by calcified plaques that promote acoustic shadow (AcS). AcS seems to hamper the quantification of the main parameter used in the determination of percentage stenosis, that is, the maximal peak systolic velocity (PSV) at the lesion site. The aim of our study was to compare the degrees of carotid artery stenosis in DUS/PSV and computed tomography angiography (CTA) in the presence of AcS. METHODS During 36 months, 1,178 carotid DUS tests were performed. A total of 164 carotids in 139 patients showed AcS resulting from calcified plaques. Carotids with AcS were referred for a second imaging examination; thus, 62 carotids were analyzed by both DUS/PSV and CTA. CTA measured the area reduction at the lesion site to calculate the percent stenosis. PSV was measured immediately after the end of the AcS. According to velocities-based DUS criteria, stenoses were classified as mild (PSV < 125 cm/s), moderate (125 ≤ PSV ≤ 230 cm/s), and severe (PSV > 230). CTA and DUS/PSV measurements were compared to determine the accuracy of PSV in characterizing the severity of carotid stenosis with AcS. RESULTS Of the 62 lesions, PSV characterized 10 as severe, 21 as moderate, and 31 as mild. According to the CTA study, there were 36 severe, 8 moderate, and 18 mild lesions. PSV underestimated in 27.79% the incidence of cases of severe carotid artery stenosis detected by the CTA. In addition, PSV overestimated the incidence of the cases of moderate and mild stenosis in 61.91% and 37.78%, respectively. The agreement ratio between the imaging examinations used in this study was 50%. DUS/PSV discretely correlated with CTA (r = 0.668, P < 0.0001, 95% confidence interval = 0.502-0.786). Using PSVs >125 and >230 as predictors of carotid lesions higher than 50% and 70%, respectively, the sensitivities were 63.3% and 27.8%, the specificities were 100%, the positive predictive values were 100%, and the negative predictive values were 71.9% and 50%. CONCLUSION PSV alone is inadequate to quantify carotid stenosis in the presence of calcified plaques and AcS. Another image tool, such as CTA, could be recommendable for clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia M Morales
- INVASE - Hospital Beneficência Portuguesa de São José do Rio Preto, Vascular Surgery, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Anacleto
- INVASE - Hospital Beneficência Portuguesa de São José do Rio Preto, Vascular Surgery, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Clewis Munhoz Filho
- INVASE - Hospital Beneficência Portuguesa de São José do Rio Preto, Vascular Surgery, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Ledesma
- SONOCOR- Hospital Beneficência Portuguesa de São José do Rio Preto, Cardiology, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Nelson Wolosker
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Vascular Surgery, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Division, São Paulo University Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Doonan RJ, Gorgui J, Veinot JP, Lai C, Kyriacou E, Corriveau MM, Steinmetz OK, Daskalopoulou SS. Plaque echodensity and textural features are associated with histologic carotid plaque instability. J Vasc Surg 2016; 64:671-677.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2016.03.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gao L, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Hu X, Deng L, Zhang K, Cai G, Zhang J. Compound Doppler ultrasound signal simulation for pulsatile carotid arteries with a stenosis. Biomed Mater Eng 2016; 27:131-48. [PMID: 27567770 DOI: 10.3233/bme-161573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The simulated Doppler blood flow signals are widely used to assess the performance of the clutter filters for removing wall components while reserving low-velocity signals scattered from physiological blood flow approaching the inner vessel-wall injured by a stenosed lesion. OBJECTIVE By simultaneously taking into account the natural attributes of the Doppler equipment, blood flow as well as vessel wall of pulsatile carotid arteries with a stenosis, a computer simulation method is presented to produce the compound Doppler ultrasound blood flow signals. METHODS The in-phase and quadrature (I/Q) axial as well as radial blood flow signals are simulated by superposing a series of cosine functions regulated by the spectrograms estimated from the axial and radial velocity profiles firstly obtained through the solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, respectively. Meanwhile, the I/Q Doppler signals echoed from pulsatile near (anterior) and far (posterior) walls are reproduced based on their radial movements during a cardiac cycle. Ultimately, those confirmed quadrature signals are summed to generate the compound Doppler signals including the contribution from both blood flow and stenosed vessel-wall. RESULTS The compound Doppler ultrasound signals echoed from both axial and radial blood flows as well as vessel walls with obstruction grades of 0% (normal arteries), 10% and 25% are simulated respectively. The real signals from the left carotid artery with an approximately 10% stenosis degree are also collected for further assessing the believability of simulated versions. CONCLUSIONS The simulated and clinical tests demonstrate that the proposed computer simulation method can produce compound Doppler signals with confirmed qualitative and quantitative characteristics resembled with the clinical versions, which could be used as an theoretical data source for evaluating the performance of the signal separation between pulsatile blood flows and vessel walls with mild stenosed-lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Gao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Information School, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China. E-mails: , , , , , ,
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Information School, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China. E-mails: , , , , , ,
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Information School, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China. E-mails: , , , , , ,
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Information School, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China. E-mails: , , , , , ,
| | - Li Deng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Information School, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China. E-mails: , , , , , ,
| | - Kexin Zhang
- Cardiovascular Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650031, China. E-mail:
| | - Guanghui Cai
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Information School, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China. E-mails: , , , , , ,
| | - Junhua Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Information School, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China. E-mails: , , , , , ,
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Pizzolato R, Romero JM. Neurosonology and noninvasive imaging of the carotid arteries. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2016; 135:165-191. [PMID: 27432665 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53485-9.00009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we review imaging of the extracranial carotid arteries and the indications for noninvasive carotid artery evaluation, measuring the degree of arterial stenosis and plaque morphology. We also analyze the types of noninvasive imaging, including carotid duplex ultrasound, transcranial Doppler, magnetic resonance angiography, and computer tomography angiography. We look at each of these modalities, briefly discussing techniques, benefits, limitations, and sources of error. Furthermore, we discuss the apparent accuracy and the need for multimodality imaging. Finally, an imaging algorithm for the evaluation of the extracranial carotid arteries is proposed, which is in routine use at our hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Pizzolato
- Department of Neuroradiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Javier M Romero
- Department of Neuroradiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Mohan S, Agarwal M, Pukenas B. Computed Tomography Angiography of the Neurovascular Circulation. Radiol Clin North Am 2016; 54:147-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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A novel quadrature clutter rejection approach based on the multivariate empirical mode decomposition for bidirectional Doppler ultrasound signals. Biomed Signal Process Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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[Vascular assessment in stroke codes: role of computed tomography angiography]. RADIOLOGIA 2014; 57:156-66. [PMID: 25060835 DOI: 10.1016/j.rx.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Advances in imaging studies for acute ischemic stroke are largely due to the development of new efficacious treatments carried out in the acute phase. Together with computed tomography (CT) perfusion studies, CT angiography facilitates the selection of patients who are likely to benefit from appropriate early treatment. CT angiography plays an important role in the workup for acute ischemic stroke because it makes it possible to confirm vascular occlusion, assess the collateral circulation, and obtain an arterial map that is very useful for planning endovascular treatment. In this review about CT angiography, we discuss the main technical characteristics, emphasizing the usefulness of the technique in making the right diagnosis and improving treatment strategies.
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Hawkins BM, Jaff MR. Non-Invasive Carotid Imaging: A Comparative Assessment and Practical Approach. Interv Cardiol Clin 2014; 3:13-20. [PMID: 28582149 DOI: 10.1016/j.iccl.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Stroke originating from carotid artery disease remains a significant source of morbidity and mortality, and both medical and invasive therapies targeting the carotid artery can improve patient outcomes. Multiple noninvasive imaging methods, including duplex ultrasonography, computerized tomographic angiography, and magnetic resonance angiography, are available to assess the extracranial carotid artery and guide clinical decision making. This article discusses the advantages and limitations of these imaging modalities and provides a practical framework by which clinicians may use imaging to evaluate patients with carotid artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beau M Hawkins
- Cardiovascular Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 920 Stanton L. Young Blvd, Williams Pavilion 3010, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Michael R Jaff
- Vascular Medicine Section, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Warren Building 905, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Gao L, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Cai G, Zhang J, Shi X. A computer simulation model for Doppler ultrasound signals from pulsatile blood flow in stenosed vessels. Comput Biol Med 2012; 42:906-14. [PMID: 22841363 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A computer simulation model based on an analytic flow velocity distribution is proposed to generate Doppler ultrasound signals from pulsatile blood flow in the vessels with various stenosis degrees. The model takes into account the velocity field from pulsatile blood flow in the stenosed vessels, sample volume shape and acoustic factors that affect the Doppler signals. By analytically solving the Navier-Stokes equations, the velocity distributions of pulsatile blood flow in the vessels with various stenosis degrees are firstly calculated according to the velocity at the axis of the circular tube. Secondly, power spectral density (PSD) of the Doppler signals is estimated by summing the contribution of all scatterers passing through the sample volume grouped into elemental volumes. Finally, Doppler signals are generated using cosine-superposed components that are modulated by the PSD functions that vary over the cardiac cycle. The results show that the model generates Doppler blood flow signals with characteristics similar to those found in practice. It could be concluded that the proposed approach offers the advantages of computational simplicity and practicality for simulating Doppler ultrasound signals from pulsatile blood flow in stenosed vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Gao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Information School, Yunnan University, and Cardiovascular Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
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Kumar Dundamadappa S, Cauley K. Vertebral Artery Ostial Stenosis: Prevalence by Digital Subtraction Angiography, MR Angiography, and CT Angiography. J Neuroimaging 2012; 23:360-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6569.2011.00692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Abstract
The goal of stroke imaging is to appropriately select patients for different types of therapeutic management in order to optimize outcome and minimize potential complications. To accomplish this, the radiologist has to evaluate each case and tailor an imaging protocol to fit the patient's needs and best answer the clinical question. This review outlines the routinely used, current neuroimaging techniques and their role in the evaluation of the acute stroke patient. The ability of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging to adequately evaluate the infarcted brain parenchyma, the cerebral vasculature, and the ischemic, but potentially viable tissue, often referred to as the "ischemic penumbra," is compared The authors outline an imaging algorithm that has been employed at their institution, and briefly review endovascular therapies that can be used in specific patients for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara M Kunst
- Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, USA.
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Classification of Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-5478-8.10020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Babiarz LS, Romero JM, Murphy EK, Brobeck B, Schaefer PW, González RG, Lev MH. Contrast-enhanced MR angiography is not more accurate than unenhanced 2D time-of-flight MR angiography for determining > or = 70% internal carotid artery stenosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009; 30:761-8. [PMID: 19164440 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a1464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Internal carotid artery (ICA) atheromatous disease is an important cause of ischemic stroke, and endarterectomy or stent placement is typically indicated for symptomatic patients with > or = 70% stenosis. Our purpose was to compare contrast-enhanced MR angiography (CE-MRA) with unenhanced 2D time-of-flight MR angiography (2D TOF MRA) in detecting hemodynamically significant ICA stenosis, by using CT angiography (CTA) as the reference standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was an institutional review board-approved retrospective study. We identified 177 consecutive patients (354 ICAs) who received correlative CE-MRA, 2D TOF MRA, and CTA. Two neuroradiologists blinded to the CTA data graded the degree of ICA stenosis according to a 5-point scale. Additionally, luminal signal-intensity characteristics including 1) signal intensity drop-out, 2) distal-vessel narrowing, and 3) distal-vessel signal-intensity reduction were recorded. MRA results were correlated with those of CTA, and receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed. RESULTS On CTA, there were 55 ICAs with and 299 without > or = 70% stenosis. CE-MRA was 84% sensitive and 96% specific for detecting > or = 70% stenosis; 2D TOF MRA was 80% sensitive and 95% specific. The area under the ROC curve was 0.97 for CE-MRA and 0.95 for 2D TOF MRA (P = .51, not significant). For both MRA studies, each of the luminal signal-intensity characteristics had high specificity (> 98%) but poor-to-mild sensitivity (35%-66%) in detecting > or = 70% stenosis. CONCLUSIONS Although it is established that CE-MRA more accurately delineates neurovascular anatomy than does unenhanced 2D TOF MRA, the administration of gadolinium did not offer a significant advantage in distinguishing surgically treatable ICA stenosis. This conclusion may be important in patients with contraindications to gadolinium.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Babiarz
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. 02114, USA
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Jaff MR, Goldmakher GV, Lev MH, Romero JM. Imaging of the carotid arteries: the role of duplex ultrasonography, magnetic resonance arteriography, and computerized tomographic arteriography. Vasc Med 2009; 13:281-92. [PMID: 18940905 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x08091971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Stenosis of the internal carotid artery represents a major cause of stroke, with atherosclerosis representing the major pathophysiology of this stenosis. It is estimated that over 700,000 Americans suffer a stroke annually. A prompt and accurate diagnosis of carotid artery disease is critical when planning a therapeutic strategy. Physical examination is inaccurate in determining the presence and severity of carotid artery disease. Therefore, reliable imaging tests which offer little risk to the patient are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Jaff
- Section of Vascular Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Division of Vascular/Endovascular Surgery, The Massachusetts General Hospital Vascular Center, Boston 02114, USA.
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Stroke – imaging and therapy. Clin Neuroradiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511551925.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Seo WK, Yong HS, Koh SB, Suh SI, Kim JH, Yu SW, Lee JY. Correlation of Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis with Atherosclerosis of the Intracranial Cerebral Artery and the Extracranial Carotid Artery. Eur Neurol 2008; 59:292-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000121418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Brobeck BR, Forero NP, Romero JM. Practical noninvasive neurovascular imaging of the neck arteries in patients with stroke, transient ischemic attack, and suspected arterial disease that may lead to ischemia, infarction, or flow abnormalities. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2006; 27:177-93. [PMID: 16808217 DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States, killing nearly 157,000 people a year with an estimated society cost of dollar 58 billion in 2006. A large percentage of ischemic strokes is secondary to extracranial carotid and vertebral arterial disease. While digital subtraction angiography has traditionally been used for the initial evaluation of the degree of stenosis, noninvasive imaging has moved to the forefront in the extracranial arterial evaluation. The importance of understanding the imaging techniques, findings, interpretation, artifacts, and pitfalls is essential to appropriate patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R Brobeck
- Department of Radiology and the Neurovascular Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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