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Oregano ( Origanum vulgare) Consumption Reduces Oxidative Stress and Markers of Muscle Damage after Combat Readiness Tests in Soldiers. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010137. [PMID: 36615794 PMCID: PMC9823977 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Military activities often involve high-intensity exercise that can disrupt antioxidant capacity. We investigated the effects of oregano supplementation on muscle damage, oxidative stress, and plasma antioxidant markers of soldiers performing the army combat readiness test (ACRT). Twenty-four healthy male soldiers (age: 24 ± 3 years, height: 167 ± 14 cm, mass: 66 ± 3 kg) were randomized into a placebo group (n = 12) or an oregano supplementation group (n = 12). The participants consumed a capsule containing 500 mg Origanum vulgare immediately after completing the ACRT. Blood sampling was taken before exercise, immediately after exercise, and 60 and 120 min after oregano consumption. Plasma levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were measured at the four time points. The time × group interactions were found for CK (p < 0.0001, d = 3.64), LDH (p < 0.0001, d = 1.64), MDA (p < 0.0001, d = 9.94), SOD (p < 0.0001, d = 1.88), TAC (p < 0.0001, d = 5.68) and GPX (p < 0.0001, d = 2.38). In all variables, the difference between placebo and oregano groups were significant at 60 (p < 0.0001) and 120 (p < 0.0001) minutes after ACRT test. The main effect of time was also significant for all the variables (p < 0.0001). Our results suggest that oregano supplementation has the potential to reduce muscle damage and increase oxidative capacity following ACRT. Supplementation with oregano may serve as a dietary strategy to increase preparedness and promote recovery in military recruits.
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Newmire DE, Willoughby DS. The Skeletal Muscle Microbiopsy Method in Exercise and Sports Science Research: A Narrative and Methodological Review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1550-1568. [PMID: 35904526 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The skeletal muscle microbiopsy protocol was introduced to the Exercise and Sports Science (ESS) research field in 1999 and has been used as a protocol to directly examine muscular structural and biochemical changes. There is much variation in the reporting of the microbiopsy protocol and its related pre-and post-procedure for participant care and sample collection. The purpose of this narrative and methodological review is to compare the microbiopsy to the traditional Bergström protocol used in the ESS field, identify and summarize all related microbiopsy protocols used in previous ESS studies and determine the most frequently used microbiopsy protocols aspects and associated pre- and post-biopsy procedures; METHODS: A review of literature up to January, 2022 was used following the PRISMA and Cochrane Methodological Review Guide to determine frequently used methods that may facilitate optimal and potential recommendations for muscle microbiopsy needle gauge (G), concentration or dose (% or mL) and administration of local anesthetic, co-axial/cannula introducer gauge (G), muscle depth (cm), muscle sample size collected (mg), passes to collect samples, time points of muscle sampling, and promotion of participant compliance and minimization of adverse events; RESULTS: 85 articles were selected based on the inclusionary requirements related to the ESS field or methodological considerations. The most frequently reported aspects in previous research to suggest the location of the vastus lateralis is the midpoint between the patella and the greater trochanter of the femur or 1/3 or 2/3 the distance from the patella to anterior superior iliac spine, 14 G biopsy needle, subcutaneous injected lidocaine administration (2 mL; 1%), 13 G co-axial/cannula, 1-2 cm muscle depth, 10-20 mg of muscle sample, ~3-time points, 2-3 passes; DISCUSSION: There is much variation in the reporting of the microbiopsy protocol and its related pre-and post-biopsy procedures. Standardization in reporting may promote recommendations to optimize data integrity, participant safety, participant adherence to the study design, and increase reproducibility. Recommendations are made for the microbiopsy procedure based on frequently reported characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Newmire
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
| | - Darryn S Willoughby
- School of Health Professions, School of Exercise and Sport Science Mayborn College of Health Sciences, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
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Steiner JL, Johnson BR, Hickner RC, Ormsbee MJ, Williamson DL, Gordon BS. Adrenal stress hormone action in skeletal muscle during exercise training: An old dog with new tricks? Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13522. [PMID: 32506657 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is a key component of a healthy lifestyle as it helps maintain a healthy body weight and reduces the risk of various morbidities and co-morbidities. Exercise is an acute physiological stress that initiates a multitude of processes that attempt to restore physiological homeostasis and promote adaptation. A component of the stress response to exercise is the rapid release of hormones from the adrenal gland including glucocorticoids, the catecholamines and aldosterone. While each hormone targets several tissues throughout the body, skeletal muscle is of interest as it is central to physical function and various metabolic processes. Indeed, adrenal stress hormones have been shown to elicit specific performance benefits on the muscle. However, how the acute, short-lived release of these stress hormones during exercise influences adaptations of skeletal muscle to long-term training remains largely unknown. Thus, the objective of this review was to briefly highlight the known impact of adrenal stress hormones on skeletal muscle metabolism and function (Old Dog), and critically examine the current evidence supporting a role for these endogenous hormones in mediating long-term training adaptations in skeletal muscle (New Tricks).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Steiner
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
| | - Bonde R. Johnson
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
| | - Robert C. Hickner
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
- Department of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Durban South Africa
| | - Michael J. Ormsbee
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
- Department of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Durban South Africa
| | - David L. Williamson
- Kinesiology Program School of Behavioral Sciences and Education Pennsylvania State University at Harrisburg Middletown PA USA
| | - Bradley S. Gordon
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
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Huecker M, Sarav M, Pearlman M, Laster J. Protein Supplementation in Sport: Source, Timing, and Intended Benefits. Curr Nutr Rep 2020; 8:382-396. [PMID: 31713177 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-019-00293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide background on the present literature regarding the utility and effectiveness of protein supplements, including protein source and nutrient timing. RECENT FINDINGS In the setting of adequate dietary protein consumption, research suggests some benefit particularly in sport or exercise activities. Protein supplements command a multi-billion-dollar market with prevalent use in sports. Many individuals, including athletes, do not consume optimal dietary protein on a daily basis. High-protein diets are remarkably safe in healthy subjects, especially in the short term. Some objective outcomes are physiologic and may not translate to clinically relevant outcomes. Athletes should, however, consider long-term implications when consuming high quantities of protein in dietary or supplement form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Huecker
- Dept of Emergency Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 530 S Jackson St C1H17, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Menaka Sarav
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, NorthShore University HealthSystem-University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michelle Pearlman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Miami Health Systems, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Townsend JR, Morimune JE, Jones MD, Beuning CN, Haase AA, Boot CM, Heffington SH, Littlefield LA, Henry RN, Marshall AC, VanDusseldorp TA, Feito Y, Mangine GT. The Effect of ProHydrolase ® on the Amino Acid and Intramuscular Anabolic Signaling Response to Resistance Exercise in Trained Males. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8020013. [PMID: 31978998 PMCID: PMC7077235 DOI: 10.3390/sports8020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This double-blind study examined effects of a protease enzyme blend (Prohydrolase®) added to whey protein on post-resistance exercise aminoacidemia and intramuscular anabolic signaling were investigated in ten resistance-trained males. Participants completed 4 sets of 8-10 repetitions in the leg press and leg extension exercises at 75% of 1-repetition maximum. Participants then consumed either 250 mg of Prohydrolase® + 26 g of whey protein (PW), 26 g whey alone (W), or non-nutritive control (CON) in counterbalanced order. Blood samples were obtained prior to exercise (baseline) and then immediately-post (IP), 30-, 60-, 90-, 120-, and 180-min post-exercise. Muscle biopsies were taken at baseline, 1-h (1H), and 3-h (3H) post-exercise. Phosphorylation of AKTSer437 was decreased (3H only: p < 0.001), mTORSer2448 was increased (1H: p = 0.025; 3H: p = 0.009), and p70S6KThr412 remained unchanged similarly for each condition. Plasma leucine, branch-chained amino acids, and essential amino acid concentrations for PW were significantly higher than CON (p < 0.05) at 30 min and similar to W. Compared to IP, PW was the only treatment with elevated plasma leucine levels at 30 min (p = 0.007; ∆ = 57.8 mmol/L, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 20.0, 95.6) and EAA levels at 180 min (p = 0.003; ∆ = 179.1 mmol/L, 95% CI: 77.5, 280.7). Area under the curve amino acid analysis revealed no differences between PW and W. While no different than W, these data indicate that PW was the only group to produce elevated amino acid concentrations 30-min and 180-min post-ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R. Townsend
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jaclyn E. Morimune
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Megan D. Jones
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Cheryle N. Beuning
- Central Instrument Facility, Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (C.N.B.); (A.A.H.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Allison A. Haase
- Central Instrument Facility, Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (C.N.B.); (A.A.H.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Claudia M. Boot
- Central Instrument Facility, Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (C.N.B.); (A.A.H.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Stephen H. Heffington
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Laurel A. Littlefield
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Ruth N. Henry
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Autumn C. Marshall
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA; (J.E.M.); (M.D.J.); (S.H.H.); (L.A.L.); (R.N.H.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Trisha A. VanDusseldorp
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA; (T.A.V.); (Y.F.); (G.T.M.)
| | - Yuri Feito
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA; (T.A.V.); (Y.F.); (G.T.M.)
| | - Gerald T. Mangine
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA; (T.A.V.); (Y.F.); (G.T.M.)
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McGlory C, Nunes EA, Oikawa SY, Tsakiridis E, Phillips SM. Assessing the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex-1 pathway in response to resistance exercise and feeding in human skeletal muscle by multiplex assay. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:945-949. [PMID: 29590537 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC-1) is a key nutrient and contraction-sensitive protein that regulates a pathway leading to skeletal muscle growth. Utilizing a multiplex assay, we aimed to examine the phosphorylation status of key mTORC-1-related signalling molecules in response to protein feeding and resistance exercise. Eight healthy men (age, 22.5 ± 3.1 years; mass, 80 ± 9 kg; 1-repetition maximum leg extension, 87 ± 5 kg) performed 4 sets of unilateral leg extensions until volitional failure. Immediately following the final set, all participants consumed a protein-enriched beverage. A single skeletal muscle biopsy was obtained from the vastus lateralis before (Pre) with further bilateral biopsies at 1 h (1 h exercised legs (FEDEX) and 1 h nonexercised legs (FED)) and 3 h (3 h FEDEX and 3 h FED) after drink ingestion. Phosphorylated AktSer473 was significantly elevated from Pre at 1 h FEDEX. Phosphorylated p70S6K1Thr412 was significantly increased above Pre at 1 h FEDEX and 1 h FED and was still significantly elevated at 3 h FEDEX but not 3 h FED. Phosphorylated rpS6Ser235/236 was also significantly increased above Pre at 1 h FEDEX and 1 h FED with 1 h FEDEX greater than 1 h FED. Our data highlight the utility of a multiplex assay to assess anabolic signalling molecules in response to protein feeding and resistance exercise in humans. Importantly, these changes are comparable with those as previously reported using standard immunoblotting and protein activity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris McGlory
- a Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Everson A Nunes
- b Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Sara Y Oikawa
- a Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | | | - Stuart M Phillips
- a Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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Zhou T, Hu ZY, Zhang HP, Zhao K, Zhang Y, Li Y, Wei JJ, Yuan HF. Effects of Testosterone Supplementation on Body Composition in HIV Patients: A Meta-analysis of Double-blinded Randomized Controlled Trials. Curr Med Sci 2018; 38:191-198. [PMID: 30074170 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-018-1864-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of testosterone supplementation (TS) on body composition in patients with HIV and the side effects of TS. A comprehensive literature search strategy was used to retrieve relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effects of TS on body composition. Atotal of 14 eligible studies were included, enrolling 388 and 349 randomized patients in TS and control groups, respectively. The quality of studies included was assessed, and data on total body weight (BW), lean body mass (LBM), fat mass (FM), serum total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT) levels, and adverse events were extracted and analyzed using Review Manager software 5.3. Meta-analysis results showed that TS was associated with a small but significant modification in total BW, serum TT, and FT levels in HIV-infected patients and in patients given various drug administrations. TS also significantly increased LBM in male patients, but no significant difference in LBM was observed between female counterparts treated with TS or not. Conversely, TS relative to placebo did not lead to a significant reduction in FM. No significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of adverse effects. Our findings suggested that TS may be recommended to improve body composition in patients with HIV-related weight loss. However, owing to the high heterogeneity across included trials, further evaluations using large-scale, multi-center, blinded RCTs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Hu
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hui-Ping Zhang
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ying Li
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jia-Jing Wei
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hong-Fang Yuan
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Brook MS, Wilkinson DJ, Mitchell WK, Lund JN, Phillips BE, Szewczyk NJ, Greenhaff PL, Smith K, Atherton PJ. Synchronous deficits in cumulative muscle protein synthesis and ribosomal biogenesis underlie age-related anabolic resistance to exercise in humans. J Physiol 2016; 594:7399-7417. [PMID: 27654940 PMCID: PMC5157077 DOI: 10.1113/jp272857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Resistance exercise training (RET) is one of the most effective strategies for preventing declines in skeletal muscle mass and strength with age. Hypertrophic responses to RET with age are diminished compared to younger individuals. In response to 6 weeks RET, we found blunted hypertrophic responses with age are underpinned by chronic deficits in long-term muscle protein synthesis. We show this is likely to be the result of multifactorial deficits in anabolic hormones and blunted translational efficiency and capacity. These results provide great insight into age-related exercise adaptations and provide a platform on which to devise appropriate nutritional and exercise interventions on a longer term basis. ABSTRACT Ageing is associated with impaired hypertrophic responses to resistance exercise training (RET). Here we investigated the aetiology of 'anabolic resistance' in older humans. Twenty healthy male individuals, 10 younger (Y; 23 ± 1 years) and 10 older (O; 69 ± 3 years), performed 6 weeks unilateral RET (6 × 8 repetitions, 75% of one repetition maximum (1-RM), 3 times per week). After baseline bilateral vastus lateralis (VL) muscle biopsies, subjects consumed 150 ml D2 O (70 atom%; thereafter 50 ml week-1 ), further bilateral VL muscle biopsies were taken at 3 and 6 weeks to quantify muscle protein synthesis (MPS) via gas chromatography-pyrolysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. After RET, 1-RM increased in Y (+35 ± 4%) and O (+25 ± 3%; P < 0.01), while MVC increased in Y (+21 ± 5%; P < 0.01) but not O (+6 ± 3%; not significant (NS)). In comparison to Y, O displayed blunted RET-induced increases in muscle thickness (at 3 and 6 weeks, respectively, Y: +8 ± 1% and +11 ± 2%, P < 0.01; O: +2.6 ± 1% and +3.5 ± 2%, NS). While 'basal' longer term MPS was identical between Y and O (∼1.35 ± 0.1% day-1 ), MPS increased in response to RET only in Y (3 weeks, Y: 1.61 ± 0.1% day-1 ; O: 1.49 ± 0.1% day-1 ). Consistent with this, O exhibited inferior ribosomal biogenesis (RNA:DNA ratio and c-MYC induction: Y: +4 ± 2 fold change; O: +1.9 ± 1 fold change), translational efficiency (S6K1 phosphorylation, Y: +10 ± 4 fold change; O: +4 ± 2 fold change) and anabolic hormone milieu (testosterone, Y: 367 ± 19; O: 274 ± 19 ng dl-1 (all P < 0.05). Anabolic resistance is thus multifactorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Brook
- MRC‐ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchClinical, Metabolic and Molecular PhysiologyUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - Daniel J. Wilkinson
- MRC‐ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchClinical, Metabolic and Molecular PhysiologyUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - William K. Mitchell
- MRC‐ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchClinical, Metabolic and Molecular PhysiologyUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
- Departments of SurgeryRoyal Derby HospitalDerbyUK
| | - Jonathan N. Lund
- MRC‐ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchClinical, Metabolic and Molecular PhysiologyUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
- Departments of SurgeryRoyal Derby HospitalDerbyUK
| | - Bethan E. Phillips
- MRC‐ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchClinical, Metabolic and Molecular PhysiologyUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - Nathaniel J. Szewczyk
- MRC‐ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchClinical, Metabolic and Molecular PhysiologyUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - Paul L. Greenhaff
- MRC‐ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchClinical, Metabolic and Molecular PhysiologyUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC‐ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchClinical, Metabolic and Molecular PhysiologyUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- MRC‐ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchClinical, Metabolic and Molecular PhysiologyUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
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