1
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Mc Veigh M, Bellan LM. Microfluidic synthesis of radiotracers: recent developments and commercialization prospects. Lab Chip 2024; 24:1226-1243. [PMID: 38165824 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00779k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful diagnostic tool that holds incredible potential for clinicians to track a wide variety of biological processes using specialized radiotracers. Currently, however, a single radiotracer accounts for over 95% of procedures, largely due to the cost of radiotracer synthesis. Microfluidic platforms provide a solution to this problem by enabling a dose-on-demand pipeline in which a single benchtop platform would synthesize a wide array of radiotracers. In this review, we will explore the field of microfluidic production of radiotracers from early research to current development. Furthermore, the benefits and drawbacks of different microfluidic reactor designs will be analyzed. Lastly, we will discuss the various engineering considerations that must be addressed to create a fully developed, commercially effective platform that can usher the field from research and development to commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mc Veigh
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Leon M Bellan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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2
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Elkawad H, Xu Y, Tian M, Jin C, Zhang H, Yu K, He Q. Recent advances in microfluidic devices for radiosynthesis of PET‐imaging probes. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200579. [PMID: 35909081 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Husamelden Elkawad
- The second affiliated hospital of Zhejiang University Nuclear Medicine and PET center CHINA
| | - Yangyang Xu
- Zhejiang University b. College of Chemical & Biological Engineering CHINA
| | - Mei Tian
- The second affiliated hospital of Zhejiang University Nuclear Medicine & PET center CHINA
| | - Chenyang Jin
- Zhejiang University b. College of Chemical & Biological Engineering CHINA
| | - Hong Zhang
- The second affiliated hospital of Zhejiang University b. College of Chemical & Biological Engineering CHINA
| | - Kaiwu Yu
- Zhejiang University b. College of Chemical & Biological Engineering CHINA
| | - Qinggang He
- Zhejiang University Chemical Engineering 38 Zheda Rd. 310027 Hangzhou CHINA
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3
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Abstract
Over the past several years there has been an explosion of interest in exploiting Cerenkov radiation to enable in vivo and intraoperative optical imaging of subjects injected with trace amounts of radiopharmaceuticals. At the same time, Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) also has been serving as a critical tool in radiochemistry, especially for the development of novel microfluidic devices for producing radiopharmaceuticals. By enabling microfluidic processes to be monitored non-destructively in situ, CLI has made it possible to literally watch the activity distribution as the synthesis occurs, and to quantitatively measure activity propagation and losses at each step of synthesis, paving the way for significant strides forward in performance and robustness of those devices. In some cases, CLI has enabled detection and resolution of unexpected problems not observable via standard optical methods. CLI is also being used in analytical radiochemistry to increase the reliability of radio-thin layer chromatography (radio-TLC) assays. Rapid and high-resolution Cerenkov imaging of radio-TLC plates enables detection of issues in the spotting or separation process, improves chromatographic resolution (and/or allows reduced separation distance and time), and enables increased throughput by allowing multiple samples to be spotted side-by-side on a single TLC plate for parallel separation and readout. In combination with new multi-reaction microfluidic chips, this is creating a new possibility for high-throughput optimization in radiochemistry. In this mini review, we provide an overview of the role that CLI has played to date in the radiochemistry side of radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Michael van Dam
- UCLA Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Arion F. Chatziioannou
- UCLA Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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4
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Wang J, van Dam RM. High-Efficiency Production of Radiopharmaceuticals via Droplet Radiochemistry: A Review of Recent Progress. Mol Imaging 2020; 19:1536012120973099. [PMID: 33296272 PMCID: PMC7731702 DOI: 10.1177/1536012120973099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
New platforms are enabling radiochemistry to be carried out in tiny, microliter-scale volumes, and this capability has enormous benefits for the production of radiopharmaceuticals. These droplet-based technologies can achieve comparable or better yields compared to conventional methods, but with vastly reduced reagent consumption, shorter synthesis time, higher molar activity (even for low activity batches), faster purification, and ultra-compact system size. We review here the state of the art of this emerging direction, summarize the radiotracers and prosthetic groups that have been synthesized in droplet format, describe recent achievements in scaling up activity levels, and discuss advantages and limitations and the future outlook of these innovative devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R. Michael van Dam
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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5
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Frank C, Winter G, Rensei F, Samper V, Brooks AF, Hockley BG, Henderson BD, Rensch C, Scott PJH. Development and implementation of ISAR, a new synthesis platform for radiopharmaceutical production. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2019; 4:24. [PMID: 31659546 PMCID: PMC6751239 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-019-0077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PET radiopharmaceutical development and the implementation of a production method on a synthesis module is a complex and time-intensive task since new synthesis methods must be adapted to the confines of the synthesis platform in use. Commonly utilized single fluid bus architectures put multiple constraints on synthesis planning and execution, while conventional microfluidic solutions are limited by compatibility at the macro-to-micro interface. In this work we introduce the ISAR synthesis platform and custom-tailored fluid paths leveraging up to 70 individually addressable valves on a chip-based consumable. The ISAR synthesis platform replaces traditional stopcock valve manifolds with a fluidic chip that integrates all fluid paths (tubing) and valves into one consumable and enables channel routing without the single fluid bus constraint. ISAR can scale between the macro- (10 mL), meso- (0.5 mL) and micro- (≤0.05 mL) domain seamlessly, addressing the macro-to-micro interface challenge and enabling custom tailored fluid circuits for a given application. In this paper we demonstrate proof-of-concept by validating a single chip design to address the challenge of synthesizing multiple batches of [13N]NH3 for clinical use throughout the workday. RESULTS ISAR was installed at an academic PET Center and used to manufacture [13N]NH3 in > 96% radiochemical yield. Up to 9 batches were manufactured with a single consumable chip having parallel paths without the need to open the hot-cell. Quality control testing confirmed the ISAR-based [13N]NH3 met existing clinical release specifications, and utility was demonstrated by imaging a rodent with [13N]NH3 produced on ISAR. CONCLUSIONS ISAR represents a new paradigm in radiopharmaceutical production. Through a new system architecture, ISAR integrates the principles of microfluidics with the standard volumes and consumables established in PET Centers all over the world. Proof-of-concept has been demonstrated through validation of a chip design for the synthesis of [13N]NH3 suitable for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georg Winter
- GE Healthcare, Oskar-Schlemmer-Str. 11, 80807 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Allen F. Brooks
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Brian G. Hockley
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Bradford D. Henderson
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | | | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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6
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Farrag NS, Abdel-halim HA, Abdel Moamen OA. Facile radiolabeling optimization process via design of experiments and an intelligent optimization algorithm: Application for omeprazole radioiodination. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:280-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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7
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Chao PH, Lazari M, Hanet S, Narayanam MK, Murphy JM, van Dam RM. Automated concentration of [ 18F]fluoride into microliter volumes. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 141:138-148. [PMID: 30243135 PMCID: PMC6502507 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Concentration of [18F]fluoride has been mentioned in literature, however, reports have lacked details about system designs, operation, and performance. Here, we describe in detail a compact, fast, fully-automated concentration system based on a micro-sized strong anion exchange cartridge. The concentration of radionuclides enables scaled-up microfluidic synthesis. Our system can also be used to provide highly concentrated [18F]fluoride with minimal water content. We demonstrate how the concentrator can produce varying concentrations of [18F]fluoride for the macroscale synthesis of N-boc-5-[18F]fluoroindole without an azeotropic drying process, while enabling high starting radioactivity. By appropriate choice of solid-phase resin, flow conditions, and eluent solution, we believe this approach can be extended beyond [18F]fluoride to other radionuclides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip H Chao
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mark Lazari
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sebastian Hanet
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Maruthi Kumar Narayanam
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer M Murphy
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - R Michael van Dam
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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8
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Abstract
The 68Ga-labeling of three representative precursors (DOTA-NOC, NODAGA-RGD(yk) and PSMA-11) was performed applying a microfluidic continuous flow device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Pfaff
- Division of Nuclear Medicine
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy
- Medical University of Vienna
- Vienna
- Austria
| | - Cecile Philippe
- Division of Nuclear Medicine
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy
- Medical University of Vienna
- Vienna
- Austria
| | - Verena Pichler
- Division of Nuclear Medicine
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy
- Medical University of Vienna
- Vienna
- Austria
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Division of Nuclear Medicine
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy
- Medical University of Vienna
- Vienna
- Austria
| | - Markus Mitterhauser
- Division of Nuclear Medicine
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy
- Medical University of Vienna
- Vienna
- Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wadsak
- Division of Nuclear Medicine
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy
- Medical University of Vienna
- Vienna
- Austria
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9
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Chao PH, Collins J, Argus JP, Tseng WY, Lee JT, Michael van Dam R. Automatic concentration and reformulation of PET tracers via microfluidic membrane distillation. Lab Chip 2017; 17:1802-1816. [PMID: 28443841 PMCID: PMC5497730 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01569g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Short-lived radiolabeled tracers for positron emission tomography (PET) must be rapidly synthesized, purified, and formulated into injectable solution just prior to imaging. Current radiosynthesizers are generally designed for clinical use, and the HPLC purification and SPE formulation processes often result in a final volume that is too large for preclinical and emerging in vitro applications. Conventional technologies and techniques for reducing this volume tend to be slow, resulting in radioactive decay of the product, and often require manual handling of the radioactive materials. We present a fully-automated microfluidic system based on sweeping gas membrane distillation to rapidly perform the concentration and formulation process. After detailed characterization of the system, we demonstrate fast and efficient concentration and formulation of several PET tracers, evaluate residual solvent content to establish the safety of the formulated tracers for injection, and show that the formulated tracer can be used for in vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip H Chao
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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10
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Castellano JM, Mosher KI, Abbey RJ, McBride AA, James ML, Berdnik D, Shen JC, Zou B, Xie XS, Tingle M, Hinkson IV, Angst MS, Wyss-Coray T. Human umbilical cord plasma proteins revitalize hippocampal function in aged mice. Nature 2017; 544:488-492. [PMID: 28424512 DOI: 10.1038/nature22067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ageing drives changes in neuronal and cognitive function, the decline of which is a major feature of many neurological disorders. The hippocampus, a brain region subserving roles of spatial and episodic memory and learning, is sensitive to the detrimental effects of ageing at morphological and molecular levels. With advancing age, synapses in various hippocampal subfields exhibit impaired long-term potentiation, an electrophysiological correlate of learning and memory. At the molecular level, immediate early genes are among the synaptic plasticity genes that are both induced by long-term potentiation and downregulated in the aged brain. In addition to revitalizing other aged tissues, exposure to factors in young blood counteracts age-related changes in these central nervous system parameters, although the identities of specific cognition-promoting factors or whether such activity exists in human plasma remains unknown. We hypothesized that plasma of an early developmental stage, namely umbilical cord plasma, provides a reservoir of such plasticity-promoting proteins. Here we show that human cord plasma treatment revitalizes the hippocampus and improves cognitive function in aged mice. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2 (TIMP2), a blood-borne factor enriched in human cord plasma, young mouse plasma, and young mouse hippocampi, appears in the brain after systemic administration and increases synaptic plasticity and hippocampal-dependent cognition in aged mice. Depletion experiments in aged mice revealed TIMP2 to be necessary for the cognitive benefits conferred by cord plasma. We find that systemic pools of TIMP2 are necessary for spatial memory in young mice, while treatment of brain slices with TIMP2 antibody prevents long-term potentiation, arguing for previously unknown roles for TIMP2 in normal hippocampal function. Our findings reveal that human cord plasma contains plasticity-enhancing proteins of high translational value for targeting ageing- or disease-associated hippocampal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Castellano
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Kira I Mosher
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Rachelle J Abbey
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, V.A. Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | - Alisha A McBride
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, V.A. Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | - Michelle L James
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Daniela Berdnik
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, V.A. Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | - Jadon C Shen
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, V.A. Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | - Bende Zou
- AfaSci Research Laboratories, Redwood City, California 94063, USA
| | - Xinmin S Xie
- AfaSci Research Laboratories, Redwood City, California 94063, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Martha Tingle
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Izumi V Hinkson
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, V.A. Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | - Martin S Angst
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, V.A. Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
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11
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Pant K, Sedláček O, Nadar RA, Hrubý M, Stephan H. Radiolabelled Polymeric Materials for Imaging and Treatment of Cancer: Quo Vadis? Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28218487 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201601115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their tunable blood circulation time and suitable plasma stability, polymer-based nanomaterials hold a great potential for designing and utilising multifunctional nanocarriers for efficient imaging and effective treatment of cancer. When tagged with appropriate radionuclides, they may allow for specific detection (diagnosis) as well as the destruction of tumours (therapy) or even customization of materials, aiming to both diagnosis and therapy (theranostic approach). This review provides an overview of recent developments of radiolabelled polymeric nanomaterials (natural and synthetic polymers) for molecular imaging of cancer, specifically, applying nuclear techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Different approaches to radiolabel polymers are evaluated from the methodical radiochemical point of view. This includes new bifunctional chelating agents (BFCAs) for radiometals as well as novel labelling methods. Special emphasis is given to eligible strategies employed to evade the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) in view of efficient targeting. The discussion encompasses promising strategies currently employed as well as emerging possibilities in radionuclide-based cancer therapy. Key issues involved in the clinical translation of radiolabelled polymers and future scopes of this intriguing research field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritee Pant
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research; Bautzner Landstraße 400 01328 Dresden Germany
| | - Ondřej Sedláček
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; The Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Heyrovského námeˇstí 2 16206 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Robin A. Nadar
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research; Bautzner Landstraße 400 01328 Dresden Germany
| | - Martin Hrubý
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; The Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Heyrovského námeˇstí 2 16206 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Holger Stephan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research; Bautzner Landstraße 400 01328 Dresden Germany
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12
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Whittenberg JJ, Li H, Zhou H, Koziol J, Desai AV, Reichert DE, Kenis PJA. “Click Chip” Conjugation of Bifunctional Chelators to Biomolecules. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:986-994. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Whittenberg
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hairong Li
- Radiological
Sciences Division, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Haiying Zhou
- Radiological
Sciences Division, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Jan Koziol
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Amit V. Desai
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - David E. Reichert
- Radiological
Sciences Division, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Paul J. A. Kenis
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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13
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Liu Z, Schaap KS, Ballemans L, de Zanger R, de Blois E, Rohde M, Oehlke E. Measurement of reaction kinetics of [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE using a microfluidic system. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:14669-14676. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01830d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Design and evaluation of a microfluidic system that allowed the determination of Arrhenius parameters for the formation of [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE using clinical radiolabeling conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Liu
- Delft University of Technology
- Department Radiation Science and Technology
- 2629JB Delft
- The Netherlands
| | - K. S. Schaap
- Delft University of Technology
- Department Radiation Science and Technology
- 2629JB Delft
- The Netherlands
| | - L. Ballemans
- Delft University of Technology
- Department Radiation Science and Technology
- 2629JB Delft
- The Netherlands
| | - R. de Zanger
- Erasmus MC
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine
- 3015CN Rotterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - E. de Blois
- Erasmus MC
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine
- 3015CN Rotterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - M. Rohde
- Delft University of Technology
- Department Radiation Science and Technology
- 2629JB Delft
- The Netherlands
| | - E. Oehlke
- Delft University of Technology
- Department Radiation Science and Technology
- 2629JB Delft
- The Netherlands
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14
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Taggart MP, Tarn MD, Esfahani MMN, Schofield DM, Brown NJ, Archibald SJ, Deakin T, Pamme N, Thompson LF. Development of radiodetection systems towards miniaturised quality control of PET and SPECT radiopharmaceuticals. Lab Chip 2016; 16:1605-1616. [PMID: 27044712 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00099a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to detect radiation in microfluidic devices is important for the on-chip analysis of radiopharmaceuticals, but previously reported systems have largely suffered from various limitations including cost, complexity of fabrication, and insufficient sensitivity and/or speed. Here, we present the use of sensitive, low cost, small-sized, commercially available silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) for the detection of radioactivity inside microfluidic channels fabricated from a range of conventional microfluidic chip substrates. We demonstrate the effects of chip material and thickness on the detection of the positron-emitting isotope, [(18)F]fluoride, and find that, while the SiPMs are light sensors, they are able to detect radiation even through opaque chip materials via direct positron and gamma (γ) ray interaction. Finally, we employed the SiPM platform for analysis of the PET (positron emission tomography) radiotracers 2-[(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose ([(18)F]FDG) and [(68)Ga]gallium-citrate, and highlight the ability to detect the γ ray emitting SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) radiotracer, [(99m)Tc]pertechnetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Taggart
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK.
| | - Mark D Tarn
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK and Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | | | - Daniel M Schofield
- LabLogic Systems Ltd., Paradigm House, 3 Melbourne Avenue, Broomhill, Sheffield, S10 2QJ, UK
| | - Nathaniel J Brown
- School of Engineering, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Stephen J Archibald
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK and Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Tom Deakin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK. and LabLogic Systems Ltd., Paradigm House, 3 Melbourne Avenue, Broomhill, Sheffield, S10 2QJ, UK
| | - Nicole Pamme
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Lee F Thompson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK.
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15
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Wright BD, Whittenberg J, Desai A, DiFelice C, Kenis PJA, Lapi SE, Reichert DE. Microfluidic Preparation of a 89Zr-Labeled Trastuzumab Single-Patient Dose. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:747-52. [PMID: 26769862 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.166140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED (89)Zr-labeled antibodies are being investigated in several clinical trials; however, the time requirement for synthesis of clinical doses can hinder patient throughput because of scheduling difficulties. Additionally, low specific activity due to poor labeling efficiency can require larger amounts of the radiopharmaceutical to be administered, possibly leading to adverse side effects. Here, we describe the design and evaluation of a microfluidic reactor capable of synthesizing a single clinical dose of (89)Zr-labeled antibody. (89)Zr-labeled trastuzumab was chosen for this validation because it is currently being evaluated in clinical trials for imaging human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive cancer patients. METHODS A microreactor fabricated from polydimethylsiloxane/glass was silanated with trimethoxy(octadecyl) silane to reduce antibody adsorption. Desferrioxamine-p-benzyl-isothiocyanate (DFO-Bz-NCS) was conjugated to trastuzumab in an 8:1 molar ratio following the literature procedures using aseptic techniques. Radiolabeling was performed by pumping (89)Zr-oxalate and DFO-Bz-trastuzumab into the microfluidic reactor at a total rate of 20 μL/min in ratios varying from 1:37 to 1:592 mg:MBq at 37°C to achieve optimal labeling. RESULTS Silanated reactors showed low antibody adsorption in comparison to unmodified reactors (95% monoclonal antibody recovered vs. 0% recovered). Labeling of the modified trastuzumab was shown to be achievable at a specific activity above the reported literature value of 220 MBq/mg. A high radiochemical purity was achieved without an incubation period at specific activities of less than 148 MBq/mg; however, specific activities up to 592 MBq/mg could be achieved with an incubation period. Clinical doses were able to be prepared and passed all quality control guidelines set by the Food and Drug Administration. Samples were sterile, colorless, and radiochemically pure (100%); maintained the ability to bind to the intended receptor; formed a minimal amount of aggregates (1%-4%); and were completed within 45-60 min. CONCLUSION (89)Zr-labeled trastuzumab for use in a clinical setting was synthesized in a microfluidic reactor in under an hour while reducing the amount of handling required by a technician. Use of this compact platform not only could enable the use of radiolabeled antibodies to become a common practice, but also could spread the use of radiolabeled antibodies beyond locations with cyclotron facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Wright
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Joseph Whittenberg
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Amit Desai
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Christina DiFelice
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Paul J A Kenis
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Suzanne E Lapi
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri; and
| | - David E Reichert
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri; and
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16
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Burke BP, Seemann J, Archibald SJ. Advanced Chelator Design for Metal Complexes in Imaging Applications. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Paterson BM, Donnelly PS. Macrocyclic Bifunctional Chelators and Conjugation Strategies for Copper-64 Radiopharmaceuticals. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Abstract
The emerging technology of digital microfluidics is opening up the possibility of performing radiochemistry at the microliter scale to produce tracers for positron emission tomography (PET) labeled with fluorine-18 or other isotopes. Working at this volume scale not only reduces reagent costs but also improves specific activity (SA) by reducing contamination by the stable isotope. This technology could provide a practical means to routinely prepare high-SA tracers for applications such as neuroimaging and could make it possible to routinely achieve high SA using synthesis strategies such as isotopic exchange. Reagent droplets are controlled electronically, providing high reliability, a compact control system, and flexibility for diverse syntheses with a single-chip design. The compact size may enable the development of a self-shielded synthesizer that does not require a hot cell. This article reviews the progress of this technology and its application to the synthesis of PET tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yuin Keng
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology University of California, Los Angeles
| | - R. Michael van Dam
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology University of California, Los Angeles
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19
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Kim MH, Lee YJ, Kang JH. Stem Cell Monitoring with a Direct or Indirect Labeling Method. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 50:275-283. [PMID: 27994682 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-015-0380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular imaging techniques allow monitoring of the transplanted cells in the same individuals over time, from early localization to the survival, migration, and differentiation. Generally, there are two methods of stem cell labeling: direct and indirect labeling methods. The direct labeling method introduces a labeling agent into the cell, which is stably incorporated or attached to the cells prior to transplantation. Direct labeling of cells with radionuclides is a simple method with relatively fewer adverse events related to genetic responses. However, it can only allow short-term distribution of transplanted cells because of the decreasing imaging signal with radiodecay, according to the physical half-lives, or the signal becomes more diffuse with cell division and dispersion. The indirect labeling method is based on the expression of a reporter gene transduced into the cell before transplantation, which is then visualized upon the injection of an appropriate probe or substrate. In this review, various imaging strategies to monitor the survival and behavior change of transplanted stem cells are covered. Taking these new approaches together, the direct and indirect labeling methods may provide new insights on the roles of in vivo stem cell monitoring, from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hwan Kim
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), 75 Nowon-gil, Gongneung-Dong, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 139-706 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jin Lee
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), 75 Nowon-gil, Gongneung-Dong, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 139-706 Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Kang
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), 75 Nowon-gil, Gongneung-Dong, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 139-706 Republic of Korea
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20
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Kim MH, Woo SK, Kim KI, Lee TS, Kim CW, Kang JH, Kim BI, Lim SM, Lee KC, Lee YJ. Simple Methods for Tracking Stem Cells with (64)Cu-Labeled DOTA-hexadecyl-benzoate. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:528-30. [PMID: 26005527 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate (64)Cu-labeled hexadecyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-tetraacetic acid-benzoate ((64)Cu-DOTA-HB) (1) as positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer for stem cell imaging. Hexadecyl-DOTA-benzoate (DOTA-HB) (2) was efficiently labeled with (64)Cu (>99%), and cell labeling efficiency with adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) was over 50%. Labeling with 1 did not compromise cell viability. In the PET imaging, intramuscularly transplanted 1-labeled ADSCs were monitored for 18 h in normal rat heart. These results indicate that 1 can be utilized as a promising radiotracer for monitoring of transplanted stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hwan Kim
- Molecular
Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
- School
of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Keun Woo
- Molecular
Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Il Kim
- Molecular
Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Sup Lee
- Molecular
Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Wha Kim
- School
of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Kang
- Molecular
Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Il Kim
- Molecular
Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Moo Lim
- Molecular
Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo Chul Lee
- Molecular
Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jin Lee
- Molecular
Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
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21
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Velikyan I. Continued rapid growth in68Ga applications: update 2013 to June 2014. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2015; 58:99-121. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Velikyan
- Preclinical PET Platform, Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Uppsala University; SE-75183 Uppsala Sweden
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science; Uppsala University; SE-75285 Uppsala Sweden
- PET-Centre, Centre for Medical Imaging; Uppsala University Hospital; SE-75185 Uppsala Sweden
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22
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Rensch C, Lindner S, Salvamoser R, Leidner S, Böld C, Samper V, Taylor D, Baller M, Riese S, Bartenstein P, Wängler C, Wängler B. A solvent resistant lab-on-chip platform for radiochemistry applications. Lab Chip 2014; 14:2556-2564. [PMID: 24879121 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00076e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The application of microfluidics to the synthesis of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) tracers has been explored for more than a decade. Microfluidic benefits such as superior temperature control have been successfully applied to PET tracer synthesis. However, the design of a compact microfluidic platform capable of executing a complete PET tracer synthesis workflow while maintaining prospects for commercialization remains a significant challenge. This study uses an integral system design approach to tackle commercialization challenges such as the material to process compatibility with a path towards cost effective lab-on-chip mass manufacturing from the start. It integrates all functional elements required for a simple PET tracer synthesis into one compact radiochemistry platform. For the lab-on-chip this includes the integration of on-chip valves, on-chip solid phase extraction (SPE), on-chip reactors and a reversible fluid interface while maintaining compatibility with all process chemicals, temperatures and chip mass manufacturing techniques. For the radiochemistry device it includes an automated chip-machine interface enabling one-move connection of all valve actuators and fluid connectors. A vial-based reagent supply as well as methods to transfer reagents efficiently from the vials to the chip has been integrated. After validation of all those functional elements, the microfluidic platform was exemplarily employed for the automated synthesis of a Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R) binding the PEGylated Bombesin BN(7-14)-derivative ([(18)F]PESIN) based PET tracer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rensch
- GE Global Research, Freisinger Landstrasse 50, 85748 Garching bei Munich, Germany.
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23
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Zeng D, Ouyang Q, Cai Z, Xie XQ, Anderson CJ. New cross-bridged cyclam derivative CB-TE1K1P, an improved bifunctional chelator for copper radionuclides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:43-5. [PMID: 24141371 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc45928d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A new cross-bridged cyclam chelator, CB-TE1K1P, was developed for copper-based radiopharmaceuticals, and this chelator can be labelled with (64)Cu under mild conditions in high specific activity. DBCO-PEG4-CB-TE1K1P was synthesized for conjugation to proteins, while Dde-CB-TE1K1P((t)Bu2)-OH was synthesized for solid-phase peptide synthesis. Examples of the conjugation chemistry, radiolabelling and serum stability of each are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexing Zeng
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Suite 452F, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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24
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Ebenhan T, Chadwick N, Sathekge MM, Govender P, Govender T, Kruger HG, Marjanovic-Painter B, Zeevaart JR. Peptide synthesis, characterization and 68Ga-radiolabeling of NOTA-conjugated ubiquicidin fragments for prospective infection imaging with PET/CT. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 41:390-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Li H, Zhou H, Krieger S, Parry JJ, Whittenberg JJ, Desai AV, Rogers BE, Kenis PJA, Reichert DE. Triazine-based tool box for developing peptidic PET imaging probes: syntheses, microfluidic radiolabeling, and structure-activity evaluation. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:761-72. [PMID: 24661266 PMCID: PMC3993951 DOI: 10.1021/bc500034n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
![]()
This
study was aimed at developing a triazine-based modular platform
for targeted PET imaging. We synthesized mono- or bis-cyclo(RGDfK)
linked triazine-based conjugates specifically targeting integrin αvβ3 receptors. The core molecules could be
easily linked to targeting peptide and radiolabeled bifunctional chelator.
The spacer core molecule was synthesized in 2 or 3 steps in 64–80%
yield, and the following conjugation reactions with cyclo(RGDfK) peptide
or bifunctional chelator were accomplished using “click”
chemistry or amidation reactions. The DOTA-TZ-Bis-cyclo(RGDfK) 13 conjugate was radiolabeled successfully with 64Cu(OAc)2 using a microfluidic method, resulting in higher
specific activity with above 95% labeling yields compared to conventional
radiolabeling (SA ca. 850 vs 600 Ci/mmol). The dimeric cyclo(RGDfK)
peptide was found to display significant bivalency effect using I125-Echistatin binding assay with IC50 value as 178.5 ± 57.1 nM, which displayed a 3.6-fold enhancement
of binding affinity compared to DOTA-TZ-cyclo(RGDfK) 14 conjugate on U87MG human glioblastoma cell. Biodistribution of all
four conjugates in female athymic nude mice were evaluated. DOTA-“Click”-cyclo(RGDfK) 15 had the highest tumor uptake among these four at 4 h p.i.
with 1.90 ± 0.65%ID/g, while there was no clear bivalency effect
for DOTA-TZ-BisRGD in vivo, which needs further experiments
to address the unexpected questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Li
- Radiological Sciences Division, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine , 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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26
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Burke BP, Clemente GS, Archibald SJ. Recent advances in chelator design and labelling methodology for (68) Ga radiopharmaceuticals. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:239-43. [PMID: 24497011 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gallium-68 has the potential to become the technetium-99m of positron emission tomography with ideal decay characteristics and a long-lived parent isotope for generator production. The work in the area of (68) Ga is focused on two key areas: (1) synthesis of a library of bifunctional chelators, which can be quickly radiolabelled to form kinetically inert complexes under mild conditions compatible with biomolecules and (2) development of radiosynthetic methodologies for clinical use and to facilitate radiolabelling of a wide range of chelators under mild conditions. Recent advances in these areas, with particular focus on the past 3 years, are covered herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK; Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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Abstract
Radiolabeling of peptides with the short-lived positron emitter fluorine-18 is usually a challenging endeavour. Conventional radiolabeling reactions mostly require fairly large amounts of peptides as labeling precursors, and extensive synthesis times. Intrinsic advantages of microfluidic technology permit to overcome these hurdles. Herein, we describe how microfluidic technology combined with [(18)F]FDG as readily available PET radiotracer allows for fast and high yielding radiolabeling reactions of peptides with fluorine-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent R Bouvet
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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28
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Liu Y, Tian M, Zhang H. Microfluidics for synthesis of peptide-based PET tracers. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013:839683. [PMID: 24288688 DOI: 10.1155/2013/839683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful noninvasive tool for acquisition of the physiological parameters in human and animals with the help of PET tracers. Among all the PET tracers, radiolabeled peptides have been widely explored for cancer-related receptor imaging due to their high affinity and specificity to receptors. But radiochemistry procedures for production of peptide-based PET tracers are usually complex, which makes large-scale clinical studies relatively challenging. New radiolabeling technologies which could simplify synthesis and purification procedures, are extremely needed. Over the last decade, microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technology have boomed as powerful tools in the field of organic chemistry, which potentially provide significant help to the PET chemistry. In this minireview, microfluidic radiolabeling technology is described and its application for synthesis of peptide-based PET tracers is summarized and discussed.
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29
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Pascali G, Watts P, Salvadori PA. Microfluidics in radiopharmaceutical chemistry. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 40:776-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Rensch C, Jackson A, Lindner S, Salvamoser R, Samper V, Riese S, Bartenstein P, Wängler C, Wängler B. Microfluidics: a groundbreaking technology for PET tracer production? Molecules 2013; 18:7930-56. [PMID: 23884128 PMCID: PMC6270045 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18077930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of microfluidics to Positron Emission Tomography (PET) tracer synthesis has attracted increasing interest within the last decade. The technical advantages of microfluidics, in particular the high surface to volume ratio and resulting fast thermal heating and cooling rates of reagents can lead to reduced reaction times, increased synthesis yields and reduced by-products. In addition automated reaction optimization, reduced consumption of expensive reagents and a path towards a reduced system footprint have been successfully demonstrated. The processing of radioactivity levels required for routine production, use of microfluidic-produced PET tracer doses in preclinical and clinical imaging as well as feasibility studies on autoradiolytic decomposition have all given promising results. However, the number of microfluidic synthesizers utilized for commercial routine production of PET tracers is very limited. This study reviews the state of the art in microfluidic PET tracer synthesis, highlighting critical design aspects, strengths, weaknesses and presenting several characteristics of the diverse PET market space which are thought to have a significant impact on research, development and engineering of microfluidic devices in this field. Furthermore, the topics of batch- and single-dose production, cyclotron to quality control integration as well as centralized versus de-centralized market distribution models are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rensch
- GE Global Research, Freisinger Landstrasse 50, Garching bei Munich 85748, Germany; E-Mails: (R.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Alexander Jackson
- GE Healthcare, Life Sciences, The Grove Centre, White Lion Rd., Amersham HP7 9LL, UK; E-Mails: (A.J.); (S.R.)
| | - Simon Lindner
- University Hospital Munich, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany; E-Mails: (S.L.); (P.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Ruben Salvamoser
- GE Global Research, Freisinger Landstrasse 50, Garching bei Munich 85748, Germany; E-Mails: (R.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Victor Samper
- GE Global Research, Freisinger Landstrasse 50, Garching bei Munich 85748, Germany; E-Mails: (R.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Stefan Riese
- GE Healthcare, Life Sciences, The Grove Centre, White Lion Rd., Amersham HP7 9LL, UK; E-Mails: (A.J.); (S.R.)
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- University Hospital Munich, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany; E-Mails: (S.L.); (P.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Carmen Wängler
- University Hospital Munich, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany; E-Mails: (S.L.); (P.B.); (C.W.)
- Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Björn Wängler
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
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31
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Zeng D, Anderson CJ. Production and Purification of Metal Radionuclides for PET Imaging of Disease. Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2013.800402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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