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Valtonen RIP, Ikäheimo TM, Hintsala HE, Ryti NRI, Hautala A, Perkiömäki JS, Crandall CG, Mäntysaari M, Jaakkola JJK, Kiviniemi AM. Endothelial function in response to exercise in the cold in patients with coronary artery disease. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2020; 40:245-256. [PMID: 32227393 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular long-term physical exercise has favourable effects on endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the effects of an acute exercise bout in the cold on endothelial function are not known. METHODS At first, the effects of moderate-intensity aerobic lower-body exercise were assessed in CAD patients (n = 16) in a neutral [+22°C] and cold [-15°C] environment. Secondly, responses to static and dynamic upper-body exercise in a neutral [+22°C] and cold [-15°C] environment were investigated in CAD patients (n = 15). All experiments were performed in a random order. Endothelial function was measured by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery in response to reactive hyperaemia, before and after the exposures in a neutral environment. RESULTS No significant temperature*exercise*condition (pre-post) interaction was observed in FMD% when comparing rest versus aerobic exercise or static versus dynamic upper-body exercise. Relative reactive hyperaemia during FMD protocol, measured by changes in shear rate, was elevated after rest compared to aerobic exercise (p = .001) and after static compared to dynamic upper-body exercise (p < .001). However, no significant temperature*exercise*condition interaction was observed when FMD% was normalized for shear rate. CONCLUSIONS Endothelial function to an acute bout of exercise among CAD patients was not modified by the environmental temperature where the exercise was performed. The present findings argue against the hypothesis that exercise in cold environmental conditions impairs endothelial function in patients with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus I P Valtonen
- Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tiina M Ikäheimo
- Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heidi E Hintsala
- Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Centria University of Applied Sciences, Kokkola, Finland
| | - Niilo R I Ryti
- Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Arto Hautala
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Division of Cardiology, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha S Perkiömäki
- Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - C G Crandall
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and the Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Jouni J K Jaakkola
- Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Antti M Kiviniemi
- Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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