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Kanno H, Matsumoto S, Yoshizumi T, Nakahara K, Kubo A, Murata H, Shuin T, U HS. Role of SOCS and VHL Proteins in Neuronal Differentiation and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043880. [PMID: 36835292 PMCID: PMC9960776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix factors play a central role in neuronal differentiation and nervous system development, which involve the Notch and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)/small mother against decapentaplegic signaling pathways. Neural stem cells differentiate into three nervous system lineages, and the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) and von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) proteins are involved in this neuronal differentiation. The SOCS and VHL proteins both contain homologous structures comprising the BC-box motif. SOCSs recruit Elongin C, Elongin B, Cullin5(Cul5), and Rbx2, whereas VHL recruits Elongin C, Elongin B, Cul2, and Rbx1. SOCSs form SBC-Cul5/E3 complexes, and VHL forms a VBC-Cul2/E3 complex. These complexes degrade the target protein and suppress its downstream transduction pathway by acting as E3 ligases via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. The Janus kinase (JAK) is the main target protein of the E3 ligase SBC-Cul5, whereas hypoxia-inducible factor is the primary target protein of the E3 ligase VBC-Cul2; nonetheless, VBC-Cul2 also targets the JAK. SOCSs not only act on the ubiquitin-proteasome system but also act directly on JAKs to suppress the Janus kinase-signal transduction and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway. Both SOCS and VHL are expressed in the nervous system, predominantly in brain neurons in the embryonic stage. Both SOCS and VHL induce neuronal differentiation. SOCS is involved in differentiation into neurons, whereas VHL is involved in differentiation into neurons and oligodendrocytes; both proteins promote neurite outgrowth. It has also been suggested that the inactivation of these proteins may lead to the development of nervous system malignancies and that these proteins may function as tumor suppressors. The mechanism of action of SOCS and VHL involved in neuronal differentiation and nervous system development is thought to be mediated through the inhibition of downstream signaling pathways, JAK-STAT, and hypoxia-inducible factor-vascular endothelial growth factor pathways. In addition, because SOCS and VHL promote nerve regeneration, they are expected to be applied in neuronal regenerative medicine for traumatic brain injury and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kanno
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 232-0024, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asahi Hospital, Tokyo 121-0078, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5242-5800
| | - Shutaro Matsumoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 232-0024, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asahi Hospital, Tokyo 121-0078, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yoshizumi
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Mariannna Medical University, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Nakahara
- Department of Neurosurgery, International University of Health and Welfare, Atami 413-0012, Japan
| | | | - Hidetoshi Murata
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Mariannna Medical University, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan
| | - Taro Shuin
- Kochi Medical School Hospital, Nangoku 783-0043, Japan
| | - Hoi-Sang U
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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Val CH, de Oliveira MC, Lacerda DR, Barroso A, Batista NV, Menezes-Garcia Z, de Assis DRR, Cramer AT, Brant F, Teixeira MM, Glória Souza D, Ferreira AM, Machado FS. SOCS2 modulates adipose tissue inflammation and expansion in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 76:108304. [PMID: 31816561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is usually triggered by a nutrient overload that favors adipocyte hypertrophy and increases the number of pro-inflammatory cells and mediators into adipose tissue. These mediators may be regulated by suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS), such as SOCS2, which is involved in the regulation of the inflammatory response of many diseases, but its role in obesity is not yet known. We aimed to investigate the role of SOCS2 in metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction induced by a high-refined carbohydrate-containing diet (HC). MATERIAL AND METHODS Male C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and SOCS2 deficient (SOCS2-/-) mice were fed chow or an HC diet for 8 weeks. RESULTS In general, SOCS2 deficient mice, independent of the diet, showed higher adipose tissue mass compared with their WT counterparts that were associated with decreased lipogenesis rate in adipose tissue, lipolysis in adipocyte culture and energy expenditure. An anti-inflammatory profile was observed in adipose tissue of SOCS2-/- by reduced secretion of cytokines, such as TNF and IL-6, and increased M2-like macrophages and regulatory T cells compared with WT mice. Also, SOCS2 deficiency reduced the differentiation/expansion of pro-inflammatory cells in the spleen but increased Th2 and Treg cells compared with their WT counterparts. CONCLUSION The SOCS2 protein is an important modulator of obesity that regulates the metabolic pathways related to adipocyte size. Additionally, SOCS2 is an inflammatory regulator that appears to be essential for controlling the release of cytokines and the differentiation/recruitment of cells into adipose tissue during the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Honorato Val
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Andreia Barroso
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Fátima Brant
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Fabiana Simão Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Zhang A, Gu W, Lu H, Zeng L, Zhang L, Du D, Hao J, Wen D, Wang X, Jiang J. Genetic contribution of suppressor of cytokine signalling polymorphisms to the susceptibility to infection after traumatic injury. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 194:93-102. [PMID: 29920655 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins are crucial negative regulators in many signalling pathways and are implicated in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to uncover possible associations of common polymorphisms within SOCS genes with infectious outcomes after traumatic injury. A total of 1087 trauma patients (Chongqing cohort 806 and Yunnan cohort 281) were recruited and followed-up for the development of infectious outcomes, such as sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Twelve selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were screened by pyrosequencing to determine their genotypes and associations with infectious complications. Among the 12 selected SNPs, only the cytokine-inducible Src homology (SH2) domain protein (CISH) promoter rs414171 polymorphism was found consistently to be associated statistically with the incidence of sepsis and MOD score in the two cohorts, despite analysing the SNPs independently or in combination. Further, patients with a T allele had significantly lower CISH expression and lower production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, but higher production of interleukin (IL)-10. Luciferase assay confirmed that the A→T variant in the rs414171 polymorphism inhibited the transcriptional activities of the CISH gene significantly. The CISH rs414171 polymorphism is associated significantly with susceptibility to sepsis and MODS in traumatic patients, which might prove to be a novel biomarker for indicating risk of infectious outcomes in critically injured patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - W Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - H Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - L Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - L Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - D Du
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Central Hospital of Chongqing University, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - J Hao
- Emergency Department, Kunming General Hospital, Chengdu Military of PLA, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - D Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - X Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - J Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Oz Gul O, Cander S, Gul CB, Budak F, Oral B, Ersoy C. Cytokine signal suppressor (SOCS) 1-1478 CA/del gene polymorphism in Turkish patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2017; 37:896-901. [PMID: 28569589 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2017.1309011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Eighty-four subjects, premenopausal female patients (n = 42, mean (SD) age: 26.4 (4.2) years) diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and age-matched healthy volunteers (n = 42, mean (SD) age: 27.6(3.4) years), were included in this study. Data on physical examination, anthropometric measurements and blood biochemistry analysis were recorded for each subject along with analysis for SOCS1-1478 CA/del polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The relation of SOCS1-1478 CA/del polymorphism to PCOS status and insulin resistance was analysed via logistic regression analysis. Mean (SD) levels for BMI (28.5(6.5) vs.22.5 (4.9) kg/m2, p < .001), HOMA-IR (3.1(1.8) vs.1.5 (1.0), p < .001), LDL-cholesterol (115.9(32.7) vs.100.7 (27.3)mg/dL, p = .03) and triglyceride (113.8(64.9) vs.83.3(36.3)mg/dL, p = .017) were significantly higher in patients. Groups were similar in terms of SOCS1-1478 CA/del polymorphism. No significant relation of this polymorphism was noted to PCOS and HOMA-IR. Our findings revealed no difference between groups in terms of the rate of SOCS1-1478 CA/del polymorphism, and no significant relation of this polymorphism to insulin resistance and PCOS status. Impact statement Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common cause of anovulation and the most commonly encountered form of female endocrine disease. SOCS proteins have been suggested to play a fundamental role in the negative feedback regulation of the JAK-STAT pathway, which is the major signalling pathway involved in a wide range of physiologic and pathologic processes, including inflammatory diseases, malignancies and immune disorders. Pathways involving the induction of suppression of SOCS proteins were also shown likely to be involved in mediating cytokine-induced insulin resistance. The present study was designed to determine the frequency of SOCS1-1478 CA/del gene polymorphism in patients with PCOS in relation to healthy controls and insulin resistance. Our findings revealed significantly higher rates of insulin resistance, obesity and dyslipidaemia in Turkish patients with PCOS compared with age-matched healthy controls, while no difference between study groups in terms of the rate of SOCS1-1478 CA/del polymorphism along with no significant relation of SOCS1-1478 CA/del polymorphism to insulin resistance and PCOS status. Future larger scale studies with the application of standardised diagnostic methods and criteria, and of state-of-the-art modern techniques including genomics, proteomics and pharmacogenetics would provide better understanding of the association between PCOS and genomic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozen Oz Gul
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Uludag University Medical School , Bursa , Turkey
| | - Soner Cander
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Uludag University Medical School , Bursa , Turkey
| | - Cuma Bulent Gul
- b Department of Nephrology , Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Reserach Hospital , Bursa , Turkey
| | - Ferah Budak
- c Department of Immunology , Uludag University Medical School , Bursa , Turkey
| | - Barbaros Oral
- c Department of Immunology , Uludag University Medical School , Bursa , Turkey
| | - Canan Ersoy
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Uludag University Medical School , Bursa , Turkey
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Suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins as guardians of inflammatory responses critical for regulating insulin sensitivity. Biochem J 2014; 461:177-88. [PMID: 24966052 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Overactivation of immune pathways in obesity is an important cause of insulin resistance and thus new approaches aimed to limit inflammation or its consequences may be effective for treating Type 2 diabetes. The SOCS (suppressors of cytokine signalling) are a family of proteins that play an essential role in mediating inflammatory responses in both immune cells and metabolic organs such as the liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. In the present review we discuss the role of SOCS1 and SOCS3 in controlling immune cells such as macrophages and T-cells and the impact this can have on systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. We also dissect the mechanisms by which SOCS (1-7) regulate insulin signalling in different tissues including their impact on the insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrates. Lastly, we discuss the important findings from SOCS whole-body and tissue-specific null mice, which implicate an important role for these proteins in controlling insulin action and glucose homoeostasis in obesity.
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Feng X, Tang H, Leng J, Jiang Q. Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) and type 2 diabetes. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:2265-74. [PMID: 24414000 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are originally identified as negative regulators of cytokine-activated Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription signaling pathway, but increasing evidence reveals that SOCS proteins play an important role in the development of type 2 diabetes involving regulation of the insulin signaling and pancreatic β-cell function, and that SOCS are promising to be the targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In this review, we focus on the emerging role for SOCS and the potential drugs targeting SOCS for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotao Feng
- Guangxi Scientific Experimental Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530001, People's Republic of China
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Polymorphisms in the SOCS7 gene and glucose homeostasis traits. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:235. [PMID: 23767996 PMCID: PMC3686602 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SOCS7 is a member of the suppressor of cytokine signaling family of proteins and is expressed in skeletal muscle and islets. SOCS7 deficient mice develop islet hyperplasia in the setting of increased insulin sensitivity and normal glucose tolerance. The objective of this study was to determine if variants in SOCS7 play a role in variation of glucose and insulin levels and the development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Results Five SOCS7 tagging SNPs were genotyped in diabetic and nondiabetic Old Order Amish. A case–control study was performed in T2DM (n = 145) and normal glucose tolerant (n = 358) subjects. Nominal associations were observed with T2DM and the minor alleles for rs8068600 (P = 0.01) and rs8074124 (P = 0.04); however, only rs8068600 remained significant after Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons (P = 0.01). Among nondiabetic Amish (n = 765), no significant associations with glucose or insulin traits including fasting or 2 hour glucose and insulin from the oral glucose tolerance test, insulin or glucose area under the curve, Matsuda Index or HOMA-IR were found for any of the SNPs. Conclusion In conclusion, genetic variants in the SOCS7 gene do not impact variation in glucose homeostasis traits and only minimally impact risk of T2DM in the Old Order Amish. Our study was not able to address whether rare variants that potentially impact gene function might influence T2DM risk.
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