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Ríos HA, Lövestam-Adrian M, Plainis S, Tsilimbaris M, Joussen AM, Keegan D, Charles M, Cunha-Vaz J, Midena E. Additional measures of macular function beyond visual acuity. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024; 262:1723-1736. [PMID: 37938378 PMCID: PMC11106142 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Visual function is a complex process in which external visual stimuli are interpreted. Patients with retinal diseases and prolonged follow-up times may experience changes in their visual function that are not detected by the standard visual acuity measure, as they are a result of other alterations in visual function. With the advancement of different methods to evaluate visual function, additional measurements have become available, and further standardization suggests that some methods may be promising for use in clinical trials or routine clinical practice. The objectives of this article are to review these additional measurements and to provide guidance on their application. METHODS The Vision Academy's membership of international retinal disease experts reviewed the literature and developed consensus recommendations for the application of additional measures of visual function in routine clinical practice or clinical trials. RESULTS Measures such as low-luminance visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, retinal fixation and microperimetry, and reading performance are measures which can complement visual acuity measurements to provide an assessment of overall visual function, including impact on patients' quality of life. Measures such as dark adaptation, color vision testing, binocular vision testing, visual recognition testing, and shape discrimination require further optimization and validation before they can be implemented in everyday clinical practice. CONCLUSION Additional measurements of visual function may help identify patients who could benefit from earlier diagnosis, detection of disease progression, and therapeutic intervention. New and additional functional clinical trial endpoints are required to fully understand the early stages of macular disease, its progression, and the response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Andrés Ríos
- Retina y Vítreo, Fundación Oftalmológica Nacional, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Sotiris Plainis
- Laboratory of Optics and Vision, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Miltiadis Tsilimbaris
- Laboratory of Optics and Vision, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - David Keegan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - José Cunha-Vaz
- AIBILI - Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Edoardo Midena
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.
- IRCCS Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy.
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Mizuguchi T, Horiguchi M, Tanikawa A, Sakurai R. Asymmetric extent of distortion measured using the Watzke-Allen Test in patients with macular hole. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08059. [PMID: 34632139 PMCID: PMC8488488 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual dysfunction in patients with macular hole is believed to occur because of cone cell displacement, often measured by the Watzke-Allen test (WAT). However, it is unknown if the horizontal and vertical measurements recorded by WAT reflect the true extent of photoreceptor displacement. This study aimed to measure the extent of photoreceptor displacement in patients with macular hole using WAT and compare the displacement value with the hole diameter measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT). This prospective, observational study at a single tertiary referral center included 43 patients with macular hole. WAT thresholds were assessed for their ability to detect macular hole. The slit was presented vertically and horizontally, and the brightness of the monitor screen was 180 cd/m2. Horizontal and vertical WAT thresholds for distortion were measured. Correlations and performance evaluations were assessed by Pearson's correlation analysis and Wilcoxon rank-sum test, respectively, between WAT threshold values and hole diameters. Horizontal and vertical WAT thresholds and diameters were compared using paired t-tests. The mean vertical WAT threshold (1.95° ± 0.87°) was significantly higher than the mean horizontal threshold (1.71° ± 0.73°; P < 0.0001). The mean minimum horizontal hole diameter (303.42 ± 111.16 mm; visual angle, 1.01°) was significantly greater than the mean minimum vertical diameter (264.12 ± 107.88 mm; visual angle, 0.88°; P = 0.0149). The minimum vertical and horizontal macular hole diameters were positively correlated with the vertical and horizontal WAT threshold values (r = 0.514, P < 0.01; r = 0.447, P < 0.01, respectively). The WAT threshold values were greater than the respective minimum macular hole diameters, indicative of cone cells displacement over an area larger than that of the hole. The difference in the extent of vertical and horizontal distortions suggests asymmetric hole formation. Hence, WAT threshold values may help evaluate visual function in patients with macular hole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Mizuguchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masayuki Horiguchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Tanikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryouta Sakurai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
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Aniseikonia following intravitreal ranibizumab treatment for branch retinal vein occlusion. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2021; 65:672-679. [PMID: 34250549 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-021-00852-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify aniseikonia following intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) and assess the relationship between aniseikonia and retinal microstructure. STUDY DESIGN Prospective observational study. METHODS This study included 50 patients undergoing IVR treatment for unilateral BRVO. The degree of aniseikonia and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was examined, and retinal microstructure was assessed with optical coherence tomography (OCT) before and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 months after treatment. Based on OCT images, we assessed central retinal thickness (CRT), presence of the epiretinal membrane, and serous retinal detachment (SRD), as well as status of the external limiting membrane and ellipsoid zone. RESULTS At baseline, mean aniseikonia was - 1.0 ± 2.5%, ranging from - 11.0 to + 6.0%. Nine out of 50 patients had micropsia (18%), one had macropsia (2%), and 40 had no aniseikonia (80%). After 6 months of treatment, mean aniseikonia was - 0.7 ± 1.5%, ranging from - 4.5 to + 3.5%. BCVA significantly improved after treatment (P < 0.001), but aniseikonia did not change (P = 0.73). In patients with BRVO who had micropsia (≤ - 2.0%) at baseline, mean aniseikonia significantly improved from - 4.8 ± 3.3% to - 0.9 ± 1.4% (P < 0.05). Aniseikonia after treatment significantly correlated with BCVA (P < 0.05) and the presence of SRD at baseline (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Majority of eyes with aniseikonia in BRVO had micropsia. The BCVA as well as the micropsia improved following treatment with IVR for BRVO. BCVA and the presence of SRD were predictors of post-treatment aniseikonia.
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CORRELATION BETWEEN MACULAR MICROSTRUCTURES AND ANISEIKONIA AFTER IDIOPATHIC EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE REMOVAL. Retina 2021; 40:1160-1168. [PMID: 30932997 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000002530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the correlation between preoperative measurements of macular microstructures and aniseikonia after epiretinal membrane removal. METHODS This retrospective study included 32 eyes of 32 patients who underwent epiretinal membrane surgery and were followed up for 12 months. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was used to measure the thicknesses of the ganglion cell layer-inner plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer (INL), and outer retinal layer in macular microstructures. The new aniseikonia test was used to measure vertical and horizontal aniseikonia scores. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in central macular thickness and ganglion cell layer-inner plexiform layer thickness at 6 and 12 months postoperatively (all P < 0.001). Vertical aniseikonia scores, horizontal aniseikonia scores, and INL and outer retinal layer thicknesses did not show significant changes. Vertical aniseikonia scores and horizontal aniseikonia scores were significantly associated with INL thicknesses of each meridian at each follow-up time point (all P < 0.05). Preoperative vertical and horizontal INL thicknesses were correlated with vertical aniseikonia scores and horizontal aniseikonia scores at 12 months postoperatively (P = 0.014 and P = 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSION Aniseikonia values did not change after epiretinal membrane removal and were associated with INL thickness before and after surgery. Thus, preoperative INL thickness could be used as a predictor of surgical prognosis in epiretinal membrane patients.
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Cho IH, Park UC, Kim SJ, Ryoo NK, Yu HG. Fusion and Suppression in Patients with Unilateral Idiopathic Epiretinal Membrane. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2020.61.7.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Okamoto F, Morikawa S, Sugiura Y, Hoshi S, Hiraoka T, Oshika T. Preoperative aniseikonia is a prognostic factor for postoperative stereopsis in patients with unilateral epiretinal membrane. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 258:743-749. [PMID: 32080768 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-04625-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate stereopsis and other visual functions in patients with unilateral epiretinal membrane (ERM) and to identify vision-related parameters affecting stereopsis. METHODS This prospective study included 63 consecutive patients who were scheduled to undergo vitrectomy for unilateral idiopathic ERM. We examined stereopsis (Titmus Stereo Test, TST; TNO stereotest, TNO), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), letter contrast sensitivity, severity of metamorphopsia, and degree of aniseikonia preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS Preoperatively, we observed significant correlation between TST scores and other vision-related parameters except severity of metamorphopsia and between TNO score and all the vision-related parameters. Multiple regression analysis showed that preoperative TST and TNO scores were significantly associated with the degree of aniseikonia (both P < 0.01). ERM surgery significantly improved stereopsis, BCVA, contrast sensitivity, and metamorphopsia, but not aniseikonia. Postoperatively, TST was significantly associated with BCVA, and TNO showed association with BCVA and aniseikonia. Postoperative TST and TNO scores showed significant correlation with preoperative aniseikonia (P < 0.005 and P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Impairment of stereopsis in patients with unilateral ERM was considered to be due to retinally induced aniseikonia. Aniseikonia did not improve by surgery, and preoperative aniseikonia can be a prognostic factor for postoperative stereopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiki Okamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Shohei Morikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Sugiura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Sujin Hoshi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hiraoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Oshika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
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Liu J, Li J, Chen Z, Cai X, Yuan J, Feng L, Deng D, Yu M. Anisometropic Amblyopia: Interocular Contrast and Viewing Luminance Effects on Aniseikonia. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:11. [PMID: 32714637 PMCID: PMC7351590 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.3.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To demonstrate an aniseikonia test for anisometropic amblyopia (ATAA) that uses variable viewing luminance at different interocular contrast levels. Methods The test consists of a direct size comparison task based on a computer. The subject is asked to adjust the size of a dichoptically dissociated paired square target. One square was always presented at 100% contrast to the amblyopic eye/nondominant eye, whereas its counterpart was presented to the fellow eye at six contrast levels. Measurements were performed at two luminance backgrounds: (1) a white square on a black background (WoB) and (2) a black square on a white background (BoW). To test the feasibility of this approach, 16 patients with anisometropic amblyopia and 23 normal controls were recruited. Results The Aniseikonia Index (AI) calculated from the ATAA increased when the difference in the interocular contrast increased in both the patients with anisometropic amblyopia and controls under BoW and WoB conditions. The mean AI differed dramatically between the BoW and WoB conditions in patients with amblyopia but not in normal subjects. Conclusions Our model predicted interocular differences in contrast to the measurement of aniseikonia. Execution of the AI in individuals with amblyopia should consider that their responses to different luminance viewing conditions could be asymmetric. Translational Relevance The ATAA has the potential to optimize optical correction for the management of aniseikonia in individuals with anisometropic amblyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinrong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zidong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junpeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daming Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minbin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Changes in aniseikonia and influencing-factors following successful macula-off retinal detachment surgery. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11588. [PMID: 31406166 PMCID: PMC6690871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the changes in the severity of aniseikonia after surgery for macula-off retinal detachment (RD), and the relationship between aniseikonia and retinal microstructures. The study included 26 eyes of 26 patients undergoing RD surgery. Visual acuity was measured preoperatively, and at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Degree of aniseikonia and OCT images were obtained at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. The aniseikonia values (mean ± standard deviation) at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively were −5.3 ± 4.2%, −4.4 ± 4.4%, and −3.1 ± 3.2%, respectively. Significant improvement was observed from 3 to 12 months postoperatively (P = 0.001). Twelve months postoperatively, 14 eyes had micropsia, 1 eye had macropsia, and 11 eyes were free of aniseikonia. Stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed that the severity of aniseikonia at 12 months postoperatively was significantly associated with postoperative development of cystoid macular edema (CME) and epiretinal membrane (ERM), as well as area of preoperative RD. In conclusion, although aniseikonia was gradually relieved after RD surgery during a 1-year follow-up period, approximately half of patients had aniseikonia and almost all of them had micropsia. Aniseikonia was associated with presence of postoperative CME, ERM, and area of preoperative RD.
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South J, Gao T, Collins A, Turuwhenua J, Robertson K, Black J. Aniseikonia and anisometropia: implications for suppression and amblyopia. Clin Exp Optom 2019; 102:556-565. [PMID: 30791133 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aniseikonia is a difference in the perceived size or shape of images between eyes, and can arise from a variety of physiological, neurological, retinal, and optical causes. Aniseikonia is associated with anisometropia, as both anisometropia itself and the optical correction for anisometropia can cause aniseikonia. Image size differences above one to three per cent can be clinically symptomatic. Common symptoms include asthenopia, headache and diplopia in vertical gaze. Size differences of three and more impair binocular visual functions such as binocular summation and stereopsis. Above five per cent of aniseikonia, binocular inhibition or suppression tend to occur to prevent diplopia and confusion. Aniseikonia can be measured using a range of techniques and can be corrected or reduced by prescribing contact lenses or specially designed spectacle lenses. Subjective testing of aniseikonia is the only way to accurately measure the overall perceived amount of aniseikonia. However, currently it is not routinely assessed in most clinical settings. At least two-thirds of patients with amblyopia have anisometropia, thus we may expect aniseikonia to be common in patients with anisometropic amblyopia. However, aniseikonia may not be experienced by the patient under normal binocular viewing conditions if the image from the amblyopic eye is of poor quality or is too strongly suppressed for image size differences to be recognised. This lack of binocular simultaneous perception in amblyopia may also prevent the measurement of aniseikonia, as most common techniques require direct comparisons of images seen by each eye. Current guidelines for the treatment of amblyopia advocate full correction of anisometropia to equalise image clarity, but do not address aniseikonia. Significant image size differences between eyes may lead to suppression and abnormal binocular adaptations. It is possible that correcting anisometropia and aniseikonia simultaneously, particularly at the initial diagnosis of anisometropia, would reduce the need to develop suppression and improve treatment outcomes for anisometropic amblyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayshree South
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tina Gao
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Collins
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jason Turuwhenua
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kenneth Robertson
- School of Optometry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanna Black
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Tanikawa A, Shimada Y, Horiguchi M. Comparison of visual acuity, metamorphopsia, and aniseikonia in patients with an idiopathic epiretinal membrane. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2018; 62:280-285. [DOI: 10.1007/s10384-018-0581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ichikawa Y, Imamura Y, Ishida M. Associations of aniseikonia with metamorphopsia and retinal displacements after epiretinal membrane surgery. Eye (Lond) 2017; 32:400-405. [PMID: 28937146 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2017.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeTo determine the correlation of the degree of aniseikonia with the retinal displacements and metamorphopsia in patients that have undergone successful epiretinal membrane (ERM) surgery.MethodsSubjects were 28 eyes with an ERM in 28 patients. The New Aniseikonia Test (NAT) and M-CHARTS were used to quantify the degree of preoperative and postoperative aniseikonia and metamorphopsia. We also evaluated the distance between the intersections of 2 sets of retinal vessels situated vertically or horizontally by using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images in 28 patients.ResultsThe vertical score of M-CHARTS (MV) was not significantly improved, but the horizontal score of M-CHARTS (MH) was significantly improved at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively. The preoperative NAT score was significantly correlated with the preoperative MH. The NAT score at 3 months was significantly correlated with the MH at 3 months and the MV at 3 months. The preoperative NAT score was significantly correlated with the ratio of the vertical retinal displacement at 1 month and at 3 months after surgery. However, the NAT scores did not improve significantly at any postoperative times.ConclusionsThe degree of aniseikonia was significantly correlated with the degree of metamorphopsia and the tangential displacement of the retina after ERM surgery. Aniseikonia is difficult to improve and metamorphopsia may be a more sensitive parameter to detect the functional recovery after successful ERM surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ichikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, University Hospital Mizonokuchi, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Japan
| | - Y Imamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, University Hospital Mizonokuchi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - M Ishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, University Hospital Mizonokuchi, Kanagawa, Japan
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Okamoto F, Sugiura Y, Okamoto Y, Hiraoka T, Oshika T. Aniseikonia in various retinal disorders. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017; 255:1063-1071. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Aniseikonia and Foveal Microstructure in Patients with Idiopathic Macular Hole. Ophthalmology 2016; 123:1926-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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RESTORATION OF RETINALLY INDUCED ANISEIKONIA IN PATIENTS WITH EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE AFTER EARLY VITRECTOMY. Retina 2016; 36:311-20. [DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000000731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Okamoto F, Sugiura Y, Okamoto Y, Hiraoka T, Oshika T. Time Course of Changes in Aniseikonia and Foveal Microstructure after Vitrectomy for Epiretinal Membrane. Ophthalmology 2014; 121:2255-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Aniseikonia following pneumatic retinopexy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Am J Ophthalmol 2014; 158:1056-61. [PMID: 25127694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the characteristics of aniseikonia in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD) after pneumatic retinopexy. DESIGN Prospective, interventional case series study. METHODS Thirty patients who had undergone pneumatic retinopexy as the initial procedure for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment were selected for this study. The principal outcomes included visual acuity, postoperative aniseikonia measured by the New Aniseikonia Test, anatomical success, and measurement of central retinal thickness using optical coherence topography (OCT). These outcomes were measured postoperatively at 3, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS The median patient age was 37 years (range, 13-57 years), with 17 cases of macula-off RD and 13 cases of macula-on RD. All of these patients achieved anatomical success, proven by OCT after surgical repair. Three months after pneumatic retinopexy, 18 patients (60.0%) developed micropsic aniseikonia and aniseikonia was diagnosed in 15 patients (88.2%) in the macula-off RD group, leaving 2 patients (11.8%) unaffected. In the macula-on RD group, 3 patients (23.1%) were found to have aniseikonia, while 10 patients (76.9%) were unaffected. The presence of aniseikonia was strongly linked to the difference in central retinal thickness, between the operated eye and the fellow eye, measured at 12 months postoperatively. CONCLUSION Aniseikonia after pneumatic retinopexy for rhegmatogenous RD may be related to the preoperative macular status. Macula-off RD patients had a higher incidence of aniseikonia, compared to macula-on RD patients, following retina reattachment. There was a moderate to high correlation between the grading of aniseikonia and the difference in central retinal thickness.
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Rutstein RP. Use of Bangerter filters with adults having intractable diplopia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 81:387-93. [PMID: 20537597 DOI: 10.1016/j.optm.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to describe the use of Bangerter filters in adults having intractable diplopia. METHODS/CASE REPORTS A series of adults having intractable diplopia caused by either cyclotorsion, retinal disease, monocular diplopia, or rapid alternating fixation who were treated with Bangerter filters is reported. Detailed case reports on 4 of the 10 patients are included. CONCLUSION Bangerter filters can be used to mitigate diplopia that cannot be eliminated with either prism, modification of the spectacle prescription, vision therapy, or extraocular muscle surgery. The weakest density filter that eliminates the diplopia should be prescribed. Prospective studies reporting the long-term efficacy and quality of life with the filters are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Rutstein
- School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0010, USA.
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Asaria R, Garnham L, Gregor ZJ, Sloper JJ. A Prospective Study of Binocular Visual Function before and after Successful Surgery to Remove a Unilateral Epiretinal Membrane. Ophthalmology 2008; 115:1930-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2008] [Revised: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the accuracy and repeatability of size lens induced aniseikonia measurement with the Aniseikonia Inspector Version 1 and a newer customized version of the Aniseikonia Inspector, Version 2. METHODS Aniseikonia was measured on 27 subjects with both versions of the Aniseikonia Inspector in normal room illumination. Measurements of induced aniseikonia were made using size lenses in a randomized order. Twenty-five subjects were further tested in the dark using target sizes of equal visual angle for both tests. Repeatability of the intrinsic aniseikonia measurement was assessed on five subjects using randomized testing order for instrument and light and dark measurements. RESULTS In normal illumination, the mean slopes for plots of induced aniseikonia vs. size lens magnification for Version 1 were 0.883 and 0.838 for the vertical and horizontal meridians, respectively. For Version 2, the corresponding slopes were 1.162 and 1.043. In the dark and using targets of the same size for both tests, the slopes for Version 1 were 1.038 in the vertical meridian and 0.866 in the horizontal meridian whereas for Version 2, the slopes were 1.195 in the vertical meridian and 1.127 in the horizontal meridian. The amount of underestimation or overestimation within any given testing condition showed considerable intersubject variation. Version 1 was more repeatable than 2, particularly in the vertical meridian. CONCLUSIONS On average, the most accurate and repeatable measurement of aniseikonia was found with Version 1 in the vertical meridian in the dark. Measurement of aniseikonia in the horizontal meridian appears to be less reliable. Version 2 overestimates size lens-induced aniseikonia under all testing conditions. Intersubject variation in slopes of induced aniseikonia vs. size lens magnification should be further addressed.
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Rutstein RP, Corliss DA, Fullard RJ. Comparison of aniseikonia as measured by the aniseikonia inspector and the space eikonometer. Optom Vis Sci 2007; 83:836-42. [PMID: 17106411 DOI: 10.1097/01.opx.0000238722.34167.cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the new, computerized Aniseikonia Inspector with the Space Eikonometer for the measurement of aniseikonia. METHODS Eighteen subjects, ages 21 to 61 years, with normal binocular vision and normal visual acuity had aniseikonia measured with both the Aniseikonia Inspector Version I and the Space Eikonometer. Aniseikonia was measured first with the subjects' habitual refractive correction and then with afocal size lenses of 1%, 2%, and 3.5% added in random order before the right and left eyes. Measurements were taken initially with the Aniseikonia Inspector and on a subsequent day with the Space Eikonometer. RESULTS For the Space Eikonometer, the slopes of the lines for the relationship between the measured aniseikonia and the induced magnification differences in the vertical and horizontal meridians are not significantly different from 1.0. For the Aniseikonia Inspector, the slopes of the lines in the vertical and the horizontal meridians are less than and significantly different from 1.0. On average, the Aniseikonia Inspector underestimates the magnitude of induced aniseikonia, predicting only 68% and 61% of the overall size lens magnification in the vertical and horizontal meridians, respectively. The corresponding values of the Space Eikonometer in the vertical and horizontal meridians are 99% and 93%. Variability is greater with the Space Eikonometer than the Aniseikonia Inspector. CONCLUSION The Space Eikonometer appears to be measuring the induced aniseikonia appropriately, whereas the Aniseikonia Inspector underestimates the amount of aniseikonia. However, the Space Eikonometer shows greater measurement variability. Modification of the Aniseikonia Inspector or the testing conditions should be pursued in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Rutstein
- School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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