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Cao F, Dang R, Dang B, Zheng H, Ji A, Chen Z, Zhao J, Sun Z. Flow regimes identification of air water counter current flow in vertical annulus using differential pressure signals and machine learning. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12572. [PMID: 38822046 PMCID: PMC11143324 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the gas-liquid two-phase counter-current flow through a vertical annulus, a phenomenon prevalent across numerous industrial fields. The presence of an inner pipe and varying degrees of eccentricity between the inner and outer pipes often blur the clear demarcation of flow regime boundaries. To address this, we designed a vertical annulus with adjustable eccentricity (outer and inner diameters of 125 mm and 75 mm, respectively). We conducted gas-liquid counter-current flow experiments under specific conditions: gas superficial velocity ranging from 0.06 to 5.04 m/s, liquid superficial velocity from 0.01 to 0.25 m/s, and five levels of eccentricity (e = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1). We collected differential pressure data at two distinct height distances (DP1: 50 mm and DP2: 1000 mm). We used vectors, composed of both the probability density functions (PDFs) of the differential pressure signals and the power spectral density (PSD) reduced via Principal Component Analysis, as features. Using the CFDP clustering algorithm-based on local density-we clustered the flow regimes of the experimental data, thereby achieving an objective and consistent identification of the flow regime of gas-liquid two-phase counter-current flow in a vertical annulus. Our analysis reveals that for DP1, the main differences in the PSD of various flow regimes occur within the 0.5-1 Hz range. Among the three flow regimes involved, the slug flow exhibits the highest power intensity, followed by the bubbly flow, with the churn flow having the least. In terms of differential pressure distribution, the bubbly and churn flows have a concentrated distribution, while the slug flow is more dispersed. For DP2, the PSD differences primarily exist within the 0.5-2 Hz range. The churn flow has the highest power intensity, followed by the slug flow, with the bubbly flow being the weakest. Here, the bubbly flow's differential pressure distribution is concentrated, while the slug and churn flows are more dispersed. Based on the results of the flow regime classification, we generated a flow regime map and analyzed the influence of annulus eccentricity on the flow regime. We found that in most cases, pipe eccentricity does not significantly affect the flow regime. However, in the transition region-such as the bubbly to slug flow transition zone-flows with medium eccentricity values (e = 0.5, 0.75) are more likely to transition to slug flow. We compared the visual recognition results of flow regimes with the clustering results. 4.04% of the total samples showed different results from visual recognition and clustering, primarily located in the flow regime transition area. Since visually distinguishing flow regimes in these areas is typically challenging, our methodology offers an objective classification approach for gas-liquid two-phase counter-current flow in a vertical annulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cao
- Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | | | - Bo Dang
- Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Huifeng Zheng
- PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Co., Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Anzhao Ji
- Longdong University, Qingyang, 745300, China
| | | | | | - Zhimeng Sun
- Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China
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Liu W, Lv X, Jiang S, Li H, Zhou H, Dou X. Two-phase flow pattern identification in horizontal gas–liquid swirling pipe flow by machine learning method. ANN NUCL ENERGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anucene.2022.109644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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3
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Swearingen A, Schlegel JP, Hibiki T. Effect of interfacial area modeling method on interfacial drag predictions for two-fluid model calculations in large diameter pipes. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2023.112180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Hwang D, Choi N, Jung W, Kim T, Lee Y, Jo H. Plant-scale experiments of an air inflow accident under sub-atmospheric pressure by pipe break in an open-pool type research reactor. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2023.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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5
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Li T, Wang Y, Zeng J, Pan Z, Yu G. Prediction of Bubble Size Distribution above the Bubble-Breaking Plate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Coal Gasification, Institute of Clean Coal Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai200237, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Coal Gasification, Institute of Clean Coal Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai200237, China
| | - Jie Zeng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Coal Gasification, Institute of Clean Coal Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai200237, China
| | - Zongren Pan
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Coal Gasification, Institute of Clean Coal Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai200237, China
| | - Guangsuo Yu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Coal Gasification, Institute of Clean Coal Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai200237, China
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Liu S, Yin F, Melikhov V, Melikhov O. Validation of the STEG code using experiments on Two-Phase flow across horizontal tube bundles. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2022.112048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Morais TA, Ladd B, Fleming NA, Ryan MC. Free-Phase Gas Detection in Groundwater Wells via Water Pressure and Continuous Field Parameters. GROUND WATER 2022; 60:262-274. [PMID: 34514597 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Detection of free-phase gas (FPG) in groundwater wells is critical for accurate assessment of dissolved gas concentrations and the occurrence of FPG in the subsurface, with consequent implications for understanding groundwater contamination and greenhouse gas emissions. However, identifying FPG is challenging during routine groundwater monitoring and there is poor agreement on the best approach to detect the occurrence of FPG in groundwater. In this study, laboratory experiments in a water column were designed to mimic nonflowing and flowing conditions in a groundwater well to evaluate how the presence of FPG affects water pressure and commonly used continuous field parameters. The laboratory results were extrapolated to interpret field data at an abandoned exploration well with episodic release of free-gas CO2 . The FPG effect on water pressure varied between flowing and nonflowing wells, and depending on whether the FPG was above or below the sensor. Electrical conductivity values were decreased and/or behaved erratically when FPG was present in the water column. Findings from this study have shown that the combined measurement of water pressure, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved gas pressure can provide information about the occurrence of FPG in groundwater wells. Measurement of these parameters at different depths can also provide information about relative depths and amounts of FPG within the well water column. This approach can be used for long-term monitoring of groundwater gases, managing gas-locking in production wells with gassy groundwater, and measuring fugitive greenhouse gas emissions from groundwater wells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bethany Ladd
- Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Neil A Fleming
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - M Cathryn Ryan
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Kim K, Lee JB, Kim WS, Choi HS, Kim JI. Development of a prediction model relating the two-phase pressure drop in a moisture separator using an air/water test facility. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2021.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Effect of interfacial area concentration on one-dimensional code simulation of adiabatic two-phase flows in vertical large size channels. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2021.111502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Thermal-hydraulic characteristics of upward two-phase flows in vertical large size square channels. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2021.111490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Recommended set of interfacial drag correlations for the two-phase flow under thermal–hydraulic conditions of a horizontal steam generator. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2021.111249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kim Y, Park H. Deep learning-based automated and universal bubble detection and mask extraction in complex two-phase flows. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8940. [PMID: 33903689 PMCID: PMC8076184 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While investigating multiphase flows experimentally, the spatiotemporal variation in the interfacial shape between different phases must be measured to analyze the transport phenomena. For this, numerous image processing techniques have been proposed, showing good performance. However, they require trial-and-error optimization of thresholding parameters, which are not universal for all experimental conditions; thus, their accuracy is highly dependent on human experience, and the overall processing cost is high. Motivated by the remarkable improvements in deep learning-based image processing, we trained the Mask R-CNN to develop an automated bubble detection and mask extraction tool that works universally in gas–liquid two-phase flows. The training dataset was rigorously optimized to improve the model performance and delay overfitting with a finite amount of data. The range of detectable bubble size (particularly smaller bubbles) could be extended using a customized weighted loss function. Validation with different bubbly flows yields promising results, with AP50 reaching 98%. Even while testing with bubble-swarm flows not included in the training set, the model detects more than 95% of the bubbles, which is equivalent or superior to conventional image processing methods. The pure processing speed for mask extraction is more than twice as fast as conventional approaches, even without counting the time required for tedious threshold parameter tuning. The present bubble detection and mask extraction tool is available online (https://github.com/ywflow/BubMask).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hyungmin Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea. .,Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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Olatubosun SA, Ayodeji A, Amidu MA. Safety assessment of AP1000: Common transients, analysis codes and research gaps. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2021.111100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ge L, Yang Z, Li H, Shan J. Improvement and validation of the heat transfer model for the containment module in the RCS-containment integral system code. ANN NUCL ENERGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anucene.2020.107531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Influence of Two-Phase Crossflow for Void Prediction in Bundles Using Thermal-Hydraulic System Codes. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13143686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The previous study, where the void fraction predictability of three different thermal-hydraulic system codes was assessed against PSBT (PWR Subchannel and Bundle Test) benchmark data, indicated a general overprediction tendency of all system codes, especially in bundles. Because all codes have been utilized for best-estimate analyses, it is necessary to conduct further assessments in order to find the root cause of the overprediction. A further assessment has been performed using two thermal-hydraulic system codes, TRACE V5.0 patch 5 and MARS-KS 1.4, and the assessment has been carried out for both one- and multi-dimensional components. The results indicate that there is no significant difference in the predictability of the void fraction between one- and multi-dimensional components. In addition, it is found that the turbulent mixing model implemented for the multi-dimensional component of MARS-KS does not play an important role in the prediction of void distribution. Meanwhile, TRACE reveals a significant overprediction due to much less crossflow calculation compared to MARS-KS. By conducting an additional analysis with the modified one-dimensional models, it is clearly confirmed that crossflow significantly affects the void distribution. Therefore, it is concluded that the model for the thermal hydraulic mixing by crossflow in each system code should be improved in order to predict the void distribution in bundles appropriately.
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Kang JY, Hossen MM, Bae BU, Kim YS, Lee JB, Shin YC, Jeon WJ, Kang KH. Mechanism of loop seal clearance occurring at U-shaped pipe with air-water two-phase flow. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2019.110398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Zhao Y, Peng X, Wang Y, Wei Z, Yu G, Wang F. Local Distributions of Bubble Velocity and Interfacial Area in the Slender Particle-Containing Scrubbing–Cooling Chamber of an Entrained-Flow Gasifier. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Zhao
- Institute of Clean Coal Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Xin Peng
- Shanghai Research Institute, SINOPEC Lubricant Company, Ltd., Shanghai 200080, PR China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Institute of Clean Coal Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Zongyao Wei
- Institute of Clean Coal Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Guangsuo Yu
- Institute of Clean Coal Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Fuchen Wang
- Institute of Clean Coal Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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Bahramian A, Elyasi S. One-dimensional drift-flux model and a new approach to calculate drift velocity and gas holdup in bubble columns. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.115302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Wu H, Duan Q. Gas Void Fraction Measurement of Gas-Liquid Two-Phase CO 2 Flow Using Laser Attenuation Technique. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:s19143178. [PMID: 31330965 PMCID: PMC6679576 DOI: 10.3390/s19143178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The carbon capture and storage (CCS) system has the potential to reduce CO2 emissions from traditional energy industries. In order to monitor and control the CCS process, it is essential to achieve an accurate measurement of the gas void fraction in a two-phase CO2 flow in transportation pipelines. This paper presents a novel instrumentation system based on the laser attenuation technique for the gas void fraction measurement of the two-phase CO2 flow. The system includes an infrared laser source and a photodiode sensor array. Experiments were conducted on the horizontal and vertical test sections. Two Coriolis mass flowmeters are respectively installed on the single-phase pipelines to obtain the reference gas void fraction. The experimental results obtained show that the proposed method is effective. In the horizontal test section, the relative errors of the stratified flow are within ±8.3%, while those of the bubble flow are within ±10.6%. In the vertical test section, the proposed method performs slightly less well, with relative errors under ±12.2%. The obtained results show that the measurement system is capable of providing an accurate measurement of the gas void fraction of the two-phase CO2 flow and a useful reference for other industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochi Wu
- School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Quansheng Duan
- School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
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Liu L, Bai B. Flow regime identification of swirling gas-liquid flow with image processing technique and neural networks. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Abbs T, Hibiki T. One-dimensional drift-flux correlation for vertical upward two-phase flow in a large size rectangular channel. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Local flow regime and bubble size distribution in the slender particle-containing scrubbing-cooling chamber of an entrained-flow gasifier. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Shen X, Schlegel JP, Hibiki T, Nakamura H. Some characteristics of gas–liquid two-phase flow in vertical large-diameter channels. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Safari Pour S, Mohanarangam K, Vahaji S, Cheung SCP, Tu J. Visualisation of gas–liquid bubbly flows in a large diameter pipe with 90 $$^{\circ }$$ ∘ bend. J Vis (Tokyo) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12650-018-0486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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25
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Wang N, Sun B, Gong P, Wang Z. Improved Void Fraction Correlation for Two-Phase Flow in Large-Diameter Annuli. Chem Eng Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201600119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- China University of Petroleum (East China); School of Petroleum Engineering; 66 Changjiang West Rd 266580 Qingdao China
| | - Baojiang Sun
- China University of Petroleum (East China); School of Petroleum Engineering; 66 Changjiang West Rd 266580 Qingdao China
| | - Peibin Gong
- Shengli Drilling Technology Research Institute, Sinopec; 827 BeiYi Road, Dongying Shandong China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- China University of Petroleum (East China); School of Petroleum Engineering; 66 Changjiang West Rd 266580 Qingdao China
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Schlegel J, Hibiki T, Ishii M. Characteristics of two-phase flows in large diameter channels. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2016.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Chakraborty S, Das PK. Model based reconstruction of an axisymmetric moving void using multiple conductivity probes. Chem Eng Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Shen X, Sun H, Deng B, Hibiki T, Nakamura H. Gas-liquid bubbly flow structure in a vertical large-diameter square duct. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Karmakar A, Paruya S. Visualization of boiling flow structure in a natural circulation boiling loop. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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Farman Ali S, Yeung H. Experimental Study of Two-Phase Air–Water Flow in Large-Diameter Vertical Pipes. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2013.879058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Schlegel J, Macke C, Hibiki T, Ishii M. Modified distribution parameter for churn-turbulent flows in large diameter channels. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia F. Ali
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering; NED University of Engineering and Technology; Karachi 75270 Pakistan
| | - Hoi Yeung
- Department of Offshore, Process and Energy Engineering; Cranfield University; Cranfield Bedfordshire MK43 0AL UK
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Schlegel J, Hibiki T, Ishii M. Development of a comprehensive set of drift-flux constitutive models for pipes of various hydraulic diameters. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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