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Roberts JD, Walton RD, Loyer V, Bernus O, Kulkarni K. Open-source software for respiratory rate estimation using single-lead electrocardiograms. Sci Rep 2024; 14:167. [PMID: 38168512 PMCID: PMC10762020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50470-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory rate (RR) is a critical vital sign used to assess pulmonary function. Currently, RR estimating instrumentation is specialized and bulky, therefore unsuitable for remote health monitoring. Previously, RR was estimated using proprietary software that extract surface electrocardiogram (ECG) waveform features obtained at several thoracic locations. However, developing a non-proprietary method that uses minimal ECG leads, generally available from mobile cardiac monitors is highly desirable. Here, we introduce an open-source and well-documented Python-based algorithm that estimates RR requiring only single-stream ECG signals. The algorithm was first developed using ECGs from awake, spontaneously breathing adult human subjects. The algorithm-estimated RRs exhibited close linear correlation to the subjects' true RR values demonstrating an R2 of 0.9092 and root mean square error of 2.2 bpm. The algorithm robustness was then tested using ECGs generated by the ischemic hearts of anesthetized, mechanically ventilated sheep. Although the ECG waveforms during ischemia exhibited severe morphologic changes, the algorithm-determined RRs exhibited high fidelity with a resolution of 1 bpm, an absolute error of 0.07 ± 0.07 bpm, and a relative error of 0.67 ± 0.64%. This optimized Python-based RR estimation technique will likely be widely adapted for remote lung function assessment in patients with cardiopulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Roberts
- Departments of Anesthesia, Pediatrics, and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard D Walton
- IHU-LIRYC, Heart Rhythm Disease Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, 33600, Pessac, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, University of Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Virginie Loyer
- IHU-LIRYC, Heart Rhythm Disease Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, 33600, Pessac, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, University of Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Bernus
- IHU-LIRYC, Heart Rhythm Disease Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, 33600, Pessac, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, University of Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kanchan Kulkarni
- IHU-LIRYC, Heart Rhythm Disease Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, 33600, Pessac, Bordeaux, France.
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, University of Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
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Roberts JD. LungElast-an open-source, flexible, low-cost, microprocessor-controlled mouse lung elastometer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11246. [PMID: 37438462 PMCID: PMC10338507 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38310-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of mouse lung mechanics provides essential insights into the physiological mechanisms of pulmonary disease. Consequently, investigators assemble custom systems comprising infusion-withdrawal syringe pumps and analog pressure sensors to investigate the lung function of these animals. But these systems are expensive and require ongoing regulation, making them challenging to use. Here I introduce LungElast, an open-source, inexpensive, and self-contained instrument that can experimentally determine lung elasticity and volumes even in immature mice. It is assembled using custom 3D printed parts and readily available or easily constructed components. In this device, a microprocessor-controlled stepper motor automatically regulates lung volume by precisely driving a syringe piston whose position is determined using time-of-flight LIDAR technology. The airway pressures associated with the lung volumes are determined using compact sensor-on-chip technology, retrieved in a digital format, and stored by the microcontroller. The instrument software is modular, which eases device testing, calibration, and use. Data are also provided here that specify the accuracy and precision of the elastometer's sensors and volume delivery and demonstrate its use with lung models and mouse pups. This instrument has excellent potential for research and educational work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Roberts
- Cardiovascular Research Center of the General Medical Services and the Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Pediatrics, and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital - East, 149 13th St, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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