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Wei X, Guo H, Yu J, He X, Yi H, Hou Y, He X. A Multilevel Probabilistic Cerenkov Luminescence Tomography Reconstruction Framework Based on Energy Distribution Density Region Scaling. Front Oncol 2021; 11:751055. [PMID: 34745977 PMCID: PMC8570774 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.751055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence tomography (CLT) is a promising non-invasive optical imaging method with three-dimensional semiquantitative in vivo imaging capability. However, CLT itself relies on Cerenkov radiation, a low-intensity radiation, making CLT reconstruction more challenging than other imaging modalities. In order to solve the ill-posed inverse problem of CLT imaging, some numerical optimization or regularization methods need to be applied. However, in commonly used methods for solving inverse problems, parameter selection significantly influences the results. Therefore, this paper proposed a probabilistic energy distribution density region scaling (P-EDDRS) framework. In this framework, multiple reconstruction iterations are performed, and the Cerenkov source distribution of each reconstruction is treated as random variables. According to the spatial energy distribution density, the new region of interest (ROI) is solved. The size of the region required for the next operation was determined dynamically by combining the intensity characteristics. In addition, each reconstruction source distribution is given a probability weight value, and the prior probability in the subsequent reconstruction is refreshed. Last, all the reconstruction source distributions are weighted with the corresponding probability weights to get the final Cerenkov source distribution. To evaluate the performance of the P-EDDRS framework in CLT, this article performed numerical simulation, in vivo pseudotumor model mouse experiment, and breast cancer mouse experiment. Experimental results show that this reconstruction framework has better positioning accuracy and shape recovery ability and can optimize the reconstruction effect of multiple algorithms on CLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wei
- School of Information and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Key Laboratory of Radiomics and Intelligent Perception, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongbo Guo
- School of Information and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Key Laboratory of Radiomics and Intelligent Perception, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingjing Yu
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuelei He
- School of Information and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Key Laboratory of Radiomics and Intelligent Perception, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huangjian Yi
- School of Information and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Key Laboratory of Radiomics and Intelligent Perception, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuqing Hou
- School of Information and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Key Laboratory of Radiomics and Intelligent Perception, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaowei He
- School of Information and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Key Laboratory of Radiomics and Intelligent Perception, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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van Dam RM, Chatziioannou AF. Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging in the Development and Production of Radiopharmaceuticals. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2021; 9:632056. [PMID: 36213527 PMCID: PMC9544387 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2021.632056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several years there has been an explosion of interest in exploiting Cerenkov radiation to enable in vivo and intraoperative optical imaging of subjects injected with trace amounts of radiopharmaceuticals. At the same time, Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) also has been serving as a critical tool in radiochemistry, especially for the development of novel microfluidic devices for producing radiopharmaceuticals. By enabling microfluidic processes to be monitored non-destructively in situ, CLI has made it possible to literally watch the activity distribution as the synthesis occurs, and to quantitatively measure activity propagation and losses at each step of synthesis, paving the way for significant strides forward in performance and robustness of those devices. In some cases, CLI has enabled detection and resolution of unexpected problems not observable via standard optical methods. CLI is also being used in analytical radiochemistry to increase the reliability of radio-thin layer chromatography (radio-TLC) assays. Rapid and high-resolution Cerenkov imaging of radio-TLC plates enables detection of issues in the spotting or separation process, improves chromatographic resolution (and/or allows reduced separation distance and time), and enables increased throughput by allowing multiple samples to be spotted side-by-side on a single TLC plate for parallel separation and readout. In combination with new multi-reaction microfluidic chips, this is creating a new possibility for high-throughput optimization in radiochemistry. In this mini review, we provide an overview of the role that CLI has played to date in the radiochemistry side of radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Michael van Dam
- UCLA Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Arion F. Chatziioannou
- UCLA Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Yamamoto S. Discovery of the luminescence of water during irradiation of radiation at a lower energy than the Cherenkov light threshold. Radiol Phys Technol 2020; 14:16-24. [PMID: 33037579 DOI: 10.1007/s12194-020-00588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is widely believed that light is not emitted in water during irradiation of radiation at energies lower than the Cherenkov light threshold. Contrary to this consensus, we discovered that light (luminescence) is emitted in water during irradiation of radiation, and imaging of this luminescence was possible. In this review, the author describes the optical images obtained for various types of radiation, their characteristics and origins, and potential applications of the luminescence of water during irradiation at a lower energy than the Cherenkov light threshold. The author also describes the luminescence of other transparent materials and future prospects of the discovered luminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Yamamoto
- Department of Integrated Health Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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Optical imaging of produced light in water during irradiation of gamma photons lower energy than the Cerenkov-light threshold. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 157:109037. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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High-throughput radio-TLC analysis. Nucl Med Biol 2019; 82-83:41-48. [PMID: 31891883 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radio thin layer chromatography (radio-TLC) is commonly used to analyze purity of radiopharmaceuticals or to determine the reaction conversion when optimizing radiosynthesis processes. In applications where there are few radioactive species, radio-TLC is preferred over radio-high-performance liquid chromatography due to its simplicity and relatively quick analysis time. However, with current radio-TLC methods, it remains cumbersome to analyze a large number of samples during reaction optimization. In a couple of studies, Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) has been used for reading radio-TLC plates spotted with a variety of isotopes. We show that this approach can be extended to develop a high-throughput approach for radio-TLC analysis of many samples. METHODS The high-throughput radio-TLC analysis was carried out by performing parallel development of multiple radioactive samples spotted on a single TLC plate, followed by simultaneous readout of the separated samples using Cerenkov imaging. Using custom-written MATLAB software, images were processed and regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn to enclose the radioactive regions/spots. For each sample, the proportion of integrated signal in each ROI was computed. Various crude samples of [18F]fallypride, [18F]FET and [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 were prepared for demonstration of this new method. RESULTS Benefiting from a parallel developing process and high resolution of CLI-based readout, total analysis time for eight [18F]fallypride samples was 7.5 min (2.5 min for parallel developing, 5 min for parallel readout), which was significantly shorter than the 48 min needed using conventional approaches (24 min for sequential developing, 24 min for sequential readout on a radio-TLC scanner). The greater separation resolution of CLI enabled the discovery of a low-abundance side product from a crude [18F]FET sample that was not discernable using the radio-TLC scanner. Using the CLI-based readout method, we also observed that high labeling efficiency (99%) of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 can be achieved in just 10 min, rather than the typical 30 min timeframe used. CONCLUSIONS Cerenkov imaging in combination with parallel developing of multiple samples on a single TLC plate proved to be a practical method for rapid, high-throughput radio-TLC analysis.
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Hirano Y, Yamamoto S. Estimation of the fractions of luminescence of water at higher energy than Cerenkov-light threshold for various types of radiation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-9. [PMID: 31218874 PMCID: PMC6977019 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.6.066005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although the luminescence of water at a lower energy than the Cerenkov-light (CL) threshold has been found for various types of radiation, the fractions of the luminescence of water to the total produced light have not been obvious for radiations at a higher energy than the CL threshold because it is difficult to separate these two types of light. Thus, we used a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the fractions of the luminescence of water for various types of radiation at a higher energy than the CL threshold to confirm the major component of the produced light. After we confirmed that the estimated light production of the luminescence of water could adequately simulate the experimental results, we calculated the produced light photons of this luminescence and the CL from water for protons (170 MeV), carbon ions (330 MeV/n), high-energy x-ray (6 MV) from a linear accelerator (LINAC), high-energy electrons (9 MeV) from LINAC, positrons (F-18, C-11, O-15, and N-13), and high-energy gamma photon radionuclides (Co-60). For protons, the major fraction of the produced light was the luminescence of water in addition to the CL from the prompt gamma photons produced by the nuclear interactions. For carbon ions, the major fraction of the produced light was the luminescence of water and the CL produced by the secondary electrons in addition to the prompt gamma photons produced by the nuclear interactions. For high-energy x-ray and electrons from LINAC, the fractions of luminescence of water were ∼0.1 % to 0.2%. The fractions of luminescence of water for positrons were 0.2% to 1.5% and that for Co-60 was 0.4%. We conclude that the major fractions of light produced from x-ray and electrons from LINAC, positron radionuclides, and the Co-60 source are CL, with fractions of the luminescence of water from <0.1 % to 1.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Hirano
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Seiichi Yamamoto
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Ha YS, Lee W, Jung JM, Soni N, Pandya DN, An GI, Sarkar S, Lee WK, Yoo J. Visualization and Quantification of Radiochemical Purity by Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8927-8935. [PMID: 29991252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Determination of radiochemical purity is essential for characterization of all radioactive compounds, including clinical radiopharmaceuticals. Radio-thin layer chromatography (radio-TLC) has been used as the gold standard for measurement of radiochemical purity; however, this method has several limitations in terms of sensitivity, spatial resolution, two-dimensional scanning, and quantification accuracy. Here, we report a new analytical technique for determination of radiochemical purity based on Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI), whereby entire TLC plates are visualized by detection of Cerenkov radiation. Sixteen routinely used TLC plates were tested in combination with three different radioisotopes (131I, 124I, and 32P). All TLC plates doped with a fluorescent indicator showed excellent detection sensitivity with scanning times of less than 1 min. The new CLI method was superior to the traditional radio-TLC scanning method in terms of sensitivity, scanning time, spatial resolution, and two-dimensional scanning. The CLI method also showed better quantification features across a wider range of radioactivity values compared with radio-TLC and classical zonal analysis, especially for β--emitters such as 131I and 32P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Su Ha
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine , Kyungpook National University , Daegu , North Gyeongsang 41944 , Korea
| | - Woonghee Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine , Kyungpook National University , Daegu , North Gyeongsang 41944 , Korea
| | - Jung-Min Jung
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine , Kyungpook National University , Daegu , North Gyeongsang 41944 , Korea
| | - Nisarg Soni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine , Kyungpook National University , Daegu , North Gyeongsang 41944 , Korea
| | - Darpan N Pandya
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine , Kyungpook National University , Daegu , North Gyeongsang 41944 , Korea
| | - Gwang Il An
- Molecular Imaging Research Center , Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences , Seoul 01812 , Korea
| | - Swarbhanu Sarkar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine , Kyungpook National University , Daegu , North Gyeongsang 41944 , Korea
| | - Won Kee Lee
- Medical Research Collabration Center in Kyungpook National University Hospital and School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University , Daegu , North Gyeongsang 41944 , Korea
| | - Jeongsoo Yoo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine , Kyungpook National University , Daegu , North Gyeongsang 41944 , Korea
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Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence (CL) is blue glow light produced by charged subatomic particles travelling faster than the phase velocity of light in a dielectric medium such as water or tissue. CL was first discovered in 1934, but for biomedical research it was recognized only in 2009 after advances in optical camera sensors brought the required high sensitivity. Recently, applications of CL from clinical radionuclides have been rapidly expanding to include not only preclinical and clinical biomedical imaging but also an approach to therapy. Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging (CLI) utilizes CL generated from clinically relevant radionuclides alongside optical imaging instrumentation. CLI is advantageous over traditional nuclear imaging methods in terms of infrastructure cost, resolution, and imaging time. Furthermore, CLI is a truly multimodal imaging method where the same agent can be detected by two independent modalities, with optical (CL) imaging and with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. CL has been combined with small molecules, biomolecules and nanoparticles to improve diagnosis and therapy in cancer research. Here, we cover the fundamental breakthroughs and recent advances in reagents and instrumentation methods for CLI as well as therapeutic application of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Tamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Edwin C Pratt
- Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Graduate School, New York, NY
| | - Jan Grimm
- Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Graduate School, New York, NY; Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY; Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.
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Hybrid Light Imaging Using Cerenkov Luminescence and Liquid Scintillation for Preclinical Optical Imaging In Vivo. Mol Imaging Biol 2017; 18:500-9. [PMID: 26819217 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-016-0928-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) has recently emerged as a molecular imaging modality for radionuclides emitting β-particles. The aim of this study was to develop a hybrid light imaging (HLI) technique using a liquid scintillator to assist CLI by increasing the optical signal intensity from both β-particle and γ-ray emitting radionuclides located at deep regions in vivo. PROCEDURES A commercial optical imaging system was employed to collect all images by HLI and CLI. To investigate the performance characteristics of HLI with a commercially available liquid scintillator (Emulsifier-safe), phantom experiments were conducted for two typical β-particle and γ-ray emitters, sodium iodide (Na[(131)I]I) and 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose ([(18)F]FDG), respectively. To evaluate the feasibility of HLI for in vivo imaging, HLI was applied to a Na[(131)I]I injected nu/nu mouse and an [(18)F]FDG injected Balb-c mouse and compared with CLI alone. RESULTS Measured HLI wavelength spectra with Emulsifier-safe showed higher signal intensities than for CLI at 500-600 nm. For material preventing light transmission of 12-mm thickness, CLI imaging provided quite low intensity and obscure signals of the source. However, despite degraded spatial resolution, HLI imaging provided sustained visualization of the source shape, with signal intensities 10-14 times higher than for CLI at 10-mm thickness. Furthermore, at 0, 4, and 8-mm material thicknesses, HLI showed a strong correlation between Na[(131)I]I or [(18)F]FDG radioactivity and signal intensity, as for CLI. In vivo studies also demonstrated that HLI could successfully visualize Na[(131)I]I uptake in the mouse thyroid gland in the prone position and [(18)F]FDG accumulation in the heart in the supine position, which were not observed with CLI. CONCLUSION Our preliminary studies suggest that HLI can provide enhanced imaging of a β-particle probe emitting together with γ-rays at deep tissue locations. HLI may be a promising imaging technique to assist with preclinical in vivo imaging using CLI.
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Forward-backward pursuit algorithm for Cerenkov luminescence tomography. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017; 2016:2889-2892. [PMID: 28268918 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2016.7591333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence tomography (CLT) is a powerful imaging technique that allows dynamically and three-dimensionally resolving the metabolic process of radiopharmaceuticals. It uses optical method to detect radiopharmaceuticals with low cost and high sensitivity. However, because of the strong absorption and scatter of biological tissues, the reconstruction of CLT is always converted to an ill-posed linear system which is hard to solve. An accurate and fast reconstruct algorithm becomes a current issue. The traditional reconstruction algorithm based on l2 norm regularization is too smooth and with low accuracy. Some novel sparse reconstruction algorithm has satisfying accuracy and convergence rate, but lose its accuracy for multi-source situation. In this work, a novel CLT method based on forward-backward greedy algorithm is proposed to solve the ill-posed problem. Digital simulations and in vivo experiment were conducted to test the algorithm. The reconstruct results were compared with traditional orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm and Tikhonov algorithm. Both the Digital simulations and in vivo experiment show that this approach can reconstruct the distribution of radiopharmaceuticals effectively and accurately.
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Luminescence Imaging of Water During Irradiation of Beta Particles With Energy Lower Than Cerenkov-Light Threshold. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2017.2710080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kurita K, Suzui N, Yin YG, Ishii S, Watabe H, Yamamoto S, Kawachi N. Development of a Cherenkov light imaging system for studying the dynamics of radiocesium in plants. J NUCL SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00223131.2017.1299051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hybrid lymph node imaging using 64Cu-labeled mannose-conjugated human serum albumin with and without indocyanine green. Nucl Med Commun 2015; 36:1026-34. [DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rieffel J, Chitgupi U, Lovell JF. Recent Advances in Higher-Order, Multimodal, Biomedical Imaging Agents. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:4445-61. [PMID: 26185099 PMCID: PMC4582016 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201500735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Advances in biomedical imaging have spurred the development of integrated multimodal scanners, usually capable of two simultaneous imaging modes. The long-term vision of higher-order multimodality is to improve diagnostics or guidance through the analysis of complementary, data-rich, co-registered images. Synergies achieved through combined modalities could enable researchers to better track diverse physiological and structural events, analyze biodistribution and treatment efficacy, and compare established and emerging modalities. Higher-order multimodal approaches stand to benefit from molecular imaging probes and, in recent years, contrast agents that have hypermodal characteristics have increasingly been reported in preclinical studies. Given the chemical requirements for contrast agents representing various modalities to be integrated into a single entity, the higher-order multimodal agents reported so far tend to be of nanoparticulate form. To date, the majority of reported nanoparticles have included components that are active for magnetic resonance. Herein, recent progress in higher-order multimodal imaging agents is reviewed, spanning a range of material and structural classes, and demonstrating utility in three (or more) imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Rieffel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Upendra Chitgupi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan F. Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Tanha K, Pashazadeh AM, Pogue BW. Review of biomedical Čerenkov luminescence imaging applications. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:3053-65. [PMID: 26309766 PMCID: PMC4541530 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Čerenkov radiation is a fascinating optical signal, which has been exploited for unique diagnostic biological sensing and imaging, with significantly expanded use just in the last half decade. Čerenkov Luminescence Imaging (CLI) has desirable capabilities for niche applications, using specially designed measurement systems that report on radiation distributions, radiotracer and nanoparticle concentrations, and are directly applied to procedures such as medicine assessment, endoscopy, surgery, quality assurance and dosimetry. When compared to the other imaging tools such as PET and SPECT, CLI can have the key advantage of lower cost, higher throughput and lower imaging time. CLI can also provide imaging and dosimetry information from both radioisotopes and linear accelerator irradiation. The relatively short range of optical photon transport in tissue means that direct Čerenkov luminescence imaging is restricted to small animals or near surface human use. Use of Čerenkov-excitation for additional molecular probes, is now emerging as a key tool for biosensing or radiosensitization. This review evaluates these new improvements in CLI for both medical value and biological insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Tanha
- Persian Gulf Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Ali Mahmoud Pashazadeh
- Persian Gulf Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Department of Surgery in the Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755 USA
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Yamamoto S, Toshito T, Fujii K, Morishita Y, Okumura S, Komori M. High resolution Cerenkov light imaging of induced positron distribution in proton therapy. Med Phys 2015; 41:111913. [PMID: 25370646 DOI: 10.1118/1.4898592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In proton therapy, imaging of the positron distribution produced by fragmentation during or soon after proton irradiation is a useful method to monitor the proton range. Although positron emission tomography (PET) is typically used for this imaging, its spatial resolution is limited. Cerenkov light imaging is a new molecular imaging technology that detects the visible photons that are produced from high-speed electrons using a high sensitivity optical camera. Because its inherent spatial resolution is much higher than PET, the authors can measure more precise information of the proton-induced positron distribution with Cerenkov light imaging technology. For this purpose, they conducted Cerenkov light imaging of induced positron distribution in proton therapy. METHODS First, the authors evaluated the spatial resolution of our Cerenkov light imaging system with a (22)Na point source for the actual imaging setup. Then the transparent acrylic phantoms (100 × 100 × 100 mm(3)) were irradiated with two different proton energies using a spot scanning proton therapy system. Cerenkov light imaging of each phantom was conducted using a high sensitivity electron multiplied charge coupled device (EM-CCD) camera. RESULTS The Cerenkov light's spatial resolution for the setup was 0.76 ± 0.6 mm FWHM. They obtained high resolution Cerenkov light images of the positron distributions in the phantoms for two different proton energies and made fused images of the reference images and the Cerenkov light images. The depths of the positron distribution in the phantoms from the Cerenkov light images were almost identical to the simulation results. The decay curves derived from the region-of-interests (ROIs) set on the Cerenkov light images revealed that Cerenkov light images can be used for estimating the half-life of the radionuclide components of positrons. CONCLUSIONS High resolution Cerenkov light imaging of proton-induced positron distribution was possible. The authors conclude that Cerenkov light imaging of proton-induced positron is promising for proton therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Yamamoto
- Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi 461-8673, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Toshito
- Department of Proton Therapy Physics, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Aichi 462-8508, Japan
| | - Kento Fujii
- Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi 461-8673, Japan
| | - Yuki Morishita
- Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi 461-8673, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okumura
- Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi 461-8673, Japan
| | - Masataka Komori
- Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi 461-8673, Japan
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Komarov S, Zhou D, Liu Y, Tai YC. Cherenkov luminescence imaging in transparent media and the imaging of thin or shallow sources. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:036011. [PMID: 25789422 PMCID: PMC4365802 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.3.036011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrated the possibility of high spatial resolution Cherenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) for objects in transparent media. We also demonstrated the possibility of the CLI of thin opaque objects using optical transducers. Results demonstrate that submillimeter resolution CLI is achievable for beta-emitting radionuclides, including ⁷⁶Br that emits positrons of very high energy. The imaging of beta-emitters through scintillation detectors exhibits lower resolution when compared to CLI of the same sources. The application of optical transducers for the CLI was demonstrated using plants labeled with ¹¹CO₂ and phantoms containing beta-emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Komarov
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Dong Zhou
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Yuan-Chuan Tai
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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Czupryna J, Kachur AV, Blankemeyer E, Popov AV, Arroyo AD, Karp JS, Delikatny EJ. Cerenkov-specific contrast agents for detection of pH in vivo. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:483-8. [PMID: 25655631 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.146605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We report the design, testing, and in vivo application of pH-sensitive contrast agents designed specifically for Cerenkov imaging. Radioisotopes used for PET emit photons via Cerenkov radiation. The multispectral emission of Cerenkov radiation allows for selective bandwidth quenching, in which a band of photons is quenched by absorption by a functional dye. Under acidic conditions, (18)F-labeled derivatives emit the full spectrum of Cerenkov light. Under basic conditions, the dyes change color and a wavelength-dependent quenching of Cerenkov emission is observed. METHODS Mono- and di-(18)F-labeled derivatives of phenolsulfonphthalein (phenol red) and meta-cresolsulfonphthalein (cresol purple) were synthesized by electrophilic fluorination. Cerenkov emission was measured at different wavelengths as a function of pH in vitro. Intramolecular response was measured in fluorinated probes and intermolecular quenching by mixing phenolphthalein with (18)F-FDG. Monofluorocresol purple (MFCP) was tested in mice treated with acetazolamide to cause urinary alkalinization, and Cerenkov images were compared with PET images. RESULTS Fluorinated pH indicators were produced with radiochemical yields of 4%-11% at greater than 90% purity. Selective Cerenkov quenching was observed intramolecularly with difluorophenol red or monofluorocresol purple and intermolecularly in phenolphthalein (18)F-FDG mixtures. The probes were selectively quenched in the bandwidth closest to the indicator's absorption maximum (λmax) at pHs above the indicator pKa (the negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant). Addition of acid or base to the probes resulted in reversible switching from unquenched to quenched emission. In vivo, the bladders of acetazolamide-treated mice exhibited a wavelength-dependent quenching in Cerenkov emission, with the greatest reduction occurring near the λmax. Ratiometric imaging at 2 wavelengths showed significant decreases in Cerenkov emission at basic pH and allowed the estimation of absolute pH in vivo. CONCLUSION We have created contrast agents that selectively quench photons emitted during Cerenkov radiation within a given bandwidth. In the presence of a functional dye, such as a pH indicator, this selective quenching allows for a functional determination of pH in vitro and in vivo. This method can be used to obtain functional information from radiolabeled probes using multimodal imaging. This approach allows for the imaging of nonfluorescent chromophores and is generalizable to any functional dye that absorbs at suitable wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Czupryna
- Small Animal Imaging Facility, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander V Kachur
- Small Animal Imaging Facility, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric Blankemeyer
- Small Animal Imaging Facility, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anatoliy V Popov
- Small Animal Imaging Facility, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alejandro D Arroyo
- Small Animal Imaging Facility, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joel S Karp
- Small Animal Imaging Facility, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Edward J Delikatny
- Small Animal Imaging Facility, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Carpenter CM, Ma X, Liu H, Sun C, Pratx G, Wang J, Gambhir SS, Xing L, Cheng Z. Cerenkov luminescence endoscopy: improved molecular sensitivity with β--emitting radiotracers. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:1905-9. [PMID: 25300598 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.139105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cerenkov luminescence endoscopy (CLE) is an optical technique that captures the Cerenkov photons emitted from highly energetic moving charged particles (β(+) or β(-)) and can be used to monitor the distribution of many clinically available radioactive probes. A main limitation of CLE is its limited sensitivity to small concentrations of radiotracer, especially when used with a light guide. We investigated the improvement in the sensitivity of CLE brought about by using a β(-) radiotracer that improved Cerenkov signal due to both higher β-particle energy and lower γ noise in the imaging optics because of the lack of positron annihilation. METHODS The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of (90)Y was compared with that of (18)F in both phantoms and small-animal tumor models. Sensitivity and noise characteristics were demonstrated using vials of activity both at the surface and beneath 1 cm of tissue. Rodent U87MG glioma xenograft models were imaged with radiotracers bound to arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) peptides to determine the SNR. RESULTS γ noise from (18)F was demonstrated by both an observed blurring across the field of view and a more pronounced fall-off with distance. A decreased γ background and increased energy of the β particles resulted in a 207-fold improvement in the sensitivity of (90)Y compared with (18)F in phantoms. (90)Y-bound RGD peptide produced a higher tumor-to-background SNR than (18)F in a mouse model. CONCLUSION The use of (90)Y for Cerenkov endoscopic imaging enabled superior results compared with an (18)F radiotracer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M Carpenter
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongguang Liu
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; and
| | - Conroy Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Guillem Pratx
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; and
| | - Lei Xing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; and
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Yamamoto S, Hamamura F, Watabe T, Ikeda H, Kanai Y, Watabe H, Kato K, Ogata Y, Hatazawa J. Development of a PET/Cerenkov-light hybrid imaging system. Med Phys 2014; 41:092504. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4893535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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22
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Ultrahigh-resolution Cerenkov-light imaging system for positron radionuclides: potential applications and limitations. Ann Nucl Med 2014; 28:961-9. [PMID: 25103137 PMCID: PMC4483184 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-014-0892-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective Cerenkov-light imaging provides inherently high resolution because the light is emitted near the positron radionuclide. However, the magnitude for the high spatial resolution of Cerenkov-light imaging is unclear. Its potential molecular imaging applications also remain unclear. We developed an ultrahigh-resolution Cerenkov-light imaging system, measured its spatial resolution, and explored its applications to molecular imaging research. Methods Our Cerenkov-light imaging system consists of a high-sensitivity charged-coupled device camera (Hamamatsu Photonics ORCA2-ER) and a bright lens (Xenon 0.95/25). An extension ring was inserted between them to magnify the subject. A ~100-μm-diameter 22Na point source was made and imaged by the system. For applications of Cerenkov-light imaging, we conducted 18F-FDG administered in vivo, ex vivo whole brain, and sliced brain imaging of rats. Results We obtained spatial resolution of ~220 μm for a 22Na point source with our developed imaging system. The 18F-FDG rat head images showed high light intensity in the eyes for the Cerenkov-light images, although there was no accumulation in these parts in the PET images. The sliced rat brain showed much higher spatial resolution for the Cerenkov-light images compared with CdWO4 scintillator-based autoradiography, although some contrast decrease was observed for them. Conclusion Even though the Cerenkov-light images showed ultrahigh resolution of ~220 μm, their distribution and contrast were sometimes different from the actual positron accumulation in the subjects. Care must be taken when evaluating positron distribution from Cerenkov-light images. However, the ultrahigh resolution of Cerenkov-light imaging will be useful for transparent subjects including phantom studies.
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Satpati D, Hausner SH, Bauer N, Sutcliffe JL. Cerenkov luminescence imaging of αv β6 integrin expressing tumors using (90) Y-labeled peptides. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:558-65. [PMID: 25042833 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) is an emerging preclinical molecular imaging modality that tracks the radiation emitted in the visible spectrum by fast moving charged decay products of radionuclides. The aim of this study was in vitro and in vivo evaluation of the two radiotracers, (90) Y-DOTA-PEG28 -A20FMDV2 ((90) Y-1) and (90) Y-DOTA-Ahx-A20FMDV2 ((90) Y-2) (>99% radiochemical purity, 3.7 GBq/µmol specific activity) for noninvasive assessment of tumors expressing the integrin αv β6 and their future use in tumor targeted radiotherapy. Cell binding and internalization in αv β6 -positive cells was (90) Y-1: 10.1 ± 0.8%, 50.3 ± 2.1%; (90) Y-2: 22.4 ± 1.7%, 44.7 ± 1.5% with <5% binding to αv β6 -negative control cells. Biodistribution studies showed maximum αv β6 -positive tumor uptake of the radiotracers at 1-h post injection (p.i.) ((90) Y-1: 0.64 ± 0.15% ID/g; (90) Y-2: 0.34 ± 0.11% ID/g) with high renal uptake (>25% ID/g at 24 h). Because of the lower tumor uptake and high radioactivity accumulation in kidneys (that could not be reduced by pre-administration of either lysine or furosemide), the luminescence signal from the αv β6 -positive tumor was not clearly detectable in CLI images. The studies suggest that CLI is useful for indicating major organ uptake for both radiotracers; however, it reaches its limitation when there is low signal-to-noise ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drishty Satpati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
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Ding X, Wang K, Jie B, Luo Y, Hu Z, Tian J. Probability method for Cerenkov luminescence tomography based on conformance error minimization. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:2091-2112. [PMID: 25071951 PMCID: PMC4102351 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.002091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence tomography (CLT) was developed to reconstruct a three-dimensional (3D) distribution of radioactive probes inside a living animal. Reconstruction methods are generally performed within a unique framework by searching for the optimum solution. However, the ill-posed aspect of the inverse problem usually results in the reconstruction being non-robust. In addition, the reconstructed result may not match reality since the difference between the highest and lowest uptakes of the resulting radiotracers may be considerably large, therefore the biological significance is lost. In this paper, based on the minimization of a conformance error, a probability method is proposed that consists of qualitative and quantitative modules. The proposed method first pinpoints the organ that contains the light source. Next, we developed a 0-1 linear optimization subject to a space constraint to model the CLT inverse problem, which was transformed into a forward problem by employing a region growing method to solve the optimization. After running through all of the elements used to grow the sources, a source sequence was obtained. Finally, the probability of each discrete node being the light source inside the organ was reconstructed. One numerical study and two in vivo experiments were conducted to verify the performance of the proposed algorithm, and comparisons were carried out using the hp-finite element method (hp-FEM). The results suggested that our proposed probability method was more robust and reasonable than hp-FEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Ding
- School of Territorial Resources and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241003, China
- School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241003, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Biao Jie
- School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241003, China
| | - Yonglong Luo
- School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241003, China
| | - Zhenhua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Kim J, Pandya DN, Lee W, Park JW, Kim YJ, Kwak W, Ha YS, Chang Y, An GI, Yoo J. Vivid tumor imaging utilizing liposome-carried bimodal radiotracer. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:390-4. [PMID: 24900846 DOI: 10.1021/ml400513g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
By developing a new bimodal radioactive tracer that emits both luminescence and nuclear signals, a trimodal liposome for optical, nuclear, and magnetic resonance imaging is efficiently prepared. Fast clearance of the radiotracer from reticuloendothelial systems enables vivid tumor imaging with minimum background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghee Kim
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
| | - Darpan N. Pandya
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
| | - Woonghee Lee
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
| | - Jang Woo Park
- Department of Medical & Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
| | - Youn Ji Kim
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
| | - Wonjung Kwak
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
| | - Yeong Su Ha
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
| | - Yongmin Chang
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
- Department of Medical & Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
| | - Gwang Il An
- Molecular
Imaging Research Center, KIRAMS, Seoul 139-706, South Korea
| | - Jeongsoo Yoo
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
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Steinberg JD, Raju A, Chandrasekharan P, Yang CT, Khoo K, Abastado JP, Robins EG, Townsend DW. Negative contrast Cerenkov luminescence imaging of blood vessels in a tumor mouse model using [68Ga]gallium chloride. EJNMMI Res 2014; 4:15. [PMID: 24606872 PMCID: PMC3974015 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-4-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) is an emerging imaging technique where visible light emitted from injected beta-emitting radionuclides is detected with an optical imaging device. CLI research has mostly been focused on positive contrast imaging for ascertaining the distribution of the radiotracer in a way similar to other nuclear medicine techniques. Rather than using the conventional technique of measuring radiotracer distribution, we present a new approach of negative contrast imaging, where blood vessel attenuation of Cerenkov light emitted by [68Ga]GaCl3 is used to image vasculature. Methods BALB/c nude mice were injected subcutaneously in the right flank with HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells 14 to 21 days prior to imaging. On the imaging day, [68Ga]GaCl3 was injected and the mice were imaged from 45 to 90 min after injection using an IVIS Spectrum in vivo imaging system. The mice were imaged one at a time, and manual focus was used to bring the skin into focus. The smallest view with pixel size around 83 μm was used to achieve a sufficiently high image resolution for blood vessel imaging. Results The blood vessels in the tumor were clearly visible, attenuating 7% to 18% of the light. Non-tumor side blood vessels had significantly reduced attenuation of 2% to 4%. The difference between the attenuation of light of tumor vessels (10% ± 4%) and the non-tumor vessels (3% ± 1%) was significant. Moreover, a necrotic core confirmed by histology was clearly visible in one of the tumors with a 21% reduction in radiance. Conclusions The negative contrast CLI technique is capable of imaging vasculature using [68Ga]GaCl3. Since blood vessels smaller than 50 μm in diameter could be imaged, CLI is able to image structures that conventional nuclear medicine techniques cannot. Thus, the negative contrast imaging technique shows the feasibility of using CLI to perform angiography on superficial blood vessels, demonstrating an advantage over conventional nuclear medicine techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Steinberg
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
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Natarajan A, Habte F, Liu H, Sathirachinda A, Hu X, Cheng Z, Nagamine CM, Gambhir SS. Evaluation of 89Zr-rituximab tracer by Cerenkov luminescence imaging and correlation with PET in a humanized transgenic mouse model to image NHL. Mol Imaging Biol 2014; 15:468-75. [PMID: 23471750 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-013-0624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This research aimed to study the use of Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) using 89Zr-rituximab positron emission tomography (PET) tracer with a humanized transgenic mouse model that expresses human CD20 and the correlation of CLI with PET. PROCEDURES Zr-rituximab (2.6 MBq) was tail vein-injected into transgenic mice that express the human CD20 on their B cells (huCD20TM). One group (n=3) received 2 mg/kg pre-dose (blocking) of cold rituximab 2 h prior to tracer; a second group (n=3) had no pre-dose (non-blocking). CLI was performed using a cooled charge-coupled device optical imager. We also performed PET imaging and ex vivo studies in order to confirm the in vivo CLI results. At each time point (4, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h), two groups of mice were imaged in vivo and ex vivo with CLI and PET, and at 96 h, organs were measured by gamma counter. RESULTS huCD20 transgenic mice injected with 89Zr-rituximab demonstrated a high-contrast CLI image compared to mice blocked with a cold dose. At various time points of 4-96 h post-radiotracer injection, the in vivo CLI signal intensity showed specific uptake in the spleen where B cells reside and, hence, the huCD20 biomarker is present at very high levels. The time-activity curve of dose decay-corrected CLI intensity and percent injected dose per gram of tissue of PET uptake in the spleen were increased over the time period (4-96 h). At 96 h, the 89Zr-rituximab uptake ratio (non-blocking vs blocking) counted (mean±standard deviation) for the spleen was 1.5±0.6 for CLI and 1.9±0.3 for PET. Furthermore, spleen uptake measurements (non-blocking and blocking of all time points) of CLI vs PET showed good correlation (R2=0.85 and slope=0.576), which also confirmed the corresponding correlations parameter value (R2=0.834 and slope=0.47) obtained for ex vivo measurements. CONCLUSIONS CLI and PET of huCD20 transgenic mice injected with 89Zr-rituximab demonstrated that the tracer was able to target huCD20-expressing B cells. The in vivo and ex vivo tracer uptake corresponding to the CLI radiance intensity from the spleen is in good agreement with PET. In this report, we have validated the use of CLI with PET for NHL imaging in huCD20TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arutselvan Natarajan
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, James H. Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, E153, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Hu H, Yin J, Wang M, Liang C, Song H, Wang J, Nie Y, Liang J, Wu K. GX1 targeting delivery of rmhTNFα evaluated using multimodality imaging. Int J Pharm 2013; 461:181-91. [PMID: 24269209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
GX1 is a tumor targeting peptide. In this study, we evaluated the antitumor efficacy of a GX1-derived fusion toxin, GX1-rmhTNFα, and investigated its targeting efficiency and pharmacokinetics in vivo using multimodality imaging. Flow cytometry revealed a greater level of cell apoptosis induced by GX1-rmhTNFα (27.1%) compared with rmhTNFα or a saline control (13.7% and 4.7%, respectively). SPECT (single-photon emission computed tomography) demonstrated high accumulation of GX1-rmhTNFα in tumor site. Biodistribution studies indicated GX1-rmhTNFα was cleared by the liver and kidney, and the drug may not cross the blood-brain barrier. In addition, bioluminescence imaging (BLI) showed that GX1-rmhTNFα caused a satisfactory delay in tumor growth in both subcutaneous and orthotopic cancer models. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and CD31 staining revealed a loss in blood perfusion and vasculature. TUNEL and Ki67 staining validated the in vivo results. Biochemical analyses revealed limited renal and hepatic toxicity of GX1-rmhTNFα. This study demonstrated that GX1-rmhTNFα is a safe and potent anticancer agent that may have great potential for the targeted therapy of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, China
| | - Jipeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an Children's Hospital, China
| | - Cong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, China
| | - Hongping Song
- Department of Ultrasound, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, China
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, China
| | - Jie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, China.
| | - Kaichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, China.
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Xu Y, Liu H, Chang E, Jiang H, Cheng Z. Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging (CLI) for cancer therapy monitoring. J Vis Exp 2012. [PMID: 23183774 DOI: 10.3791/4341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In molecular imaging, positron emission tomography (PET) and optical imaging (OI) are two of the most important and thus most widely used modalities. PET is characterized by its excellent sensitivity and quantification ability while OI is notable for non-radiation, relative low cost, short scanning time, high throughput, and wide availability to basic researchers. However, both modalities have their shortcomings as well. PET suffers from poor spatial resolution and high cost, while OI is mostly limited to preclinical applications because of its limited tissue penetration along with prominent scattering optical signals through the thickness of living tissues. Recently a bridge between PET and OI has emerged with the discovery of Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging (CLI). CLI is a new imaging modality that harnesses Cerenkov Radiation (CR) to image radionuclides with OI instruments. Russian Nobel laureate Alekseyevich Cerenkov and his colleagues originally discovered CR in 1934. It is a form of electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle travels at a superluminal speed in a dielectric medium. The charged particle, whether positron or electron, perturbs the electromagnetic field of the medium by displacing the electrons in its atoms. After passing of the disruption photons are emitted as the displaced electrons return to the ground state. For instance, one (18)F decay was estimated to produce an average of 3 photons in water. Since its emergence, CLI has been investigated for its use in a variety of preclinical applications including in vivo tumor imaging, reporter gene imaging, radiotracer development, multimodality imaging, among others. The most important reason why CLI has enjoyed much success so far is that this new technology takes advantage of the low cost and wide availability of OI to image radionuclides, which used to be imaged only by more expensive and less available nuclear imaging modalities such as PET. Here, we present the method of using CLI to monitor cancer drug therapy. Our group has recently investigated this new application and validated its feasibility by a proof-of-concept study. We demonstrated that CLI and PET exhibited excellent correlations across different tumor xenografts and imaging probes. This is consistent with the overarching principle of CR that CLI essentially visualizes the same radionuclides as PET. We selected Bevacizumab (Avastin; Genentech/Roche) as our therapeutic agent because it is a well-known angiogenesis inhibitor. Maturation of this technology in the near future can be envisioned to have a significant impact on preclinical drug development, screening, as well as therapy monitoring of patients receiving treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingding Xu
- Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program Canary Cancer at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, USA
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Liu H, Carpenter CM, Jiang H, Pratx G, Sun C, Buchin MP, Gambhir SS, Xing L, Cheng Z. Intraoperative imaging of tumors using Cerenkov luminescence endoscopy: a feasibility experimental study. J Nucl Med 2012; 53:1579-84. [PMID: 22904353 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.111.098541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) is an emerging new molecular imaging modality that is relatively inexpensive, easy to use, and has high throughput. CLI can image clinically available PET and SPECT probes using optical instrumentation. Cerenkov luminescence endoscopy (CLE) is one of the most intriguing applications that promise potential clinical translation. We developed a prototype customized fiberscopic Cerenkov imaging system to investigate the potential in guiding minimally invasive surgical resection. METHODS All experiments were performed in a dark chamber. Cerenkov luminescence from (18)F-FDG samples containing decaying radioactivity was transmitted through an optical fiber bundle and imaged by an intensified charge-coupled device camera. Phantoms filled with (18)F-FDG were used to assess the imaging spatial resolution. Finally, mice bearing subcutaneous C6 glioma cells were injected intravenously with (18)F-FDG to determine the feasibility of in vivo imaging. The tumor tissues were exposed, and CLI was performed on the mouse before and after surgical removal of the tumor using the fiber-based imaging system and compared with a commercial optical imaging system. RESULTS The sensitivity of this particular setup was approximately 45 kBq (1.21 μCi)/300 μL. The 3 smallest sets of cylindric holes in a commercial SPECT phantom were identifiable via this system, demonstrating that the system has a resolution better than 1.2 mm. Finally, the in vivo tumor imaging study demonstrated the feasibility of using CLI to guide the resection of tumor tissues. CONCLUSION This proof-of-concept study explored the feasibility of using fiber-based CLE for the detection of tumor tissue in vivo for guided surgery. With further improvements of the imaging sensitivity and spatial resolution of the current system, CLE may have a significant application in the clinical setting in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Liu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Kanno S, Yamawaki M, Ishibashi H, Kobayashi NI, Hirose A, Tanoi K, Nussaume L, Nakanishi TM. Development of real-time radioisotope imaging systems for plant nutrient uptake studies. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:1501-8. [PMID: 22527392 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic nutrition is essential for plant development. Many techniques have been developed to image and (or) measure ionic movement in plants. Nevertheless, most of them are destructive and limit the analysis. Here, we present the development of radioisotope imaging techniques that overcome such restrictions and allow for real-time imaging of ionic movement. The first system, called macroimaging, was developed to visualize and measure ion uptake and translocation between organs at a whole-plant scale. Such a device is fully compatible with illumination of the sample. We also modified fluorescent microscopes to set up various solutions for ion uptake analysis at the microscopic level. Both systems allow numerical analysis of images and possess a wide dynamic range of detection because they are based on radioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Kanno
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Xu Y, Chang E, Liu H, Jiang H, Gambhir SS, Cheng Z. Proof-of-concept study of monitoring cancer drug therapy with cerenkov luminescence imaging. J Nucl Med 2012; 53:312-317. [PMID: 22241909 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.111.094623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) has emerged as a less expensive, easier-to-use, and higher-throughput alternative to other nuclear imaging modalities such as PET. It is expected that CLI will find many applications in biomedical research such as cancer detection, probe development, drug screening, and therapy monitoring. In this study, we explored the possibility of using CLI to monitor drug efficacy by comparisons against PET. To assess the performance of both modalities in therapy monitoring, 2 murine tumor models (large cell lung cancer cell line H460 and prostate cancer cell line PC3) were given bevacizumab versus vehicle treatments. Two common radiotracers, 3'-deoxy-3'-(18)F-fluorothymidine ((18)F-FLT) and (18)F-FDG, were used to monitor bevacizumab treatment efficacy. METHODS One group of mice (n = 6) was implanted with H460 xenografts bilaterally in the shoulder region, divided into treatment and control groups (n = 3 each), injected with (18)F-FLT, and imaged with PET immediately followed by CLI. The other group of mice (n = 6) was implanted with PC3 xenografts in the same locations, divided into treatment and control groups (n = 3 each), injected with (18)F-FDG, and imaged by the same modalities. Bevacizumab treatment was performed by 2 injections of 20 mg/kg at days 0 and 2. RESULTS On (18)F-FLT scans, both CLI and PET revealed significantly decreased signals from H460 xenografts in treated mice from pretreatment to day 3. Moderately increased to unchanged signals were observed in untreated mice. On (18)F-FDG scans, both CLI and PET showed relatively unchanged signals from PC3 tumors in both treated and control groups. Quantifications of tumor signals of Cerenkov luminescence and PET images showed that the 2 modalities had excellent correlations (R(2) > 0.88 across all study groups). CONCLUSION CLI and PET exhibit excellent correlations across different tumor xenografts and radiotracers. This is the first study, to our knowledge, demonstrating the use of CLI for monitoring cancer treatment. The findings warrant further exploration and optimization of CLI as an alternative to PET in preclinical therapeutic monitoring and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingding Xu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Edwin Chang
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Hongguang Liu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Han Jiang
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Binding of 2-[18F]fluoro-CP-118,954 to mouse acetylcholinesterase: microPET and ex vivo Cerenkov luminescence imaging studies. Nucl Med Biol 2011; 38:541-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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