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Li SL, Kam KW, Chee ASH, Zhang XJ, Chen LJ, Yip WWK, Tham CC, Young AL, Wong ICK, Ip P, Yam JC. The association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and retinal nerve fiber/ganglion cell layer thickness measured by optical coherence tomography: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Ophthalmol 2021; 41:3211-3221. [PMID: 34014463 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-021-01852-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal nerve fiber/ganglion cell layer (RNFL/GCL) thickness measured using optical coherence tomography has been proposed as an ocular biomarker for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but findings varied in different studies. This study aims to determine the association between RNFL/GCL thickness and ADHD in children by systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS We performed a literature search in Embase, PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, and PsycINFO for relevant articles published up to February 29, 2020. All studies with original data comparing RNFL/GCL thickness in ADHD and healthy children were included. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale was used to assess bias risk and quality of evidence. Pooled estimates of the differences in thickness of RNFL or GCL between ADHD and healthy subjects were generated using meta-analysis with a random-effect model due to significant inter-study heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis was also performed. RESULTS We identified four eligible studies involving a total of 164 ADHD and 150 control subjects. Meta-analysis revealed that ADHD in children was associated with a reduction in global RNFL thickness (SMD, - 0.23; 95% CI - 0.46, - 0.01; p = 0.04). The global GCL thickness was examined in two studies with 89 ADHD and 75 control subjects, but the pooled difference in global GCL thickness between ADHD children and controls was not statistically significant (SMD, - 0.34; 95% CI - 1.25, 0.58; p = 0.47). CONCLUSION Existing evidence suggests a possible association between ADHD and RNFL thinning in children. In view of the limited number of reports, further studies in large cohorts should be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Ling Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Ka Wai Kam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Arnold Shau Hei Chee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Xiu Juan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Li Jia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Wilson W K Yip
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Clement C Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong Kong.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Alvin L Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Ian C K Wong
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick Ip
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.
| | - Jason C Yam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong. .,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong Kong. .,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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