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Sallinger M, Grabmayr H, Humer C, Bonhenry D, Romanin C, Schindl R, Derler I. Activation mechanisms and structural dynamics of STIM proteins. J Physiol 2024; 602:1475-1507. [PMID: 36651592 DOI: 10.1113/jp283828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of stromal interaction molecules (STIM) includes two widely expressed single-pass endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transmembrane proteins and additional splice variants that act as precise ER-luminal Ca2+ sensors. STIM proteins mainly function as one of the two essential components of the so-called Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel. The second CRAC channel component is constituted by pore-forming Orai proteins in the plasma membrane. STIM and Orai physically interact with each other to enable CRAC channel opening, which is a critical prerequisite for various downstream signalling pathways such as gene transcription or proliferation. Their activation commonly requires the emptying of the intracellular ER Ca2+ store. Using their Ca2+ sensing capabilities, STIM proteins confer this Ca2+ content-dependent signal to Orai, thereby linking Ca2+ store depletion to CRAC channel opening. Here we review the conformational dynamics occurring along the entire STIM protein upon store depletion, involving the transition from the quiescent, compactly folded structure into an active, extended state, modulation by a variety of accessory components in the cell as well as the impairment of individual steps of the STIM activation cascade associated with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Sallinger
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Herwig Grabmayr
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Christina Humer
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Daniel Bonhenry
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Christoph Romanin
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Rainer Schindl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Isabella Derler
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
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Silva-Rojas R, Pérez-Guàrdia L, Simon A, Djeddi S, Treves S, Ribes A, Silva-Hernández L, Tard C, Laporte J, Böhm J. ORAI1 inhibition as an efficient preclinical therapy for tubular aggregate myopathy and Stormorken syndrome. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e174866. [PMID: 38516893 PMCID: PMC11063934 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.174866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Tubular aggregate myopathy (TAM) and Stormorken syndrome (STRMK) are clinically overlapping disorders characterized by childhood-onset muscle weakness and a variable occurrence of multisystemic signs, including short stature, thrombocytopenia, and hyposplenism. TAM/STRMK is caused by gain-of-function mutations in the Ca2+ sensor STIM1 or the Ca2+ channel ORAI1, both of which regulate Ca2+ homeostasis through the ubiquitous store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) mechanism. Functional experiments in cells have demonstrated that the TAM/STRMK mutations induce SOCE overactivation, resulting in excessive influx of extracellular Ca2+. There is currently no treatment for TAM/STRMK, but SOCE is amenable to manipulation. Here, we crossed Stim1R304W/+ mice harboring the most common TAM/STRMK mutation with Orai1R93W/+ mice carrying an ORAI1 mutation partially obstructing Ca2+ influx. Compared with Stim1R304W/+ littermates, Stim1R304W/+Orai1R93W/+ offspring showed a normalization of bone architecture, spleen histology, and muscle morphology; an increase of thrombocytes; and improved muscle contraction and relaxation kinetics. Accordingly, comparative RNA-Seq detected more than 1,200 dysregulated genes in Stim1R304W/+ muscle and revealed a major restoration of gene expression in Stim1R304W/+Orai1R93W/+ mice. Altogether, we provide physiological, morphological, functional, and molecular data highlighting the therapeutic potential of ORAI1 inhibition to rescue the multisystemic TAM/STRMK signs, and we identified myostatin as a promising biomarker for TAM/STRMK in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Silva-Rojas
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Inserm U1258, CNRS UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Laura Pérez-Guàrdia
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Inserm U1258, CNRS UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Alix Simon
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Inserm U1258, CNRS UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Sarah Djeddi
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Inserm U1258, CNRS UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Susan Treves
- Departments of Neurology and Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Agnès Ribes
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease, Inserm UMR1297 and University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
- Laboratory of Hematology, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Lorenzo Silva-Hernández
- Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Céline Tard
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Center for Rare Neuromuscular Diseases Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, Lille, France
| | - Jocelyn Laporte
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Inserm U1258, CNRS UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Johann Böhm
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Inserm U1258, CNRS UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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Bryson V, Wang C, Zhou Z, Singh K, Volin N, Yildirim E, Rosenberg P. The D84G mutation in STIM1 causes nuclear envelope dysfunction and myopathy in mice. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e170317. [PMID: 38300705 PMCID: PMC10977986 DOI: 10.1172/jci170317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) is a Ca2+ sensor located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of skeletal muscle, where it is best known for its role in store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). Genetic syndromes resulting from STIM1 mutations are recognized as a cause of muscle weakness and atrophy. Here, we focused on a gain-of-function mutation that occurs in humans and mice (STIM1+/D84G mice), in which muscles exhibited constitutive SOCE. Unexpectedly, this constitutive SOCE did not affect global Ca2+ transients, SR Ca2+ content, or excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) and was therefore unlikely to underlie the reduced muscle mass and weakness observed in these mice. Instead, we demonstrate that the presence of D84G STIM1 in the nuclear envelope of STIM1+/D84G muscle disrupted nuclear-cytosolic coupling, causing severe derangement in nuclear architecture, DNA damage, and altered lamina A-associated gene expression. Functionally, we found that D84G STIM1 reduced the transfer of Ca2+ from the cytosol to the nucleus in myoblasts, resulting in a reduction of [Ca2+]N. Taken together, we propose a novel role for STIM1 in the nuclear envelope that links Ca2+ signaling to nuclear stability in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chaojian Wang
- Department of Medicine
- Duke Cardiovascular Research Center
| | | | | | | | - Eda Yildirim
- Department of Cell Biology
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, and
| | - Paul Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine
- Duke Cardiovascular Research Center
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Bryson V, Wang C, Zhou Z, Singh K, Volin N, Yildirim E, Rosenberg P. The D84G mutation in STIM1 causes nuclear envelope dysfunction and myopathy in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.03.539279. [PMID: 37205564 PMCID: PMC10187192 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.03.539279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) is a Ca 2+ sensor located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of skeletal muscle where it is best known for its role in store operated Ca 2+ entry (SOCE). Genetic syndromes resulting from STIM1 mutations are recognized as a cause of muscle weakness and atrophy. Here, we focus on a gain of function mutation that occurs in humans and mice (STIM1 +/D84G mice) where muscles exhibit constitutive SOCE. Unexpectedly, this constitutive SOCE did not affect global Ca 2+ transients, SR Ca 2+ content or excitation contraction coupling (ECC) and was therefore unlikely to underlie the reduced muscle mass and weakness observed in these mice. Instead, we demonstrate that the presence of D84G STIM1 in the nuclear envelope of STIM1 +/D84G muscle disrupts nuclear-cytosolic coupling causing severe derangement in nuclear architecture, DNA damage, and altered lamina A associated gene expression. Functionally, we found D84G STIM1 reduced the transfer of Ca 2+ from the cytosol to the nucleus in myoblasts resulting in a reduction of [Ca 2+ ] N . Taken together, we propose a novel role for STIM1 in the nuclear envelope that links Ca 2+ signaling to nuclear stability in skeletal muscle.
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Protasi F, Girolami B, Roccabianca S, Rossi D. Store-operated calcium entry: From physiology to tubular aggregate myopathy. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2023; 68:102347. [PMID: 36608411 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Store-Operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is recognized as a key mechanism in muscle physiology necessary to refill intracellular Ca2+ stores during sustained muscle activity. For many years the cell structures expected to mediate SOCE in skeletal muscle fibres remained unknown. Recently, the identification of Ca2+ Entry Units (CEUs) in exercised muscle fibres opened new insights into the role of extracellular Ca2+ in muscle contraction and, more generally, in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Accordingly, intracellular Ca2+ unbalance due to alterations in SOCE strictly correlates with muscle disfunction and disease. Mutations in proteins involved in SOCE (STIM1, ORAI1, and CASQ1) have been linked to tubular aggregate myopathy (TAM), a disease that causes muscle weakness and myalgia and is characterized by a typical accumulation of highly ordered and packed membrane tubules originated from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Achieving a full understanding of the molecular pathways activated by alterations in Ca2+ entry mechanisms is a necessary step to design effective therapies for human SOCE-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feliciano Protasi
- CAST, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology; University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, I-66100, Italy; DMSI, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences; University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, I-66100, Italy
| | - Barbara Girolami
- CAST, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology; University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, I-66100, Italy; DMSI, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences; University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, I-66100, Italy
| | - Sara Roccabianca
- DMMS, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine; University of Siena, I-53100, Siena Italy
| | - Daniela Rossi
- DMMS, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine; University of Siena, I-53100, Siena Italy.
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Lupi A, Spolaor S, Favero A, Bello L, Stramare R, Pegoraro E, Nobile MS. Muscle magnetic resonance characterization of STIM1 tubular aggregate myopathy using unsupervised learning. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285422. [PMID: 37155641 PMCID: PMC10166478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Congenital myopathies are a heterogeneous group of diseases affecting the skeletal muscles and characterized by high clinical, genetic, and histological variability. Magnetic Resonance (MR) is a valuable tool for the assessment of involved muscles (i.e., fatty replacement and oedema) and disease progression. Machine Learning is becoming increasingly applied for diagnostic purposes, but to our knowledge, Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) have never been used for the identification of the patterns in these diseases. The aim of this study is to evaluate if SOMs may discriminate between muscles with fatty replacement (S), oedema (E) or neither (N). METHODS MR studies of a family affected by tubular aggregates myopathy (TAM) with the histologically proven autosomal dominant mutation of the STIM1 gene, were examined: for each patient, in two MR assessments (i.e., t0 and t1, the latter after 5 years), fifty-three muscles were evaluated for muscular fatty replacement on the T1w images, and for oedema on the STIR images, for reference. Sixty radiomic features were collected from each muscle at t0 and t1 MR assessment using 3DSlicer software, in order to obtain data from images. A SOM was created to analyze all datasets using three clusters (i.e., 0, 1 and 2) and results were compared with radiological evaluation. RESULTS Six patients with TAM STIM1-mutation were included. At t0 MR assessments, all patients showed widespread fatty replacement that intensifies at t1, while oedema mainly affected the muscles of the legs and appears stable at follow-up. All muscles with oedema showed fatty replacement, too. At t0 SOM grid clustering shows almost all N muscles in Cluster 0 and most of the E muscles in Cluster 1; at t1 almost all E muscles appear in Cluster 1. CONCLUSION Our unsupervised learning model appears to be able to recognize muscles altered by the presence of edema and fatty replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Lupi
- Institute of Radiology, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Simone Spolaor
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Favero
- Institute of Radiology, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Bello
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Roberto Stramare
- Clinical and Translational Advanced Imaging Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Elena Pegoraro
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Salvatore Nobile
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
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Rossi D, Catallo MR, Pierantozzi E, Sorrentino V. Mutations in proteins involved in E-C coupling and SOCE and congenital myopathies. J Gen Physiol 2022; 154:213407. [PMID: 35980353 PMCID: PMC9391951 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202213115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, Ca2+ necessary for muscle contraction is stored and released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), a specialized form of endoplasmic reticulum through the mechanism known as excitation–contraction (E-C) coupling. Following activation of skeletal muscle contraction by the E-C coupling mechanism, replenishment of intracellular stores requires reuptake of cytosolic Ca2+ into the SR by the activity of SR Ca2+-ATPases, but also Ca2+ entry from the extracellular space, through a mechanism called store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). The fine orchestration of these processes requires several proteins, including Ca2+ channels, Ca2+ sensors, and Ca2+ buffers, as well as the active involvement of mitochondria. Mutations in genes coding for proteins participating in E-C coupling and SOCE are causative of several myopathies characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes, a variety of histological features, and alterations in intracellular Ca2+ balance. This review summarizes current knowledge on these myopathies and discusses available knowledge on the pathogenic mechanisms of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rossi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Interdepartmental Program of Molecular Diagnosis and Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Rare Genetic Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Catallo
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Enrico Pierantozzi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Sorrentino
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Interdepartmental Program of Molecular Diagnosis and Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Rare Genetic Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
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Sun W, Hu J, Li M, Huo J, Zhu X. Stormorken syndrome caused by STIM1 mutation: A case report and literature review. MEDICINE INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2:29. [PMID: 36698909 PMCID: PMC9829216 DOI: 10.3892/mi.2022.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present case study was to identify the genetic cause of a patient with a clinical presentation of tubular aggregate myopathy (TAM)/Stormorken syndrome (STRMK) and review the published clinical data of patients with TAM/STRMK. A child with thrombocytopenia and hyperCKemia at the Children's Hospital of Soochow University were recruited in the study. Peripheral blood samples of the infant and her parents were collected, and then whole-exome sequencing was performed. Detection of the stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) level of the child was performed using western blot analysis. In addition, a literature review was performed based on a thorough retrieval of published literature from the PubMed database, as well as domestic databases. In the present study, the c.326A>G mutation in a STIM1 allele (p.H109R) was identified only in the child, as opposed to the unaffected parents. The level of STIM1 was not decreased in the child. Among the mutation sites identified in previous studies, there were 46 cases across 30 families of STIM1 EF-hand mutations, 21 cases across 14 families of STIM1 CC1 mutations and 20 cases across 8 families of calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1 mutations, in which 7 parents had the same mutation site as the patient described herein. On the whole, it is demonstrated that TAM/STRMK is an extremely rare disease with autosomal dominant inheritance. Patients often have multisystemic signs. Gene detection at an early stage is helpful for diagnosis. Long-term exercise training may also have a certain curative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Sun
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Jinhui Hu
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Mengzhao Li
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Jie Huo
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Xueping Zhu
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
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Silencing of the Ca2+ Channel ORAI1 Improves the Multi-Systemic Phenotype of Tubular Aggregate Myopathy (TAM) and Stormorken Syndrome (STRMK) in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136968. [PMID: 35805973 PMCID: PMC9266658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubular aggregate myopathy (TAM) and Stormorken syndrome (STRMK) form a clinical continuum associating progressive muscle weakness with additional multi-systemic anomalies of the bones, skin, spleen, and platelets. TAM/STRMK arises from excessive extracellular Ca2+ entry due to gain-of-function mutations in the Ca2+ sensor STIM1 or the Ca2+ channel ORAI1. Currently, no treatment is available. Here we assessed the therapeutic potential of ORAI1 downregulation to anticipate and reverse disease development in a faithful mouse model carrying the most common TAM/STRMK mutation and recapitulating the main signs of the human disorder. To this aim, we crossed Stim1R304W/+ mice with Orai1+/− mice expressing 50% of ORAI1. Systematic phenotyping of the offspring revealed that the Stim1R304W/+Orai1+/− mice were born with a normalized ratio and showed improved postnatal growth, bone architecture, and partly ameliorated muscle function and structure compared with their Stim1R304W/+ littermates. We also produced AAV particles containing Orai1-specific shRNAs, and intramuscular injections of Stim1R304W/+ mice improved the skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation properties, while muscle histology remained unchanged. Altogether, we provide the proof-of-concept that Orai1 silencing partially prevents the development of the multi-systemic TAM/STRMK phenotype in mice, and we also established an approach to target Orai1 expression in postnatal tissues.
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Riva B, Pessolano E, Quaglia E, Cordero-Sanchez C, Bhela IP, Topf A, Serafini M, Cox D, Harris E, Garibaldi M, Barresi R, Pirali T, Genazzani AA. STIM1 and ORAI1 mutations leading to tubular aggregate myopathies are sensitive to the Store-operated Ca2+-entry modulators CIC-37 and CIC-39. Cell Calcium 2022; 105:102605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Collins HE, Zhang D, Chatham JC. STIM and Orai Mediated Regulation of Calcium Signaling in Age-Related Diseases. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:876785. [PMID: 35821821 PMCID: PMC9261457 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.876785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Tight spatiotemporal regulation of intracellular Ca2+ plays a critical role in regulating diverse cellular functions including cell survival, metabolism, and transcription. As a result, eukaryotic cells have developed a wide variety of mechanisms for controlling Ca2+ influx and efflux across the plasma membrane as well as Ca2+ release and uptake from intracellular stores. The STIM and Orai protein families comprising of STIM1, STIM2, Orai1, Orai2, and Orai3, are evolutionarily highly conserved proteins that are core components of all mammalian Ca2+ signaling systems. STIM1 and Orai1 are considered key players in the regulation of Store Operated Calcium Entry (SOCE), where release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores such as the Endoplasmic/Sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) triggers Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane. SOCE, which has been widely characterized in non-excitable cells, plays a central role in Ca2+-dependent transcriptional regulation. In addition to their role in Ca2+ signaling, STIM1 and Orai1 have been shown to contribute to the regulation of metabolism and mitochondrial function. STIM and Orai proteins are also subject to redox modifications, which influence their activities. Considering their ubiquitous expression, there has been increasing interest in the roles of STIM and Orai proteins in excitable cells such as neurons and myocytes. While controversy remains as to the importance of SOCE in excitable cells, STIM1 and Orai1 are essential for cellular homeostasis and their disruption is linked to various diseases associated with aging such as cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration. The recent identification of splice variants for most STIM and Orai isoforms while complicating our understanding of their function, may also provide insight into some of the current contradictions on their roles. Therefore, the goal of this review is to describe our current understanding of the molecular regulation of STIM and Orai proteins and their roles in normal physiology and diseases of aging, with a particular focus on heart disease and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E. Collins
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Dingguo Zhang
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of PathologyUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - John C. Chatham
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of PathologyUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States,*Correspondence: John C. Chatham,
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Alteration of STIM1/Orai1-Mediated SOCE in Skeletal Muscle: Impact in Genetic Muscle Diseases and Beyond. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102722. [PMID: 34685702 PMCID: PMC8534495 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Ca2+ ions represent a signaling mediator that plays a critical role in regulating different muscular cellular processes. Ca2+ homeostasis preservation is essential for maintaining skeletal muscle structure and function. Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), a Ca2+-entry process activated by depletion of intracellular stores contributing to the regulation of various function in many cell types, is pivotal to ensure a proper Ca2+ homeostasis in muscle fibers. It is coordinated by STIM1, the main Ca2+ sensor located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and ORAI1 protein, a Ca2+-permeable channel located on transverse tubules. It is commonly accepted that Ca2+ entry via SOCE has the crucial role in short- and long-term muscle function, regulating and adapting many cellular processes including muscle contractility, postnatal development, myofiber phenotype and plasticity. Lack or mutations of STIM1 and/or Orai1 and the consequent SOCE alteration have been associated with serious consequences for muscle function. Importantly, evidence suggests that SOCE alteration can trigger a change of intracellular Ca2+ signaling in skeletal muscle, participating in the pathogenesis of different progressive muscle diseases such as tubular aggregate myopathy, muscular dystrophy, cachexia, and sarcopenia. This review provides a brief overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying STIM1/Orai1-dependent SOCE in skeletal muscle, focusing on how SOCE alteration could contribute to skeletal muscle wasting disorders and on how SOCE components could represent pharmacological targets with high therapeutic potential.
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Jiang LJ, Zhao X, Dou ZY, Su QX, Rong ZH. Stormorken Syndrome Caused by a Novel STIM1 Mutation: A Case Report. Front Neurol 2021; 12:522513. [PMID: 34408715 PMCID: PMC8366773 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.522513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To identify the gene mutation of Stormorken syndrome and review the published Stromal Interaction Molecule 1 (STIM1) mutation phenotype. Methods: We described the clinical and molecular aspects of a Chinese female with Stormorken syndrome by laboratory tests, muscle biopsies, and genetic analysis. We used this information to summarize all the mutation sites reported in the literature. We also reviewed the clinical features of published cases with a gain of function mutations of STIM1. Results: A 12-year-old Chinese female presented with skin purpura in the lower limbs and stroke-like episodes. Muscle biopsy and microscopic examination revealed atrophy in her skeletal muscle. Genetic analysis identified a novel heterozygous missense mutation, a c.1095G>C transition (NM_003156.3), which caused a p.K365N amino acid substitution in the protein and affected a STIM1-orai1-activation region (SOAR). Conclusions: The novel variant c.1095G>C transition (NM_003156.3) was located in the SOAR, which expands the phenotypic spectrum of STIM1 variants in human disorders and may define the molecular basis of Stormorken syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhi-Yan Dou
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qing-Xiao Su
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zan-Hua Rong
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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14
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Ticci C, Cassandrini D, Rubegni A, Riva B, Vattemi G, Matà S, Ricci G, Baldacci J, Guglielmi V, Di Muzio A, Malandrini A, Tonin P, Siciliano G, Federico A, Genazzani AA, Santorelli FM, Merlini L. Expanding the clinical and genetic spectrum of pathogenic variants in STIM1. Muscle Nerve 2021; 64:567-575. [PMID: 34368974 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/AIMS Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) is a reticular Ca2+ sensor composed of a luminal and a cytosolic domain. Autosomal dominant mutations in STIM1 cause tubular aggregate myopathy and Stormorken syndrome or its variant York platelet syndrome. In this study we aimed to expand the features related to new variants in STIM1. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study of individuals harboring monoallelic STIM1 variants recruited at five tertiary centers involved in a study of inherited myopathies analyzed with a multigene-targeted panel. RESULTS We identified seven individuals (age range, 26-57 years) harboring variants in STIM1, including five novel changes: three located in the EF-hand domain, one in the sterile α motif (SAM) domain, and one in the cytoplasmatic region of the protein. Functional evaluation of the pathogenic variants using a heterologous expression system and measuring store-operated calcium entry demonstrated their causative role and suggested a link of new variants with the clinical phenotype. Muscle contractures, found in three individuals, showed variability in body distribution and in the number of joints involved. Three patients showed cardiac and respiratory involvement. Short stature, hyposplenism, sensorineural hearing loss, hypothyroidism, and Gilbert syndrome were variably observed among the patients. Laboratory tests revealed hyperCKemia in six patients, thrombocytopenia in two patients, and hypocalcemia in one patient. Muscle biopsy showed the presence of tubular aggregates in three patients, type I fiber atrophy in one patient, and nonspecific myopathic changes in two patients. DISCUSSION Our clinical, histological, and molecular data expand the genetic and clinical spectrum of STIM1-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ticci
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pisa, Italy.,AOU Meyer, Florence, Italy
| | - Denise Cassandrini
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Rubegni
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pisa, Italy
| | - Beatrice Riva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Gaetano Vattemi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sabrina Matà
- Careggi University Hospital, Neurology Unit, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Ricci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jacopo Baldacci
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pisa, Italy.,Kode s.r.l., Pisa, Italy
| | - Valeria Guglielmi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Malandrini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Paola Tonin
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriele Siciliano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Federico
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Armando A Genazzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Luciano Merlini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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15
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Park JH, Jeong SY, Choi JH, Lee EH. Pathological Mechanism of a Constitutively Active Form of Stromal Interaction Molecule 1 in Skeletal Muscle. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081064. [PMID: 34439731 PMCID: PMC8394508 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) is the main protein that, along with Orai1, mediates store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) in skeletal muscle. Abnormal SOCE due to mutations in STIM1 is one of the causes of human skeletal muscle diseases. STIM1-R304Q (a constitutively active form of STIM1) has been found in human patients with skeletal muscle phenotypes such as muscle weakness, myalgia, muscle stiffness, and contracture. However, the pathological mechanism(s) of STIM1-R304Q in skeletal muscle have not been well studied. To examine the pathological mechanism(s) of STIM1-R304Q in skeletal muscle, STIM1-R304Q was expressed in mouse primary skeletal myotubes, and the properties of the skeletal myotubes were examined using single-myotube Ca2+ imaging, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and biochemical approaches. STIM1-R304Q did not interfere with the terminal differentiation of skeletal myoblasts to myotubes and retained the ability of STIM1 to attenuate dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) activity. STIM1-R304Q induced hyper-SOCE (that exceeded the SOCE by wild-type STIM1) by affecting both the amplitude and the onset rate of SOCE. Unlike that by wild-type STIM1, hyper-SOCE by STIM1-R304Q contributed to a disturbance in Ca2+ distribution between the cytosol and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) (high Ca2+ in the cytosol and low Ca2+ in the SR). Moreover, the hyper-SOCE and the high cytosolic Ca2+ level induced by STIM1-R304Q involve changes in mitochondrial shape. Therefore, a series of these cellular defects induced by STIM1-R304Q could induce deleterious skeletal muscle phenotypes in human patients carrying STIM1-R304Q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hee Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (J.H.P.); (S.Y.J.); (J.H.C.)
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Seung Yeon Jeong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (J.H.P.); (S.Y.J.); (J.H.C.)
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Jun Hee Choi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (J.H.P.); (S.Y.J.); (J.H.C.)
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Eun Hui Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (J.H.P.); (S.Y.J.); (J.H.C.)
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Correspondence:
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16
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Pathophysiological Effects of Overactive STIM1 on Murine Muscle Function and Structure. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071730. [PMID: 34359900 PMCID: PMC8304505 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is a ubiquitous mechanism regulating extracellular Ca2+ entry to control a multitude of Ca2+-dependent signaling pathways and cellular processes. SOCE relies on the concerted activity of the reticular Ca2+ sensor STIM1 and the plasma membrane Ca2+ channel ORAI1, and dysfunctions of these key factors result in human pathologies. STIM1 and ORAI1 gain-of-function (GoF) mutations induce excessive Ca2+ influx through SOCE over-activation, and cause tubular aggregate myopathy (TAM) and Stormorken syndrome (STRMK), two overlapping disorders characterized by muscle weakness and additional multi-systemic signs affecting growth, platelets, spleen, skin, and intellectual abilities. In order to investigate the pathophysiological effect of overactive SOCE on muscle function and structure, we combined transcriptomics with morphological and functional studies on a TAM/STRMK mouse model. Muscles from Stim1R304W/+ mice displayed aberrant expression profiles of genes implicated in Ca2+ handling and excitation-contraction coupling (ECC), and in vivo investigations evidenced delayed muscle contraction and relaxation kinetics. We also identified signs of reticular stress and abnormal mitochondrial activity, and histological and respirometric analyses on muscle samples revealed enhanced myofiber degeneration associated with reduced mitochondrial respiration. Taken together, we uncovered a molecular disease signature and deciphered the pathomechanism underlying the functional and structural muscle anomalies characterizing TAM/STRMK.
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17
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The ABCs of the atypical Fam20 secretory pathway kinases. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100267. [PMID: 33759783 PMCID: PMC7948968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of extracellular phosphorylation was initiated in late 19th century when the secreted milk protein, casein, and egg-yolk protein, phosvitin, were shown to be phosphorylated. However, it took more than a century to identify Fam20C, which phosphorylates both casein and phosvitin under physiological conditions. This kinase, along with its family members Fam20A and Fam20B, defined a new family with altered amino acid sequences highly atypical from the canonical 540 kinases comprising the kinome. Fam20B is a glycan kinase that phosphorylates xylose residues and triggers peptidoglycan biosynthesis, a role conserved from sponges to human. The protein kinase, Fam20C, conserved from nematodes to humans, phosphorylates well over 100 substrates in the secretory pathway with overall functions postulated to encompass endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis, nutrition, cardiac function, coagulation, and biomineralization. The preferred phosphorylation motif of Fam20C is SxE/pS, and structural studies revealed that related member Fam20A allosterically activates Fam20C by forming a heterodimeric/tetrameric complex. Fam20A, a pseudokinase, is observed only in vertebrates. Loss-of-function genetic alterations in the Fam20 family lead to human diseases such as amelogenesis imperfecta, nephrocalcinosis, lethal and nonlethal forms of Raine syndrome with major skeletal defects, and altered phosphate homeostasis. Together, these three members of the Fam20 family modulate a diverse network of secretory pathway components playing crucial roles in health and disease. The overarching theme of this review is to highlight the progress that has been made in the emerging field of extracellular phosphorylation and the key roles secretory pathway kinases play in an ever-expanding number of cellular processes.
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18
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Rosenberg P, Zhang H, Bryson VG, Wang C. SOCE in the cardiomyocyte: the secret is in the chambers. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:417-434. [PMID: 33638008 PMCID: PMC7910201 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02540-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is an ancient and ubiquitous Ca2+ signaling pathway that is present in virtually every cell type. Over the last two decades, many studies have implicated this non-voltage dependent Ca2+ entry pathway in cardiac physiology. The relevance of the SOCE pathway in cardiomyocytes is often questioned given the well-established role for excitation contraction coupling. In this review, we consider the evidence that STIM1 and SOCE contribute to Ca2+ dynamics in cardiomyocytes. We discuss the relevance of this pathway to cardiac growth in response to developmental and pathologic cues. We also address whether STIM1 contributes to Ca2+ store refilling that likely impacts cardiac pacemaking and arrhythmogenesis in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27705, USA.
| | - Hengtao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | | | - Chaojian Wang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
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19
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Conte E, Pannunzio A, Imbrici P, Camerino GM, Maggi L, Mora M, Gibertini S, Cappellari O, De Luca A, Coluccia M, Liantonio A. Gain-of-Function STIM1 L96V Mutation Causes Myogenesis Alteration in Muscle Cells From a Patient Affected by Tubular Aggregate Myopathy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:635063. [PMID: 33718371 PMCID: PMC7952532 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.635063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubular Aggregate Myopathy (TAM) is a hereditary ultra-rare muscle disorder characterized by muscle weakness and cramps or myasthenic features. Biopsies from TAM patients show the presence of tubular aggregates originated from sarcoplasmic reticulum due to altered Ca2+ homeostasis. TAM is caused by gain-of-function mutations in STIM1 or ORAI1, proteins responsible for Store-Operated-Calcium-Entry (SOCE), a pivotal mechanism in Ca2+ signaling. So far there is no cure for TAM and the mechanisms through which STIM1 or ORAI1 gene mutation lead to muscle dysfunction remain to be clarified. It has been established that post-natal myogenesis critically relies on Ca2+ influx through SOCE. To explore how Ca2+ homeostasis dysregulation associated with TAM impacts on muscle differentiation cascade, we here performed a functional characterization of myoblasts and myotubes deriving from patients carrying STIM1 L96V mutation by using fura-2 cytofluorimetry, high content imaging and real-time PCR. We demonstrated a higher resting Ca2+ concentration and an increased SOCE in STIM1 mutant compared with control, together with a compensatory down-regulation of genes involved in Ca2+ handling (RyR1, Atp2a1, Trpc1). Differentiating STIM1 L96V myoblasts persisted in a mononuclear state and the fewer multinucleated myotubes had distinct morphology and geometry of mitochondrial network compared to controls, indicating a defect in the late differentiation phase. The alteration in myogenic pathway was confirmed by gene expression analysis regarding early (Myf5, Mef2D) and late (DMD, Tnnt3) differentiation markers together with mitochondrial markers (IDH3A, OGDH). We provided evidences of mechanisms responsible for a defective myogenesis associated to TAM mutant and validated a reliable cellular model usefull for TAM preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Conte
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Paola Imbrici
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Maggi
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Mora
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Gibertini
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Annamaria De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Mauro Coluccia
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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20
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Burgos M, Philippe R, Antigny F, Buscaglia P, Masson E, Mukherjee S, Dubar P, Le Maréchal C, Campeotto F, Lebonvallet N, Frieden M, Llopis J, Domingo B, Stathopulos PB, Ikura M, Brooks W, Guida W, Chen JM, Ferec C, Capiod T, Mignen O. The p.E152K-STIM1 mutation deregulates Ca 2+ signaling contributing to chronic pancreatitis. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.244012. [PMID: 33468626 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.244012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since deregulation of intracellular Ca2+ can lead to intracellular trypsin activation, and stromal interaction molecule-1 (STIM1) protein is the main regulator of Ca2+ homeostasis in pancreatic acinar cells, we explored the Ca2+ signaling in 37 STIM1 variants found in three pancreatitis patient cohorts. Extensive functional analysis of one particular variant, p.E152K, identified in three patients, provided a plausible link between dysregulated Ca2+ signaling within pancreatic acinar cells and chronic pancreatitis susceptibility. Specifically, p.E152K, located within the STIM1 EF-hand and sterile α-motif domain, increased the release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum in patient-derived fibroblasts and transfected HEK293T cells. This event was mediated by altered STIM1-sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium transport ATPase (SERCA) conformational change and enhanced SERCA pump activity leading to increased store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). In pancreatic AR42J cells expressing the p.E152K variant, Ca2+ signaling perturbations correlated with defects in trypsin activation and secretion, and increased cytotoxicity after cholecystokinin stimulation.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Burgos
- Université de Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France .,Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB) and Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02002 Albacete, Spain.,Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete (UI-CHUA), 02002 Albacete, Spain
| | - Reginald Philippe
- Université de Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Fabrice Antigny
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Inserm UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis Robinson, France.,Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Geneva Medical Center, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul Buscaglia
- Université de Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France.,UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609 Brest, France
| | - Emmanuelle Masson
- Université de Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Sreya Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Pauline Dubar
- Université de Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France
| | | | - Florence Campeotto
- Hôpital Necker, AP-HP, Service de Gastroentérologie et Explorations Fonctionnelles Digestives Pédiatriques, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité Université, Institut Imagine, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Lebonvallet
- Laboratory of Interactions Keratinocytes Neurons (EA4685), University of Western Brittany, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Maud Frieden
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Geneva Medical Center, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Juan Llopis
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB) and Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02002 Albacete, Spain
| | - Beatriz Domingo
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB) and Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02002 Albacete, Spain
| | - Peter B Stathopulos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Mitsuhiko Ikura
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Wesley Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Wayne Guida
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Jian-Min Chen
- Université de Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Claude Ferec
- Université de Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Thierry Capiod
- INSERM Unit 1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75014, France
| | - Olivier Mignen
- Université de Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France .,UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609 Brest, France
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21
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Silva-Rojas R, Laporte J, Böhm J. STIM1/ ORAI1 Loss-of-Function and Gain-of-Function Mutations Inversely Impact on SOCE and Calcium Homeostasis and Cause Multi-Systemic Mirror Diseases. Front Physiol 2020; 11:604941. [PMID: 33250786 PMCID: PMC7672041 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.604941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is a ubiquitous and essential mechanism regulating Ca2+ homeostasis in all tissues, and controls a wide range of cellular functions including keratinocyte differentiation, osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, T cell proliferation, platelet activation, and muscle contraction. The main SOCE actors are STIM1 and ORAI1. Depletion of the reticular Ca2+ stores induces oligomerization of the luminal Ca2+ sensor STIM1, and the oligomers activate the plasma membrane Ca2+ channel ORAI1 to trigger extracellular Ca2+ entry. Mutations in STIM1 and ORAI1 result in abnormal SOCE and lead to multi-systemic disorders. Recessive loss-of-function mutations are associated with CRAC (Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+) channelopathy, involving immunodeficiency and autoimmunity, muscular hypotonia, ectodermal dysplasia, and mydriasis. In contrast, dominant STIM1 and ORAI1 gain-of-function mutations give rise to tubular aggregate myopathy and Stormorken syndrome (TAM/STRMK), forming a clinical spectrum encompassing muscle weakness, thrombocytopenia, ichthyosis, hyposplenism, short stature, and miosis. Functional studies on patient-derived cells revealed that CRAC channelopathy mutations impair SOCE and extracellular Ca2+ influx, while TAM/STRMK mutations induce excessive Ca2+ entry through SOCE over-activation. In accordance with the opposite pathomechanisms underlying both disorders, CRAC channelopathy and TAM/STRMK patients show mirror phenotypes at the clinical and molecular levels, and the respective animal models recapitulate the skin, bones, immune system, platelet, and muscle anomalies. Here we review and compare the clinical presentations of CRAC channelopathy and TAM/STRMK patients and the histological and molecular findings obtained on human samples and murine models to highlight the mirror phenotypes in different tissues, and to point out potentially undiagnosed anomalies in patients, which may be relevant for disease management and prospective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Silva-Rojas
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Inserm U1258, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Jocelyn Laporte
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Inserm U1258, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Johann Böhm
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Inserm U1258, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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22
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Peche GA, Spiegelhalter C, Silva-Rojas R, Laporte J, Böhm J. Functional analyses of STIM1 mutations reveal a common pathomechanism for tubular aggregate myopathy and Stormorken syndrome. Neuropathology 2020; 40:559-569. [PMID: 33073872 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tubular aggregate myopathy (TAM) is a progressive disorder characterized by muscle weakness, cramps, and myalgia. TAM clinically overlaps with Stormorken syndrome (STRMK), combining TAM with miosis, thrombocytopenia, hyposplenism, ichthyosis, short stature, and dyslexia. TAM and STRMK arise from gain-of-function mutations in STIM1 (stromal interaction molecule 1) or ORAI1, both encoding key regulators of Ca2+ homeostasis, and mutations in either gene result in excessive extracellular Ca2+ entry. The pathomechanistic similarities and differences between TAM and STRMK are only partially understood. Here we provide functional in vitro experiments demonstrating that STIM1 harboring the TAM D84G or the STRMK R304W mutation similarly cluster and exert a dominant effect on the wild-type protein. Both mutants recruit ORAI1 to the clusters, increase cytosolic Ca2+ levels, promote major nuclear import of the Ca2+ -dependent transcription factor NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells), and trigger the formation of circular membrane stacks. In conclusion, the analyzed TAM and STRMK mutations have a comparable impact on STIM1 protein function and downstream effects of excessive Ca2+ entry, highlighting that TAM and STRMK involve a common pathomechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Arielle Peche
- Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,INSERM U1258, Illkirch, France.,CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Coralie Spiegelhalter
- Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,INSERM U1258, Illkirch, France.,CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Roberto Silva-Rojas
- Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,INSERM U1258, Illkirch, France.,CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Jocelyn Laporte
- Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,INSERM U1258, Illkirch, France.,CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Johann Böhm
- Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,INSERM U1258, Illkirch, France.,CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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23
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Claeys T, Goosens V, Racé V, Theys T, Thal DR, Depuydt CE, Claeys KG. Clinical and muscle MRI features in a family with tubular aggregate myopathy and novel STIM1 mutation. Neuromuscul Disord 2020; 30:709-718. [PMID: 32893083 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in the stromal interaction molecule-1-gene (STIM1) cause a clinical phenotype varying from tubular aggregate myopathy with single or multiple signs of Stormorken syndrome to the full Stormorken phenotype. We identified a novel heterozygous mutation c.325C > T (p.H109Y) in the EF-hand domain of STIM1 in six patients of a large Belgian family, and performed a detailed clinical (N = 6), histopathological (N = 2) and whole-body muscle MRI (N = 3) study. The clinical phenotype was characterized by a slowly progressive, predominant proximal muscle weakness in all patients (100%), and additional exercise-induced myalgia in three (60%). Patients experienced symptom onset between 10 and 20 years, remained ambulatory into late adulthood, showed elevated serum creatine kinase levels and tubular aggregates in type 1 and type 2 fibers on muscle biopsy. Interestingly, jaw contractures and hyperlaxity, as well as non-muscular multisystemic features such as menorrhagia, easy bruising and ichthyosis occurred in one patient, and miosis in another. Whole-body muscle MRI revealed predominant involvement of superficial neck extensors, subscapularis, obliquus abdominis externus, lumbar extensors, rectus femoris, biceps femoris longus, medial head of gastrocnemius and flexor hallucis longus. Our findings in patients with myopathy with tubular aggregates and a STIM1 mutation further support the concept of a continuous spectrum with Stormorken syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Claeys
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Goosens
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valérie Racé
- Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Theys
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dietmar R Thal
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Neuropathology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe E Depuydt
- Laboratory for Muscle diseases and Neuropathies, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristl G Claeys
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Muscle diseases and Neuropathies, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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24
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Sura A, Jacher J, Neil E, McFadden K, Walkovich K, Hannibal M. Chronic Thrombocytopenia as the Initial Manifestation of STIM1-Related Disorders. Pediatrics 2020; 145:peds.2019-2081. [PMID: 32234795 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-2081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric thrombocytopenia has a wide differential diagnosis, and recently, genetic testing to identify its etiology has become more common. We present a case of a 16-year-old boy with a history of chronic moderate thrombocytopenia, who later developed constitutional symptoms and bilateral hand edema with cold exposure. Laboratory evaluation revealed evidence both of inflammation and elevated muscle enzymes. These abnormalities persisted over months. His thrombocytopenia was determined to be immune mediated. Imaging revealed lymphadenopathy and asplenia, and a muscle biopsy was consistent with tubular aggregate myopathy. Ophthalmology evaluation noted photosensitivity, pupillary miosis, and iris hypoplasia. Genetic testing demonstrated a pathogenic variant in STIM1 consistent with autosomal dominant Stormorken syndrome. Our case is novel because of the overlap of phenotypes ascribed to both gain-of-function and loss-of-function pathogenic variants in STIM1, thereby blurring the distinctions between these previously described syndromes. Pediatricians should consider checking muscle enzymes when patients present with thrombocytopenia and arthralgia, myalgia, and/or muscle weakness. Our case highlights the importance of both multidisciplinary care and genetic testing in cases of chronic unexplained thrombocytopenia. By understanding the underlying genetic mechanism to a patient's thrombocytopenia, providers are better equipped to make more precise medical management recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kathryn McFadden
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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25
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Schartner V, Laporte J, Böhm J. Abnormal Excitation-Contraction Coupling and Calcium Homeostasis in Myopathies and Cardiomyopathies. J Neuromuscul Dis 2020; 6:289-305. [PMID: 31356215 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-180314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Muscle contraction requires specialized membrane structures with precise geometry and relies on the concerted interplay of electrical stimulation and Ca2+ release, known as excitation-contraction coupling (ECC). The membrane structure hosting ECC is called triad in skeletal muscle and dyad in cardiac muscle, and structural or functional defects of triads and dyads have been observed in a variety of myopathies and cardiomyopathies. Based on their function, the proteins localized at the triad/dyad can be classified into three molecular pathways: the Ca2+ release complex (CRC), store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), and membrane remodeling. All three are mechanistically linked, and consequently, aberrations in any of these pathways cause similar disease entities. This review provides an overview of the clinical and genetic spectrum of triad and dyad defects with a main focus of attention on the underlying pathomechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Schartner
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,INSERM U1258, Illkirch, France.,CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Strasbourg University, Illkirch, France
| | - Jocelyn Laporte
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,INSERM U1258, Illkirch, France.,CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Strasbourg University, Illkirch, France
| | - Johann Böhm
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,INSERM U1258, Illkirch, France.,CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Strasbourg University, Illkirch, France
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26
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Morin G, Biancalana V, Echaniz-Laguna A, Noury JB, Lornage X, Moggio M, Ripolone M, Violano R, Marcorelles P, Maréchal D, Renaud F, Maurage CA, Tard C, Cuisset JM, Laporte J, Böhm J. Tubular aggregate myopathy and Stormorken syndrome: Mutation spectrum and genotype/phenotype correlation. Hum Mutat 2019; 41:17-37. [PMID: 31448844 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+ ) acts as a ubiquitous second messenger, and normal cell and tissue physiology strictly depends on the precise regulation of Ca2+ entry, storage, and release. Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is a major mechanism controlling extracellular Ca2+ entry, and mainly relies on the accurate interplay between the Ca2+ sensor STIM1 and the Ca2+ channel ORAI1. Mutations in STIM1 or ORAI1 result in abnormal Ca2+ homeostasis and are associated with severe human disorders. Recessive loss-of-function mutations impair SOCE and cause combined immunodeficiency, while dominant gain-of-function mutations induce excessive extracellular Ca2+ entry and cause tubular aggregate myopathy (TAM) and Stormorken syndrome (STRMK). TAM and STRMK are spectra of the same multisystemic disease characterized by muscle weakness, miosis, thrombocytopenia, hyposplenism, ichthyosis, dyslexia, and short stature. To date, 42 TAM/STRMK families have been described, and here we report five additional families for which we provide clinical, histological, ultrastructural, and genetic data. In this study, we list and review all new and previously reported STIM1 and ORAI1 cases, discuss the pathomechanisms of the mutations based on the known functions and the protein structure of STIM1 and ORAI1, draw a genotype/phenotype correlation, and delineate an efficient screening strategy for the molecular diagnosis of TAM/STRMK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Morin
- Clinical Genetics, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France.,University of Picardy Jules Verne, EA 4666, Amiens, France.,Department of translational medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
| | - Valérie Biancalana
- Department of translational medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Inserm U1258, Illkirch, France.,CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Strasbourg University, Illkirch, France.,Laboratoire Diagnostic Génétique, CHRU, Strasbourg, France
| | - Andoni Echaniz-Laguna
- Department of Neurology, APHP, CHU de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,French National Reference Center for Rare Neuropathies (NNERF), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Inserm U1195 & Paris-Sud University, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Xavière Lornage
- Department of translational medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Inserm U1258, Illkirch, France.,CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Strasbourg University, Illkirch, France
| | - Maurizio Moggio
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Ripolone
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Violano
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Denis Maréchal
- Department of Neurology, CHRU Cavale Blanche, Brest, France
| | - Florence Renaud
- Department of Pathology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | | | - Céline Tard
- CHU Lille, Inserm U1171, Service de neurologie, Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires Nord Est Ile-de-France, Lille University, Lille, France
| | | | - Jocelyn Laporte
- Department of translational medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Inserm U1258, Illkirch, France.,CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Strasbourg University, Illkirch, France
| | - Johann Böhm
- Department of translational medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Inserm U1258, Illkirch, France.,CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Strasbourg University, Illkirch, France
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27
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Silva-Rojas R, Treves S, Jacobs H, Kessler P, Messaddeq N, Laporte J, Böhm J. STIM1 over-activation generates a multi-systemic phenotype affecting the skeletal muscle, spleen, eye, skin, bones and immune system in mice. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 28:1579-1593. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Silva-Rojas
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Inserm, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Susan Treves
- Departments of Biomedicine and Anaesthesia, Basel University Hospital, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Life Sciences, General Pathology section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Hugues Jacobs
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Inserm, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), Illkirch, France
| | - Pascal Kessler
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Inserm, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Nadia Messaddeq
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Inserm, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Jocelyn Laporte
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Inserm, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Johann Böhm
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Inserm, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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28
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Pollak AJ, Liu C, Gudlur A, Mayfield JE, Dalton ND, Gu Y, Chen J, Heller Brown J, Hogan PG, Wiley SE, Peterson KL, Dixon JE. A secretory pathway kinase regulates sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ homeostasis and protects against heart failure. eLife 2018; 7:41378. [PMID: 30520731 PMCID: PMC6298778 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ signaling is important for many cellular and physiological processes, including cardiac function. Although sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) proteins involved in Ca2+ signaling have been shown to be phosphorylated, the biochemical and physiological roles of protein phosphorylation within the lumen of the SR remain essentially uncharacterized. Our laboratory recently identified an atypical protein kinase, Fam20C, which is uniquely localized to the secretory pathway lumen. Here, we show that Fam20C phosphorylates several SR proteins involved in Ca2+ signaling, including calsequestrin2 and Stim1, whose biochemical activities are dramatically regulated by Fam20C mediated phosphorylation. Notably, phosphorylation of Stim1 by Fam20C enhances Stim1 activation and store-operated Ca2+ entry. Physiologically, mice with Fam20c ablated in cardiomyocytes develop heart failure following either aging or induced pressure overload. We extended these observations to show that non-muscle cells lacking Fam20C display altered ER Ca2+ signaling. Overall, we show that Fam20C plays an overarching role in ER/SR Ca2+ homeostasis and cardiac pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Pollak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Canzhao Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Aparna Gudlur
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, United States
| | - Joshua E Mayfield
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Nancy D Dalton
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Yusu Gu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Ju Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Joan Heller Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Patrick G Hogan
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, United States.,Program in Immunology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Sandra E Wiley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Kirk L Peterson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Jack E Dixon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
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29
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Böhm J, Laporte J. [Tubular aggregate myopathy and Stormorken syndrome]. Med Sci (Paris) 2018; 34 Hors série n°2:26-31. [PMID: 30418142 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/201834s208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is an essential regulator for a large number of cellular functions in various tissues and organs, and small disturbances of Ca2+ homeostasis can severely compromise normal physiology. Intracellular Ca2+ balance is mainly controlled by the reticular Ca2+ sensor STIM1 and the plasma membrane Ca2+ channel ORAI1 through a mechanism known as store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). Gain-of-function mutations in STIM1 or ORAI1 cause excessive extracellular Ca2+ influx, resulting in tubular aggregate myopathy (TAM) and Stormorken syndrome (STRMK). Both disorders are spectra of the same disease and involve muscle weakness, miosis, thrombocytopenia, hyposplenism, ichthyosis, dyslexia, and short stature. Here we summarize the clinical and histological characteristics of both disorders, provide an overview on the genetic causes, and recapitulate the current knowledge on the pathomechanisms leading to the multi-systemic phenotype of tubular aggregate myopathy and Stormorken syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Böhm
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France - Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Jocelyn Laporte
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France - Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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30
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Borsani O, Piga D, Costa S, Govoni A, Magri F, Artoni A, Cinnante CM, Fagiolari G, Ciscato P, Moggio M, Bresolin N, Comi GP, Corti S. Stormorken Syndrome Caused by a p.R304W STIM1 Mutation: The First Italian Patient and a Review of the Literature. Front Neurol 2018; 9:859. [PMID: 30374325 PMCID: PMC6196270 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stormorken syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disease that is characterized by a complex phenotype that includes tubular aggregate myopathy (TAM), bleeding diathesis, hyposplenism, mild hypocalcemia and additional features, such as miosis and a mild intellectual disability (dyslexia). Stormorken syndrome is caused by autosomal dominant mutations in the STIM1 gene, which encodes an endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ sensor. Here, we describe the clinical and molecular aspects of a 21-year-old Italian female with Stormorken syndrome. The STIM1 gene sequence identified a c.910C > T transition in a STIM1 allele (p.R304W). The p.R304W mutation is a common mutation that is responsible for Stormorken syndrome and is hypothesized to cause a gain of function action associated with a rise in Ca2+ levels. A review of published STIM1 mutations (n = 50) and reported Stormorken patients (n = 11) indicated a genotype-phenotype correlation with mutations in a coiled coil cytoplasmic domain associated with complete Stormorken syndrome, and other pathological variants outside this region were more often linked to an incomplete phenotype. Our study describes the first Italian patient with Stormorken syndrome, contributes to the genotype/phenotype correlation and highlights the possibility of directly investigating the p.R304W mutation in the presence of a typical phenotype. Highlights- Stormorken syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disease. - Stormoken syndrome is caused by autosomal dominant mutations in the STIM1 gene. - We present the features of a 21-year-old Italian female with Stormorken syndrome. - Our review of published STIM1 mutations suggests a genotype-phenotype correlation. - The p.R304W mutation should be investigated in the presence of a typical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Borsani
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Piga
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Costa
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Govoni
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Magri
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Artoni
- A. Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia M Cinnante
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gigliola Fagiolari
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ciscato
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Moggio
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Nereo Bresolin
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Centre, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo P Comi
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Centre, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Centre, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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31
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Gamage TH, Gunnes G, Lee RH, Louch WE, Holmgren A, Bruton JD, Lengle E, Kolstad TRS, Revold T, Amundsen SS, Dalen KT, Holme PA, Tjønnfjord GE, Christensen G, Westerblad H, Klungland A, Bergmeier W, Misceo D, Frengen E. STIM1 R304W causes muscle degeneration and impaired platelet activation in mice. Cell Calcium 2018; 76:87-100. [PMID: 30390422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
STIM1 and ORAI1 regulate store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) in most cell types, and mutations in these proteins have deleterious and diverse effects. We established a mouse line expressing the STIM1 R304 W gain-of-function mutation causing Stormorken syndrome to explore effects on organ and cell physiology. While STIM1 R304 W was lethal in the homozygous state, surviving mice presented with reduced growth, skeletal muscle degeneration, and reduced exercise endurance. Variable STIM1 expression levels between tissues directly impacted cellular SOCE capacity. In contrast to patients with Stormorken syndrome, STIM1 was downregulated in fibroblasts from Stim1R304W/R304W mice, which maintained SOCE despite constitutive protein activity. In studies using foetal liver chimeras, STIM1 protein was undetectable in homozygous megakaryocytes and platelets, resulting in impaired platelet activation and absent SOCE. These data indicate that downregulation of STIM1 R304 W effectively opposes the gain-of-function phenotype associated with this mutation, and highlight the importance of STIM1 in skeletal muscle development and integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilini H Gamage
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gjermund Gunnes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
| | - Robert Hugh Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - William Edward Louch
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo Norway
| | - Asbjørn Holmgren
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joseph D Bruton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Lengle
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Terje R Selnes Kolstad
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo Norway
| | - Tobias Revold
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
| | | | | | - Pål Andre Holme
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Erland Tjønnfjord
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Christensen
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo Norway
| | - Håkan Westerblad
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Klungland
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Wolfgang Bergmeier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Doriana Misceo
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eirik Frengen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Böhm J, Laporte J. Gain-of-function mutations in STIM1 and ORAI1 causing tubular aggregate myopathy and Stormorken syndrome. Cell Calcium 2018; 76:1-9. [PMID: 30243034 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a key regulator for a large number of cellular functions in all kinds of cells, and small disturbances of Ca2+ homeostasis can severely compromise normal physiology in various tissues and organs. A major mechanism controlling Ca2+ homeostasis is store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), which relies on the concerted action of the reticular Ca2+ sensor STIM1 and the plasma membrane Ca2+ channel ORAI1. Gain-of-function mutations in the respective genes induce excessive Ca2+ entry, and cause tubular aggregate myopathy (TAM) and Stormorken syndrome. Both disorders are part of a clinical continuum and involve muscle weakness and additional variably pronounced features including miosis, thrombocytopenia, hyposplenism, ichthyosis, dyslexia, and short stature. Mutations in the reticular Ca2+ buffer calsequestrin (CASQ1) have moreover been associated with the mild end of the TAM/Stormorken syndrome spectrum. Here we review the clinical and histological characteristics of both disorders, provide an overview on the genetic causes, and thereby focus on the pathomechanisms leading to muscle dysfunction and the multi-systemic phenotype of tubular aggregate myopathy and Stormorken syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Böhm
- Departement of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), Inserm U1258, CNRS UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
| | - Jocelyn Laporte
- Departement of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), Inserm U1258, CNRS UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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Gopurappilly R, Deb BK, Chakraborty P, Hasan G. Stable STIM1 Knockdown in Self-Renewing Human Neural Precursors Promotes Premature Neural Differentiation. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:178. [PMID: 29942250 PMCID: PMC6004407 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ signaling plays a significant role in the development of the vertebrate nervous system where it regulates neurite growth as well as synapse and neurotransmitter specification. Elucidating the role of Ca2+ signaling in mammalian neuronal development has been largely restricted to either small animal models or primary cultures. Here we derived human neural precursor cells (NPCs) from human embryonic stem cells to understand the functional significance of a less understood arm of calcium signaling, Store-operated Ca2+ entry or SOCE, in neuronal development. Human NPCs exhibited robust SOCE, which was significantly attenuated by expression of a stable shRNA-miR targeted toward the SOCE molecule, STIM1. Along with the plasma membrane channel Orai, STIM is an essential component of SOCE in many cell types, where it regulates gene expression. Therefore, we measured global gene expression in human NPCs with and without STIM1 knockdown. Interestingly, pathways down-regulated through STIM1 knockdown were related to cell proliferation and DNA replication processes, whereas post-synaptic signaling was identified as an up-regulated process. To understand the functional significance of these gene expression changes we measured the self-renewal capacity of NPCs with STIM1 knockdown. The STIM1 knockdown NPCs demonstrated significantly reduced neurosphere size and number as well as precocious spontaneous differentiation toward the neuronal lineage, as compared to control cells. These findings demonstrate that STIM1 mediated SOCE in human NPCs regulates gene expression changes, that in vivo are likely to physiologically modulate the self-renewal and differentiation of NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjitha Gopurappilly
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Bipan Kumar Deb
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Pragnya Chakraborty
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Gaiti Hasan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
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Alonso‐Jiménez A, Ramón C, Dols‐Icardo O, Roig C, Gallardo E, Clarimón J, Núñez‐Peralta C, Díaz‐Manera J. Corpus callosum agenesis, myopathy and pinpoint pupils: consider Stormorken syndrome. Eur J Neurol 2018; 25:e25-e26. [DOI: 10.1111/ene.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Alonso‐Jiménez
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit Neurology Department Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - C. Ramón
- Neurology Department Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias Oviedo Spain
| | - O. Dols‐Icardo
- Memory Unit Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Madrid Spain
| | - C. Roig
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit Neurology Department Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - E. Gallardo
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit Neurology Department Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
- Centro de Investigación Básica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) Madrid Spain
| | - J. Clarimón
- Memory Unit Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Madrid Spain
| | - C. Núñez‐Peralta
- Radiology Department Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Barcelona Spain
| | - J. Díaz‐Manera
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit Neurology Department Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
- Centro de Investigación Básica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) Madrid Spain
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Harris E, Topf A, Barresi R, Hudson J, Powell H, Tellez J, Hicks D, Porter A, Bertoli M, Evangelista T, Marini-Betollo C, Magnússon Ó, Lek M, MacArthur D, Bushby K, Lochmüller H, Straub V. Exome sequences versus sequential gene testing in the UK highly specialised Service for Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2017; 12:151. [PMID: 28877744 PMCID: PMC5588739 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-017-0699-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limb girdle muscular dystrophies are a group of rare and genetically heterogeneous diseases that share proximal weakness as a common feature; however they are often lacking very specific phenotypic features to allow an accurate differential diagnosis based on the clinical signs only, limiting the diagnostic rate using phenotype driven genetic testing. Next generation sequencing provides an opportunity to obtain molecular diagnoses for undiagnosed patients, as well as identifying novel genetic causes of muscle diseases. We performed whole exome sequencing (WES) on 104 affected individuals from 75 families in who standard gene by gene testing had not yielded a diagnosis. For comparison we also evaluated the diagnostic rate using sequential gene by gene testing for 91 affected individuals from 84 families over a 2 year period. RESULTS Patients selected for WES had undergone more extensive prior testing than those undergoing standard genetic testing and on average had had 8 genes screened already. In this extensively investigated cohort WES identified the genetic diagnosis in 28 families (28/75, 37%), including the identification of the novel gene ZAK and two unpublished genes. WES of a single affected individual with sporadic disease yielded a diagnosis in 13/38 (34%) of cases. In comparison, conventional gene by gene testing provided a genetic diagnosis in 28/84 (33%) families. Titinopathies and collagen VI related dystrophy were the most frequent diagnoses made by WES. Reasons why mutations in known genes were not identified previously included atypical phenotypes, reassignment of pathogenicity of variants, and in one individual mosaicism for a COL6A1 mutation which was undetected by prior direct sequencing. CONCLUSION WES was able to overcome many limitations of standard testing and achieved a higher rate of diagnosis than standard testing even in this cohort of extensively investigated patients. Earlier application of WES is therefore likely to yield an even higher diagnostic rate. We obtained a high diagnosis rate in simplex cases and therefore such individuals should be included in exome or genome sequencing projects. Disease due to somatic mosaicism may be increasingly recognised due to the increased sensitivity of next generation sequencing techniques to detect low level mosaicism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Harris
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Ana Topf
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Rita Barresi
- Muscle Immunoanalysis Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AZ, UK
| | - Judith Hudson
- Northern Genetics Service, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Helen Powell
- Northern Genetics Service, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - James Tellez
- Northern Genetics Service, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Debbie Hicks
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anna Porter
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Marta Bertoli
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Teresinha Evangelista
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Chiara Marini-Betollo
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | | | - Monkol Lek
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Daniel MacArthur
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Kate Bushby
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Volker Straub
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK. .,Newcastle University John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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