Imaging of microglia in post-stroke inflammation

From Gene Discovery to Stroke Risk: C5orf24's Pivotal Role Uncovered

Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. It is crucial to understand the influencing factors and potential mechanisms of stroke, as well as reducing its risk. This study identified the expression of the B230219D22Rik gene in mouse microglial cells, corresponding to the human gene C5orf24, using the NCBI database. We then validated the role of C5orf24 in stroke using quantitative real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot and Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Additionally, we evaluated the causal association of C5orf24 with three other vascular diseases: coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, and embolism. The gene B230219D22Rik and C5orf24 expressed in microglia was observed to have reduced expression in mouse and human cell stroke models, respectively. In MR analysis, we found a significant causal relationship between increased C5orf24 levels and reduced stroke risk (OR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.48-0.98, P = 4.07 × 10-2). However, this association was not observed in three other vascular diseases. To further explore the function of C5orf24 in stroke, we overexpressed C5orf24 in the oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) model of human microglial cell line clone 3 (HMC3) in vitro and found that C5orf24 inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-6. In our study, we revealed a causal relationship between elevated levels of C5orf24 and a reduced risk of stroke through cell experiments and MR analysis, and found that inflammation might play a mediating role. This suggests that C5orf24 could be a promising drug target for stroke treatment.

Application and Development of Cell Membrane Functionalized Biomimetic Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke

Ischemic stroke is a serious neurological disease involving multiple complex physiological processes, including vascular obstruction, brain tissue ischemia, impaired energy metabolism, cell death, impaired ion pump function, and inflammatory response. In recent years, there has been significant interest in cell membrane-functionalized biomimetic nanoparticles as a novel therapeutic approach. This review comprehensively explores the mechanisms and importance of using these nanoparticles to treat acute ischemic stroke with a special emphasis on their potential for actively targeting therapies through cell membranes. We provide an overview of the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and present advances in the study of biomimetic nanoparticles, emphasizing their potential for drug delivery and precision-targeted therapy. This paper focuses on bio-nanoparticles encapsulated in bionic cell membranes to target ischemic stroke treatment. It highlights the mechanism of action and research progress regarding different types of cell membrane-functionalized bi-onic nanoparticles such as erythrocytes, neutrophils, platelets, exosomes, macrophages, and neural stem cells in treating ischemic stroke while emphasizing their potential to improve brain tissue's ischemic state and attenuate neurological damage and dysfunction. Through an in-depth exploration of the potential benefits provided by cell membrane-functionalized biomimetic nanoparticles to improve brain tissue's ischemic state while reducing neurological injury and dysfunction, this study also provides comprehensive research on neural stem cells' potential along with that of cell membrane-functionalized biomimetic nanoparticles to ameliorate neurological injury and dysfunction. However, it is undeniable that there are still some challenges and limitations in terms of biocompatibility, safety, and practical applications for clinical translation.

The novel imaging methods in diagnosis and assessment of cerebrovascular diseases: an overview

Cerebrovascular diseases, including ischemic strokes, hemorrhagic strokes, and vascular malformations, are major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The advancements in neuroimaging techniques have revolutionized the field of cerebrovascular disease diagnosis and assessment. This comprehensive review aims to provide a detailed analysis of the novel imaging methods used in the diagnosis and assessment of cerebrovascular diseases. We discuss the applications of various imaging modalities, such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and angiography, highlighting their strengths and limitations. Furthermore, we delve into the emerging imaging techniques, including perfusion imaging, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and molecular imaging, exploring their potential contributions to the field. Understanding these novel imaging methods is necessary for accurate diagnosis, effective treatment planning, and monitoring the progression of cerebrovascular diseases.

Role of Crosstalk between Glial Cells and Immune Cells in Blood-Brain Barrier Damage and Protection after Acute Ischemic Stroke

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage is the main pathological basis for acute ischemic stroke (AIS)-induced cerebral vasogenic edema and hemorrhagic transformation (HT). Glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs)/oligodendrocytes (OLs) play critical roles in BBB damage and protection. Recent evidence indicates that immune cells also have an important role in BBB damage, vasogenic edema and HT. Therefore, regulating the crosstalk between glial cells and immune cells would hold the promise to alleviate AIS-induced BBB damage. In this review, we first introduce the roles of glia cells, pericytes, and crosstalk between glial cells in the damage and protection of BBB after AIS, emphasizing the polarization, inflammatory response and crosstalk between microglia, astrocytes, and other glia cells. We then describe the role of glial cell-derived exosomes in the damage and protection of BBB after AIS. Next, we specifically discuss the crosstalk between glial cells and immune cells after AIS. Finally, we propose that glial cells could be a potential target for alleviating BBB damage after AIS and we discuss some molecular targets and potential strategies to alleviate BBB damage by regulating glial cells after AIS.