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Chan D, Baker KD, Richardson R. The impact of chronic fluoxetine treatment in adolescence or adulthood on context fear memory and perineuronal nets. Dev Psychobiol 2024; 66:e22501. [PMID: 38807259 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, such as fluoxetine (Prozac), are commonly prescribed pharmacotherapies for anxiety. Fluoxetine may be a useful adjunct because it can reduce the expression of learned fear in adult rodents. This effect is associated with altered expression of perineuronal nets (PNNs) in the amygdala and hippocampus, two brain regions that regulate fear. However, it is unknown whether fluoxetine has similar effects in adolescents. Here, we investigated the effect of fluoxetine exposure during adolescence or adulthood on context fear memory and PNNs in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), the CA1 subregion of the hippocampus, and the medial prefrontal cortex in rats. Fluoxetine impaired context fear memory in adults but not in adolescents. Further, fluoxetine increased the number of parvalbumin (PV)-expressing neurons surrounded by a PNN in the BLA and CA1, but not in the medial prefrontal cortex, at both ages. Contrary to previous reports, fluoxetine did not shift the percentage of PNNs toward non-PV cells in either the BLA or CA1 in the adults, or adolescents. These findings demonstrate that fluoxetine differentially affects fear memory in adolescent and adult rats but does not appear to have age-specific effects on PNNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Chan
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathryn D Baker
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rick Richardson
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Li HQ, Jiang W, Ling L, Pratelli M, Chen C, Gupta V, Godavarthi SK, Spitzer NC. Generalized fear after acute stress is caused by change in neuronal cotransmitter identity. Science 2024; 383:1252-1259. [PMID: 38484078 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj5996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Overgeneralization of fear to harmless situations is a core feature of anxiety disorders resulting from acute stress, yet the mechanisms by which fear becomes generalized are poorly understood. In this study, we show that generalized fear in mice results from a transmitter switch from glutamate to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in serotonergic neurons of the lateral wings of the dorsal raphe. Similar change in transmitter identity was found in the postmortem brains of individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Overriding the transmitter switch in mice prevented the acquisition of generalized fear. Corticosterone release and activation of glucocorticoid receptors mediated the switch, and prompt antidepressant treatment blocked the cotransmitter switch and generalized fear. Our results provide important insight into the mechanisms involved in fear generalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Quan Li
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wuji Jiang
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Li Ling
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Marta Pratelli
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Vaidehi Gupta
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Swetha K Godavarthi
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicholas C Spitzer
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Pestana JE, Graham BM. Reproductive experience alters the effects of diazepam and fluoxetine on anxiety-like behaviour, fear extinction, and corticosterone levels in female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:2515-2528. [PMID: 37581635 PMCID: PMC10640474 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
OVERVIEW Reproductive experience (pregnancy and motherhood) leads to long-term changes in the neurobiological and hormonal features of anxiety in rats and humans. The aim of this study was to examine whether reproductive experience alters the effects of two pharmacological treatments for anxiety, a benzodiazepine (diazepam) and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (fluoxetine), on animal models of anxiety. METHODS In Experiment 1, virgin (n = 47) and age-matched mother (n = 50) rats at 1-month post-weaning were injected with diazepam (1.3 mg/kg or 1.7 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle, in the proestrus (high estradiol/progesterone/allopregnanolone) or metestrus (low estradiol/progesterone/allopregnanolone) phase of the estrous cycle 30 min prior to the elevated plus maze (EPM). In Experiment 2, virgin (n = 25) and mother rats (n = 20) were administered fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) or vehicle for 2 weeks prior to being tested on a Pavlovian fear conditioning and extinction protocol, and the EPM. RESULTS Replicating past research, in virgin rats, the low dose of diazepam produced anxiolytic-like effects in proestrus, but only the high dose was anxiolytic-like in metestrus. In contrast, in mother rats, both doses of diazepam were anxiolytic-like irrespective of estrous phase. Fluoxetine produced anxiogenic-like effects in virgin rats during fear extinction and the EPM, but had no behavioural effects in mothers. In contrast, fluoxetine increased plasma corticosterone levels measured 30-min post-EPM in mothers, but not virgin rats. CONCLUSIONS Reproductive experience alters the dose responsivity and efficacy of common anti-anxiety medications in female rats. These findings highlight the importance of considering reproductive status in studies on anxiety and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie E Pestana
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Bronwyn M Graham
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Li HQ, Jiang W, Ling L, Gupta V, Chen C, Pratelli M, Godavarthi SK, Spitzer NC. Generalized fear following acute stress is caused by change in co-transmitter identity of serotonergic neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.10.540268. [PMID: 37214936 PMCID: PMC10197626 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.10.540268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Overgeneralization of fear to harmless situations is a core feature of anxiety disorders resulting from acute stress, yet the mechanisms by which fear becomes generalized are poorly understood. Here we show that generalized fear in mice in response to footshock results from a transmitter switch from glutamate to GABA in serotonergic neurons of the lateral wings of the dorsal raphe. We observe a similar change in transmitter identity in the postmortem brains of PTSD patients. Overriding the transmitter switch in mice using viral tools prevents the acquisition of generalized fear. Corticosterone release and activation of glucocorticoid receptors trigger the switch, and prompt antidepressant treatment blocks the co-transmitter switch and generalized fear. Our results provide new understanding of the plasticity involved in fear generalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Quan Li
- Neurobiology Department and Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego
| | - Wuji Jiang
- Neurobiology Department and Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego
| | - Lily Ling
- Neurobiology Department and Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego
| | - Vaidehi Gupta
- Neurobiology Department and Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | - Marta Pratelli
- Neurobiology Department and Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego
| | - Swetha K Godavarthi
- Neurobiology Department and Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego
| | - Nicholas C Spitzer
- Neurobiology Department and Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego
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Liu J, Yu J, Liu HB, Yao Q, Zhang Y. Chronic fluoxetine enhances extinction therapy for PTSD by evaluating brain glucose metabolism in rats: an [ 18F]FDG PET study. Ann Nucl Med 2022; 36:1019-1030. [PMID: 36178570 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-022-01790-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and exposure therapies have been used to reduced footshock-induced posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, the therapeutic effect of the combination of SSRIs treatment with exposure therapy remains a matter of debate. This study aimed to evaluate these therapeutic effect through the behavioural and the neuroimaging changes by positron emission tomography (PET) in model rats. METHODS Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm to establish model rats, and serial PET imaging with 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) was performed during the control, fear-conditioning, and extinction-retrieval phases. The expression of c-Fos was used to identify neural activity. RESULTS We report that fear conditioning increased glucose metabolism in the right amygdala and left primary visual cortex but decreased glucose metabolism in the left primary somatosensory cortex. After extinction retrieval, there was increased [18F]FDG uptake in the left striatum, left cochlear nucleus and right primary visual cortex but decreased uptake in the anterior cingulate cortex in the extinction group. Fluoxetine increased [18F]FDG uptake in the left hippocampus and right primary visual cortex but decreased uptake in the bilateral primary somatosensory cortex, left primary/secondary motor cortex and cuneiform nucleus. The combined therapy increased [18F]FDG uptake in the left hippocampus, left striatum, right insular cortex, left posterior parietal cortex, and right secondary visual cortex but reduced uptake in the cerebellar lobule. c-Fos expression in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and anterior cingulate cortex in the fluoxetine and combined groups was significantly higher than that in the extinction group, with no significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Chronic fluoxetine enhanced the effects of extinction training in a rat model of PTSD. In vivo PET imaging may provide a promising approach for evaluation chronic fluoxetine treatment of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Hong Biao Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Qiong Yao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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Yan J, Zhang F, Le Niu, Wang X, Lu X, Ma C, Zhang C, Song J, Zhang Z. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation mitigates depression-like behaviors in CUMS-induced rats via FGF2/FGFR1/p-ERK signaling pathway. Brain Res Bull 2022; 183:94-103. [PMID: 35247488 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a widely used and effective biological treatment for depression. Although previous studies have shown that astrocyte function may be modified by rTMS, the specific neurobiological mechanisms underlying its antidepressant action are not clear. Substantial evidence has accumulated indicating that neurotrophin dysfunction and neuronal apoptosis play a role in the development of depression. To evaluate this hypothesis, we applied a chronical unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) protocol to induce depression-like behaviors in rats, followed by the delivery of 10-Hz rTMS for 3 weeks. Behavioral outcome measures consisted of a sucrose preference test, forced swimming test, and open field test. Histological analysis focused on apoptosis, expression of GFAP and FGF2, and FGF2 pathway-related proteins. The results showed that after rTMS treatment, the rats' sucrose preference increased, open field performance improved while the immobility time of forced swimming decreased. The behavioral changes seen in rTMS treated rats were accompanied by marked reductions in the number of TUNEL-positive neural cells and the level of expression of BAX and by an increase in Bcl2. Furthermore, the expression of GFAP and FGF2 was increased, along with activation of FGF2 downstream pathway. These results suggest that rTMS treatment can improve depression-like behavior, attenuate neural apoptosis, and reverse reduction of astrocytes in a rat model of depression. We hypothesize that the therapeutic action of rTMS in CUMS-induced rats is linked to the activation of the FGF2/FGFR1/p-ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junni Yan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Physical Diagnostics and Treatment Technology for the Mental and Neurological Diseases, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China
| | - Fuping Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Physical Diagnostics and Treatment Technology for the Mental and Neurological Diseases, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China
| | - Le Niu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Weihui, Henan 453100, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China
| | - Xinxin Lu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China
| | - Chaoyue Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Weihui, Henan 453100, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China
| | - Chencheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Functional Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinggui Song
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Physical Diagnostics and Treatment Technology for the Mental and Neurological Diseases, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China.
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Weihui, Henan 453100, China.
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Moskaliuk VS, Kozhemyakina RV, Bazovkina DV, Terenina E, Khomenko TM, Volcho KP, Salakhutdinov NF, Kulikov AV, Naumenko VS, Kulikova E. On an association between fear-induced aggression and striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) in the brain of Norway rats. Pharmacotherapy 2022; 147:112667. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Harmon-Jones SK, Graham BM, King G, Richardson R. It's all about who you know: Memory retention of a rat's cagemates during infancy negatively predicts adulthood hippocampal FGF2. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 182:107448. [PMID: 33915298 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated that individual differences in infant fear memory positively predict adulthood anxiety-like behavior and conditioned fear expression. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying this relationship and the effect of environmental (e.g., social) influences on the stability of this relationship have not been explored. In the present study, we examined whether individual differences in infant fear memory predict levels of endogenous fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2; a biomarker of fear/anxiety) in adulthood, and whether the mean memory retention of a rat's cagemates predicts conditioned fear expression and FGF2 in adulthood. We conditioned infant rats to associate a white noise with shock, and tested their memory of the association 1 week later. They were then weaned and randomly assigned to cage/cagemates. In adulthood, rats received weak context conditioning (i.e., a single shock) and were tested for fear of the context the following day. Rats were then euthanized and their brains extracted to measure levels of hippocampal FGF2 protein. Across 2 experiments, an individual rat's fear memory during infancy positively predicted their own fear expression in adulthood, but the mean memory retention of their cagemates did not predict fear expression. In contrast, the mean memory retention of a rat's cagemates during infancy negatively predicted hippocampal FGF2 protein in adulthood, but an individual rat's memory retention did not predict their own levels of FGF2. These data support the idea that variations in the fearfulness of a rat's cagemates predict individual differences on physiological measures in adulthood.
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Cheng J, Chen M, Zhu JX, Li CF, Zhang QP, Geng D, Liu Q, Yi LT. FGF-2 signaling activation in the hippocampus contributes to the behavioral and cellular responses to puerarin. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 168:91-99. [PMID: 31251937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Puerarin, a well-studied isoflavone isolated from Pueraria lobata, produces an antidepressant-like effect. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) is essentially required in the central nervous system as it acts as both a neurotrophic or anti-inflammatory regulator for the proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of neurons. There is evidence that FGF-2 holds great promise for therapeutic intervention for depression. However, nothing was known about the involvement of FGF-2 in the antidepressant-like effect of puerarin. In the present study, the underlying mechanism of puerarin was evaluated in chronic stress induced depressive-like mice. The results indicated that puerarin treatment was effective to attenuate anhedonia and despair behaviors caused by chronic stress, as the sucrose preference and the immobility time were improved by puerarin. In addition, the results demonstrated that puerarin increased the expression of FGF-2 in the hippocampus. On the contrary, SU5402, an FGFR1 inhibitor, infusion into the brain could not only block the antidepressant-like effect of puerarin, but also abolish the effect of puerarin on hippocampal neurogenesis enhancement and neuroinflammation inhibition. Taken together, these findings provide new insights into the mechanism that the antidepressant-like actions of puerarin require FGF-2/FGFR signaling for the regulation of neurogenesis and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Ji-Xiao Zhu
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Cheng-Fu Li
- Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen 361009, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Qiu-Ping Zhang
- Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen 361009, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Di Geng
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Li-Tao Yi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian Province, PR China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian Province, PR China.
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