Hybrid fixation in adult osteochondritis dissecans of the knee

A Comparative Analysis of Osteochondritis Dissecans and Avascular Necrosis: A Comprehensive Review

Musculoskeletal disorders, standing as the fifth leading cause of disability-adjusted life years globally, present significant challenges in orthopedics. Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) and avascular necrosis (AVN) are distinct but closely related conditions within this spectrum, impacting patients' quality of life with pain, limited mobility, and dysfunction. OCD, involving cartilage and bone detachment in joints, predominantly affects young athletes, but its exact etiology and optimal management remain subjects of ongoing research. Conversely, AVN, marked by bone tissue death due to compromised blood supply, is linked to systemic factors like corticosteroid use and traumatic injuries. Diagnosis for both conditions relies on radiography and magnetic resonance imaging. Conservative treatment for AVN includes the use of a cane or crutches, pharmacological therapy, or physical therapy. On the other hand, in OCD, the primary approach is activity/sports restriction. Surgical treatment options for AVN patients encompass core decompression, bone grafting, or, in the most advanced cases, total hip arthroplasty. OCD may be surgically treated through subchondral drilling or fixation of unstable lesions. Advanced cases of OCD involve cartilage salvage with resurfacing techniques. The presentation of differences between these conditions enhances our understanding, facilitating improved diagnosis and management strategies.

An update on osteochondritis dissecans of the knee

Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee (OCD) is a multifactorial pathology in where repetitive microtrauma plays a central role in the etiopathogenesis. Knee MRI is indicated in young, active patients who have knee pain and/or effusion, to make an early diagnosis and decide about treatment, according essentially to the MRI stability signs. The choice of treatment should be also tailored, based on the patient's skeletal maturity, as well as the size and location of the lesion. Conservative treatment with restricting sports activities is the first line treatment and often sufficient to ensure healing in patients with open physes. Surgical treatment depends on the persistence of symptoms after 6 months of conservative treatment and/or based on the development of signs of instability of the lesion. Stable lesions with intact articular cartilage may be treated by drilling of the subchondral bone aiming to stimulate vascular ingrowth and subchondral bone healing. Every attempt should be made to retain the osteochondral fragment when possible. Instable lesions should be fixed or "replaced" with salvage procedures to prevent the onset of early osteoarthritis in this young population. Furthers studies are needed to improve the knowledge and optimizing non-operative and surgical treatment and to develop noninvasive diagnostic tools to predict with more accuracy the fragment's stability.

Good medium-term functional results in reconstruction of lateral femoral condyle osteochondral lesions

INTRODUCTION

Results of autologous osteochondral graft (mosaicplasty) are well-reported for the medial femoral condyle but much less for the lateral femoral condyle. The main aim of the present study was to assess results specifically for lateral condyle reconstruction. The secondary objective was to compare results according to the two main etiologies: osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) and osteochondral fracture (OCF).

HYPOTHESIS

The study hypothesis was that medium-term functional and radiological results of lateral femoral condyle autologous osteochondral graft are good.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A single-center retrospective continuous study included 24 patients with symptomatic focal lateral femoral condyle osteochondral lesion treated by osteochondral autograft, at a minimum 24 months' follow-up. Mosaicplasty was performed for lesions <200 mm², with associated fixation for lesions >200 mm² with viable osteochondral fragments. IKDC, Lysholm and KOOS functional scores and pain on visual analog scale (VAS) were collected at last follow-up. Progression toward osteoarthritis was assessed on comparative X-ray.

RESULTS

Twenty patients were analyzed (11 OCD, 9 OCF) at a mean of 66.4±44 months. Mean pain on VAS was 1.8±2 out of 10. Mean subjective IKDC, Lysholm and global KOOS scores were respectively 68.1±26, 76.5±22 and 73.9±21. Two patients showed Ahlbäck grade 2 lateral femorotibial osteoarthritis. Functional results were comparable between OCD and OCF.

CONCLUSION

Reconstruction of lateral femoral condyle osteochondral lesion by osteochondral autograft gave good medium-term functional results, whatever the etiology. Longer-term studies are needed to assess progression toward osteoarthritis and functional deterioration over time.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

IV; retrospective study.

Osteochondral Peg Fixation for Chondral Fragment of the Knee in Adolescent Patients: A Report of Two Cases

INTRODUCTION

Purely chondral injuries of the knee are relatively rare, and no consensus exists on the appropriate treatment in such cases. We describe two adolescent patients with chondral injury of the knee who were successfully treated by osteochondral peg fixation. Patients, Concerns, and Clinical Findings. In case 1, a 14-year-old boy presented with complaints of right knee pain after landing on his leg while playing basketball. Radiography and computerized tomography revealed no abnormalities. However, magnetic resonance imaging revealed a chondral defect in his lateral femoral condyle and a loose chondral fragment measuring 6.5 cm2. In case 2, a 12-year-old boy presented with complaints of left knee pain after a rotational injury while playing baseball. Similar to case 1, magnetic resonance imaging revealed a chondral defect in his lateral femoral condyle and a loose chondral fragment measuring 3.0 cm2. Primary Diagnosis, Interventions, and Outcomes. The two patients were treated by surgical fixation using osteochondral pegs, which were harvested from the femoral condyle. After a year, postoperative computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed union of the chondral fragment with the osteochondral pegs and surrounding tissue. In both cases, the Lysholm score was 100 points at the final follow-up more than 2 years after surgery.

CONCLUSION

The findings reported herein suggest that osteochondral peg fixation is a feasible treatment option for chondral injury of the knee, with satisfactory outcomes.

Unestable knee osteochondritis dissecans: arthroscopic fixation with bio-absorbable device

INTRODUCTION

Knee ostheochondritis dissecans is an osteochondral disease, whose treatment is still debated. The purpose this study was to analyze the patients attached with bioabsorbable nail, assisted by arthroscopy.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Analysis was performed using median and interquartile range (P25-P75), with a follow-up of 9 patients (10 knees) operated for stage III osteochondral lesions. After a minimum of 12 months, the KOOS, IKDC, satisfaction questionnaires were evaluated and a MR control was perfomed.

RESULTS

Bone healing was observed in 80% of patients in the first year, with a delay in union in 20%. The median for age was 15 years. The average follow-up was 5.93 years. All cases were located in the internal condyle. The OCD lesions did not show comminution or necrosis. The 40% of stable lesions, according to preoperative MR, were unestable in arthroscopy and it were attached with internal nail. Two groups of osteochondral lesions were differentiated: juvenile OCD (60%) and adult OCD (40%); all of them were stage III lesions. IKDC questionnaire results were an improvement of 29.5 (22.25, 37.52). In the KOOS questionnaire, an improvement was obtained in symptoms of 18.07, in pain of 29.12, in daily living 25.53, in function (sports, recreational activities) of 35 and in quality of life of 34.42.

CONCLUSIONS

The bioabsorbable nail is a valid, reproducible option for unestable lesions with lesion integrity, with great improvement in function, quality of life and with few complications.

Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee: Short-Term Outcomes of a Hybrid Technique to Restore a Partially Salvageable Progeny Fragment

OBJECTIVE

This retrospective case series describes a hybrid fixation technique and determines the clinical outcomes, knee function, and activity level of patients at short-term follow-up.

DESIGN

Seventeen patients (18 knees) with unstable osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions involving the knee were treated with a hybrid fixation technique in which the salvageable fragment was fixed and osteochondral autograft transplantation system (OATS) was used for the unsalvageable fragment. Thirteen lesions involved the medial femoral condyle, 4 involved the lateral femoral condyle, and 1 involved the patella. Mean patient age was 17 years (range 12-28 years). All lesions were International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) grade III or IV. The patients were prospectively followed postoperatively. Outcome measures included the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), and the Tegner activity scale.

RESULTS

At mean follow-up of 36 months (range 24-67.2 months), the mean postoperative KOOS scores, given as mean (SD), were as follows: Quality of Life (QoL) 91.1 (17.0), Activities of Daily Living (ADL) 99.5 (1.5), Sport 94.5 (11.2), Pain 97.4 (5.8), and Symptoms 95.9 (6.5). Mean IKDC score was 96.2 (7.0). There was no significant difference between mean preinjury (7.95, SD = 1.1) and mean postoperative (7.45, SD = 1.5) Tegner scores (P = 0.363). The mean Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue (MOCART) score was 87.5 at a mean 7.8 months (range 3-18 months) postoperation. There were no reported complications.

CONCLUSION

The results of this case series suggest that patients with partially salvageable OCD lesions involving the knee can have positive short-term outcomes and can expect a low complication rate when treated with a hybrid technique of fixation with osteochondral autograft transfer.

Internal Fixation of Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee Leads to Good Long-Term Outcomes and High Degree of Healing without Differences between Fixation Devices

The aim of the present study is to describe results at long-term follow-up of internal fixation of unstable Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) achieved with three different fixation devices in skeletally mature knees. A retrospective cohort study was performed at 5 to 19 years follow-up. Patient-reported questionnaires were collected at the final follow-up. Postoperative X-rays and MRIs were evaluated for healing of the lesion and articular degeneration. An arthroscopic second look was performed in 74.3% of the cases. Failures were reported as reintervention to address the osteochondral lesion or poor functional outcomes at the last follow-up. A total of 39 subjects with a median follow-up of 10.7 years were included. Herbert screws were used in 51.2% of the cases, bioabsorbable nails in 25.7% of the cases and cannulated screws in 23.1% of the cases. No differences were observed in terms of the clinical score (International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) p = 0.211; Lysholm p = 0.197), radiographic union (p = 0.102) or radiographic degeneration (p = 0.238) between the three different fixation devices. Arthroscopic second look found complete stability of the lesions in all 29 cases evaluated. The mean postoperative Lysholm score was 83 (range = 33-100) and IKDC score was 79 (range = 39-100). Radiographic union was seen in 74% of the cases. Lack of radiographic union was correlated with worst functional scores. A failure rate of 20.5% was found: four reinterventions were performed, and four patients had poor scores at last follow up. This study shows that internal fixation of condylar OCD in skeletally mature patients provides good long-term clinical results and a high degree of healing regardless of the dimensions of the lesion and type of fixation.

Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (JOCD) of the knee: current concepts review

Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (JOCD) is a joint disorder of the subchondral bone and articular cartilage that affects skeletally immature patients.

The aetiology of JOCD is unknown and the natural history is poorly characterized in part due to inconsistent and largely retrospective literature.

Most OCD in children and adolescents presents as a stable lesion amenable to non-operative treatment or minimally invasive drilling. However, unstable forms can require a more aggressive approach.

This article reviews the most recent literature available and focuses on the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of JOCD of the knee.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2019;4:201-212. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.4.180079

Neither significant osteoarthritic changes nor deteriorating subjective outcomes occur after hybrid fixation of osteochondritis dissecans in the young adult

PURPOSE

The goal of the fixation of painful osteochondritis dissecans of the femoral condyles in adults is to integrate the osteochondral fragment and thus achieve a normal hyaline cartilaginous coverage. The addition of a biological process to primary fixation may result in improved fragment integration (hybrid fixation). Osteochondral plugs may fulfil this role. The aim of this study was to evaluate long-term clinical and radiological results after hybrid fixation of unstable osteochondritis dissecans. The hypothesis was that the rate of secondary osteoarthritis would be low.

METHODS

Nine patients treated by hybrid fixation were retrospectively reviewed at a median follow-up of 10.1 years (range 7-14). The median age at surgery was 21 (range 17-28). Six of them were evaluated as ICRS grade II and three, as ICRS grade III. The mean surface of the lesion was 4.5 cm². All patients were followed up clinically (IKDC, KOOS, Lysholm) and radiologically [Kellgren-Lawrence score (KL)].

RESULTS

During arthroscopic assessment at the time of screw removal (3 months after surgery), the fragments were stable, and autograft plugs were all well integrated. At the most recent follow-up visit, the median IKDC score was 85.8 (range 51.72-100), the KOOS score was 87.7 (52.4-100), and the Lysholm scale score was 89.8 (77-100). In 7 out of 9 patients, radiographs showed a joint space KL grade of 0 or 1.

CONCLUSION

Hybrid fixation for treating osteochondritis dissecans lesions of the femoral condyles using mechanical and biological fixation provides healing of the osteochondral fragments with good long-term outcomes. No significant osteoarthritic change was seen with this technique at a mid-term follow-up.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

IV-case series.

Treatment of large deep osteochondritis lesions of the knee by autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis (AMIC): Preliminary results in 13 patients

BACKGROUND

Osteochondral defects due to advanced osteochondritis of the knee eventually cause osteoarthritis. Autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis (AMIC) may hold potential for overcoming the treatment challenges raised by defects larger than 2cm². The primary objective of this study was to assess medium-term functional outcomes of AMIC. The secondary objective was to confirm the absence of adverse events.

HYPOTHESIS

AMIC significantly improves knee function in patients with osteochondritis responsible for osteochondral defects grade III or IV in the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) classification.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A total of 13 consecutive patients managed using AMIC between September 2011 and November 2016 were included in a prospective, single-centre, single-surgeon study. There were 8 males and 5 females with a mean age of 29 years (range, 15-51 years). Among them, 9 had had previous surgery. The ICRS grade was IV in 12 patients and III in 1 patient. The defects had a mean surface area of 3.7cm² (range, 2.2-6.9cm²) and mean depth of 0.5mm (range, 0.4-0.8). In each patient, knee function was assessed by an independent examiner based on validated instruments (Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score [KOOS], subjective International Knee Documentation Committee [IKDC] score, and visual analogue scale [VAS] pain score).

RESULTS

After a median follow-up of 24 months (range, 12-42 months; minimum, 1 year), 11 patients had significant improvements, with mean increases in the IKDC score and KOOS of 27 and 28 points, respectively. The scores remained stable after the first year. Of the 2 patients with poorer outcomes, 1 had a history of multiple surgical procedures and the other was a 51-year-old female with a defect surface area of 6.9cm². No post-operative complications were recorded.

CONCLUSION

AMIC is a reliable single-stage method that is both reproducible and widely available. AMIC significantly improves knee function scores in patients with large osteochondral defects due to advanced osteochondritis of the knee.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

IV, prospective cohort study.