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Swiatczak B, Schaeffel F. Effects of short-term exposure to red or near-infrared light on axial length in young human subjects. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2024; 44:954-962. [PMID: 38557968 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether visible light is needed to elicit axial eye shortening by exposure to long wavelength light. METHODS Incoherent narrow-band red (620 ± 10 nm) or near-infrared (NIR, 875 ± 30 nm) light was generated by an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and projected monocularly in 17 myopic and 13 non-myopic subjects for 10 min. The fellow eye was occluded. Light sources were positioned 50 cm from the eye in a dark room. Axial length (AL) was measured before and after the exposure using low-coherence interferometry. RESULTS Non-myopic subjects responded to red light with significant eye shortening, while NIR light induced minor axial elongation (-13.3 ± 17.3 μm vs. +6.5 ± 11.6 μm, respectively, p = 0.005). Only 41% of the myopic subjects responded to red light exposure with a decrease in AL and changes were therefore, on average, not significantly different from those observed with NIR light (+0.2 ± 12.1 μm vs. +1.1 ± 11.2 μm, respectively, p = 0.83). Interestingly, there was a significant correlation between refractive error and induced changes in AL after exposure to NIR light in myopic eyes (r(15) = -0.52, p = 0.03) and induced changes in AL after exposure to red light in non-myopic eyes (r(11) = 0.62, p = 0.02), with more induced axial elongation with increasing refractive error. CONCLUSIONS Incoherent narrow-band red light at 620 nm induced axial shortening in 77% of non-myopic and 41% of myopic eyes. NIR light did not induce any significant changes in AL in either refractive group, suggesting that the beneficial effect of red laser light therapy on myopia progression requires visible stimulation and not simply thermal energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Swiatczak
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frank Schaeffel
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Basel, Switzerland
- Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Ophthalmic Research Institute, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Guo Y, Liu Y, Hu Z, Li Y, Zhang H, Zhao S. Efficacy and safety of 0.01% atropine combined with orthokeratology lens in delaying juvenile myopia: An observational study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38384. [PMID: 38875374 PMCID: PMC11175863 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
It aims to study the efficacy and safety of low-concentration Atropine combined with orthokeratology (OK) lens in delaying juvenile myopia. This is a prospective study, 172 adolescents aged 8 to 12 years who were admitted to the diopter department of Hengshui People Hospital from April 2021 to May 2022 were selected. According to the equivalent spherical diopter measured at the time of initial diagnosis, myopic patients were randomly divided into low myopia group (group A) and moderate myopia group (group B). At the same time, according to the different treatment methods, the patients were divided into the group wearing frame glasses alone (group c), the group wearing frame glasses with low-concentration Atropine (group d), the group wearing corneal shaping glasses alone at night (group e), and the group wearing corneal shaping glasses at night with low-concentration Atropine (group f). The control effect of myopia development and axial elongation in group f was better than that in groups d and e (P < .05). The effect of controlling myopia development and axial elongation in group f is with P > .05. The probability of postoperative adverse reactions in group f was lower and lower than that in the other groups. Low-concentration atropine combined with OK lens could effectively delay the development of juvenile myopia, and had a high safety. Low-concentration of Atropine would not have a significant impact on the basic tear secretion and tear film stability. Nightwear of OK lens also had no significant impact, but it would significantly reduce the tear film rupture time in the first 3 months, and at the same time, the tear film rupture time would be the same after 6 months as before treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanFang Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hengshui People’s Hospital, Hengshui, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hengshui People’s Hospital, Hengshui, China
| | - ZhiWei Hu
- Department of Stomatology, Hengshui People’s Hospital, Hengshui, China
| | - YueFeng Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hengshui People’s Hospital, Hengshui, China
| | - HePeng Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hengshui People’s Hospital, Hengshui, China
| | - SuYan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hengshui People’s Hospital, Hengshui, China
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Ho M, Morjaria P. Cycloplegic refraction in children. COMMUNITY EYE HEALTH 2024; 37:14-15. [PMID: 38827966 PMCID: PMC11141127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- May Ho
- Optometry and Primary Care Adviser: The Fred Hollows Foundation, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Priya Morjaria
- Assistant Professor and Public Health Optometrist: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and Head of Global Programme Design: Peek Vision, UK
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She Z, Gawne TJ. The Parameters Governing the Anti-Myopia Efficacy of Chromatically Simulated Myopic Defocus in Tree Shrews. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2024; 13:6. [PMID: 38722277 PMCID: PMC11090138 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.13.5.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose We previously showed that exposing tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri, small diurnal mammals closely related to primates) to chromatically simulated myopic defocus (CSMD) counteracted small-cage myopia and instead induced hyperopia (approximately +4 diopters [D]). Here, we explored the parameters of this effect. Methods Tree shrews were exposed to the following interventions for 11 days: (1) rearing in closed (n = 7) or open (n = 6) small cages; (2) exposed to a video display of Maltese cross images with CSMD combined with overhead lighting (n = 4); (3) exposed to a video display of Maltese cross images with zero blue contrast ("flat blue," n = 8); and (4) exposed to a video display of black and white grayscale tree images with different spatial filtering (blue pixels lowpass <1 and <2 cycles per degree [CPD]) for the CSMD. Results (1) Tree shrews kept in closed cages, but not open cages, developed myopia. (2) Overhead illumination reduced the hyperopia induced by CSMD. (3) Zero-blue contrast produced hyperopia but slightly less than the CSMD. (4) Both of the CSMD tree images counteracted small cage myopia, but the one low pass filtering blue <1 CPD was more effective at inducing hyperopia. Conclusions Any pattern with reduced blue contrast at and below approximately 1 CPD counteracts myopia/promotes hyperopia, but maximal effectiveness may require that the video display be the brightest object in the environment. Translational Relevance Chromatically simulated myopic blur might be a powerful anti-myopia therapy in children, but the parameter selection could be critical. Issues for translation to humans are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui She
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Timothy J. Gawne
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Fukushima M, Hirota M, Yukimori T, Hayashi A, Hirohara Y, Saika M, Matsuoka K. Evaluation of objective and subjective binocular ocular refraction with looking in type. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:170. [PMID: 38627750 PMCID: PMC11020990 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03449-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to compare the results of the Chronos binocular/monocular refraction system, that measures objective and subjective ocular refraction in one unit, to objective findings obtained from a conventional autorefractometer and a conventional subjective ocular refraction using a trial-frame in real space. METHODS Twenty-eight healthy volunteers (21.2 ± 1.5 years old) were included in this study. Objective ocular refraction was measured using two tests: the Chronos binocular/monocular refraction system under binocular conditions and a conventional autorefractometer under monocular conditions. Subjective ocular refraction was measured using three tests: Chronos binocular/monocular refraction system under binocular, monocular conditions, and trial-frame in the real space under monocular conditions. The measurement distance was set to 5.0 m for each test. All ocular refractions were converted into spherical equivalents (SEs). RESULTS The objective SE was significantly more negative with Chronos binocular/monocular refraction system under binocular condition (- 4.08 ± 2.76 D) than with the conventional autorefractometer under monocular condition (- 3.85 ± 2.66 D) (P = 0.002). Although, the subjective SE was significantly more negative with Chronos binocular/monocular refraction system under binocular condition (- 3.55 ± 2.67 D) than with the trial-frame in the real space under monocular condition (- 3.33 ± 2.75 D) (P = 0.002), Chronos binocular/monocular refraction system under monocular condition (- 3.17 ± 2.57 D) was not significantly different from that in trial-frame in real space under monocular condition (P = 0.33). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the Chronos binocular/monocular refraction system, which can complete both objective and subjective ocular refraction tests in a single unit, is suitable for screening ocular refraction, although it produces slightly more myopic results. Furthermore, subjective ocular refraction testing accuracy in Chronos binocular/monocular refraction system can be equivalent to trial-frame in real-space testing by switching from binocular to monocular condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Fukushima
- Division of Orthoptics, Graduate School of Medical Care and Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masakazu Hirota
- Department of Orthoptics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, 173-8605, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | - Kumiko Matsuoka
- Department of Orthoptics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, 173-8605, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
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Effect of Myopic Undercorrection on Habitual Reading Distance in Schoolchildren: The Hong Kong Children Eye Study. Ophthalmol Ther 2023; 12:925-938. [PMID: 36574139 PMCID: PMC10011230 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-022-00628-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to evaluate the habitual reading distance among non-myopic children and also myopic children with undercorrection and with full correction. METHODS This was a population-based cross-sectional study with a total of 2363 children aged 6-8 years who were recruited from the Hong Kong Children Eye Study. Cycloplegic autorefraction, subjective refraction, habitual visual acuity, and best corrected visual acuity were measured. The entire reading process (9 min) was recorded using a hidden video camera placed 5 m away from the reading desk. Reading distances were taken at 6, 7, 8, and 9 min after the child began reading and were measured using a customized computer program developed in MATLAB. The main outcome was the association of habitual reading distances with refraction status. Habitual reading distances of children were documented via video camera footage. RESULTS The habitual reading distances of undercorrected myopic children (23.37 ± 4.31 cm) were the shortest when compared to non-myopic children (24.20 ± 4.73 cm, P = 0.002) and fully corrected myopic children (24.81 ± 5.21 cm, P < 0.001), while there was no significant difference between the last two children groups (P = 0.17). A shorter reading distance was associated with myopia (OR 1.67; 95% CI 1.11-2.51; P = 0.013) after adjusting for age, sex, height, near work time, outdoor time, and parental myopia. The association of reading distance with myopia did not hold after undercorrected myopic children were excluded (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.55-1.73; P = 0.92). A shorter reading distance correlated with poorer vision under habitual correction (β = - 0.003, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION A shorter reading distance was present among undercorrected myopic children. Myopia undercorrection is not recommended as a strategy for slowing myopic progression.
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Zhu J, Zhou T, Yang Q, Tong J, Shen Y. Visual Outcomes Early after Implantable Collamer Lens V4c Implantation in Different Preoperative Spectacle Correction: Full Correction vs. Under Correction. Curr Eye Res 2023; 48:576-583. [PMID: 36803084 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2183481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate visual outcomes early after implantable collamer lens (ICL) V4c implantation between patients with fully corrected and under-corrected spectacles preoperatively. METHODS Patients who implanted ICL V4c were divided into the full correction (46 eyes/23 patients) and under-correction groups (48 eyes/24 patients) based on preoperative differences between the spherical diopter of the spectacles and the actual spherical diopter. Refractive outcomes, scotopic pupil size, higher-order aberrations, and subjective visual outcomes as assessed using a validated questionnaire were compared between the two groups 3 months postoperatively. Moreover, the relationships between the severity of haloes and postoperative ocular or ICL parameters were analyzed. RESULTS At the 3-month follow-up, the efficacy indices in the full correction and under-correction groups were 0.99 ± 0.12 and 1.00 ± 0.10, respectively; the safety indices were 1.15 ± 0.16 and 1.15 ± 0.15, respectively. Total-eye spherical aberration (p < 0.0001) and internal spherical aberration (p = 0.0005) were significantly different pre- and post-operatively in the under-correction group, while no differences were found in the full correction group. Total-eye spherical aberration (p = 0.002) and the severity of haloes (p = 0.03) were postoperatively different between the two groups. The severity of haloes was associated with postoperative spherical aberration (total-eye spherical aberration: r = -0.32, p = 0.002; internal spherical aberration: r = -0.24, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION Good efficacy, safety, predictability, and stability were obtained early after surgery regardless of preoperative spectacle correction. Patients in the under-correction group possessed a shift to negative spherical aberration and reported greater severity of haloes at the 3-month follow-up. Haloes were the most common visual symptoms after ICL V4c implantation and the severity of them was correlated with postoperative spherical aberration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiru Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qianjie Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianping Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ye Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Jiménez R, Redondo B, Galán T, Machado P, Molina R, Vera J. Impact of dual-focus soft contact lens wear on near work-induced transient myopia. Clin Exp Optom 2022; 106:296-302. [PMID: 35073496 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2022.2029684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dual-focus soft contact lenses are effective in slowing myopia progression; however, their influence on near work-induced transient myopia (NITM) remains unknown. When performing a 5-min near task at 20 cm, we observed that dual-focus soft contact lens wear induced greater lags of accommodation and a lower initial NITM than single-vision soft contact lenses, which provides relevant information for better understanding the impact of using this optical design on the accommodative function. BACKGROUND NITM has been proposed as a myogenic factor, although it is a matter of debate by the scientific community. The main objective of this study was to assess the short-term effect of wearing dual-focus soft contact lenses for myopia control on the steady-state accommodative response and NITM. METHODS Twenty-four young myope adults wore, on two different days, dual-focus and single-vision soft contact lenses, while the accommodative response was dynamically measured with an open-field autorefractor during the execution of the NITM task. The shift and the time required to recover baseline levels in the refractive state after performing the 5-min near task (20 cm) were the main dependent variables. RESULTS We found a lower magnitude of accommodation during the execution of the near task with the dual-focus in comparison to the single-vision soft contact lenses (p < 0.001). There was a lower initial NITM with the dual-focus when compared to the single-vision lenses (corrected p-value = 0.003, Cohen's d = 0.68), but no statistically significant differences were observed for decay duration (p = 0.984). CONCLUSIONS Dual-focus soft contact lens wear causes a reduced accommodative response during a near task, and an initial small myopic shift at distance after a 5-min period of near viewing. The current findings may help to understand the mechanisms involved in myopia control with this optical strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimundo Jiménez
- Claro (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Redondo
- Claro (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Tomás Galán
- Claro (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Pedro Machado
- Claro (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rubén Molina
- Claro (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Vera
- Claro (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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