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Pangerl J, Sukul P, Rück T, Fuchs P, Weigl S, Miekisch W, Bierl R, Matysik FM. An inexpensive UV-LED photoacoustic based real-time sensor-system detecting exhaled trace-acetone. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2024; 38:100604. [PMID: 38559568 PMCID: PMC10973644 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In this research we present a low-cost system for breath acetone analysis based on UV-LED photoacoustic spectroscopy. We considered the end-tidal phase of exhalation, which represents the systemic concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) - providing clinically relevant information about the human health. This is achieved via the development of a CO2-triggered breath sampling system, which collected alveolar breath over several minutes in sterile and inert containers. A real-time mass spectrometer is coupled to serve as a reference device for calibration measurements and subsequent breath analysis. The new sensor system provided a 3σ detection limit of 8.3 ppbV and an NNEA of 1.4E-9 Wcm-1Hz-0.5. In terms of the performed breath analysis measurements, 12 out of 13 fell within the error margin of the photoacoustic measurement system, demonstrating the reliability of the measurements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Pangerl
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, Regensburg 93053, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensing, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Pritam Sukul
- Rostock Medical Breath Analytics and Technologies (RoMBAT), Dept. of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Thomas Rück
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Patricia Fuchs
- Rostock Medical Breath Analytics and Technologies (RoMBAT), Dept. of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Stefan Weigl
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Wolfram Miekisch
- Rostock Medical Breath Analytics and Technologies (RoMBAT), Dept. of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bierl
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Frank-Michael Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensing, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
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Zifarelli A, Cantatore A, Sampaolo A, Mueller M, Rueck T, Hoelzl C, Rossmadl H, Patimisco P, Spagnolo V. Multivariate analysis and digital twin modelling: Alternative approaches to evaluate molecular relaxation in photoacoustic spectroscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 33:100564. [PMID: 38021285 PMCID: PMC10658604 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of two different approaches developed to deal with molecular relaxation in photoacoustic spectroscopy is here reported. The first method employs a statistical analysis based on partial least squares regression, while the second method relies on the development of a digital twin of the photoacoustic sensor based on the theoretical modelling of the occurring relaxations. Methane detection within a gas matrix of synthetic air with variable humidity level is selected as case study. An interband cascade laser emitting at 3.345 µm is used to target methane absorption features. Two methane concentration ranges are explored targeting different absorptions, one in the order of part-per-million and one in the order of percent, while water vapor absolute concentration was varied from 0.3 % up to 2 %. The results achieved employing the detection techniques demonstrated the possibility to efficiently retrieve the target gas concentrations with accuracy > 95 % even in the case of strong influence of relaxation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Zifarelli
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A.F.P. Cantatore
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A. Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
- PolySense Innovations S.R.L. via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - M. Mueller
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - T. Rueck
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - C. Hoelzl
- Thorlabs GmbH, Münchner Weg 1, 85232 Bergkirchen, Germany
| | - H. Rossmadl
- Thorlabs GmbH, Münchner Weg 1, 85232 Bergkirchen, Germany
| | - P. Patimisco
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
- PolySense Innovations S.R.L. via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - V. Spagnolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
- PolySense Innovations S.R.L. via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
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Rasmussen AN, Thomsen BL, Christensen JB, Petersen JC, Lassen M. Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Assisted by Partial Least-Squares Regression for Multi-Gas Measurements. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7984. [PMID: 37766039 PMCID: PMC10537676 DOI: 10.3390/s23187984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
We report on the use of quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) for multi-gas detection. Photoacoustic (PA) spectra of mixtures of water (H2O), ammonia (NH3), and methane (CH4) were measured in the mid-infrared (MIR) wavelength range using a mid-infrared (MIR) optical parametric oscillator (OPO) light source. Highly overlapping absorption spectra are a common challenge for gas spectroscopy. To mitigate this, we used a partial least-squares regression (PLS) method to estimate the mixing ratio and concentrations of the individual gasses. The concentration range explored in the analysis varies from a few parts per million (ppm) to thousands of ppm. Spectra obtained from HITRAN and experimental single-molecule reference spectra of each of the molecular species were acquired and used as training data sets. These spectra were used to generate simulated spectra of the gas mixtures (linear combinations of the reference spectra). Here, in this proof-of-concept experiment, we demonstrate that after an absolute calibration of the QEPAS cell, the PLS analyses could be used to determine concentrations of single molecular species with a relative accuracy within a few % for mixtures of H2O, NH3, and CH4 and with an absolute sensitivity of approximately 300 (±50) ppm/V, 50 (±5) ppm/V, and 5 (±2) ppm/V for water, ammonia, and methane, respectively. This demonstrates that QEPAS assisted by PLS is a powerful approach to estimate concentrations of individual gas components with considerable spectral overlap, which is a typical scenario for real-life adoptions and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mikael Lassen
- Danish Fundamental Metrology, Kogle Allé 5, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark; (A.N.R.); (B.L.T.); (J.B.C.); (J.C.P.)
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Olivieri M, Giglio M, Dello Russo S, Menduni G, Zifarelli A, Patimisco P, Sampaolo A, Wu H, Dong L, Spagnolo V. Assessment of vibrational-translational relaxation dynamics of in a wet-nitrogen matrix through QEPAS. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 31:100518. [PMID: 37325395 PMCID: PMC10265511 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Here we report on a study of the non-radiative relaxation dynamic of 12CH4 and 13CH4 in wet nitrogen-based matrixes by using the quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) technique. The dependence of the QEPAS signal on pressure at fixed matrix composition and on H2O concentration at fixed pressure was investigated. We demonstrated that QEPAS measurements can be used to retrieve both the effective relaxation rate in the matrix, and the V-T relaxation rate associated to collisions with nitrogen and water vapor. No significant differences in measured relaxation rates were observed between the two isotopologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagrazia Olivieri
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Marilena Giglio
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Stefano Dello Russo
- Italian Space Agency (ASI), Centro di geodesia Spaziale “Giuseppe Colombo”, Matera, Italy
| | - Giansergio Menduni
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Zifarelli
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
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5
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Pangerl J, Moser E, Müller M, Weigl S, Jobst S, Rück T, Bierl R, Matysik FM. A sub-ppbv-level Acetone and Ethanol Quantum Cascade Laser Based Photoacoustic Sensor - Characterization and Multi-Component Spectra Recording in Synthetic Breath. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 30:100473. [PMID: 36970564 PMCID: PMC10033733 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Trace gas analysis in breath is challenging due to the vast number of different components. We present a highly sensitive quantum cascade laser based photoacoustic setup for breath analysis. Scanning the range between 8263 and 8270 nm with a spectral resolution of 48 pm, we are able to quantify acetone and ethanol within a typical breath matrix containing water and CO2. We photoacoustically acquired spectra within this region of mid-infra-red light and prove that those spectra do not suffer from non-spectral interferences. The purely additive behavior of a breath sample spectrum was verified by comparing it with the independently acquired single component spectra using Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients. A previously presented simulation approach is improved and an error attribution study is presented. With a 3σ detection limit of 6.5 ppbv in terms of ethanol and 250 pptv regarding acetone, our system is among the best performing presented so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Pangerl
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Moser
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Faculty of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Max Müller
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weigl
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Jobst
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Rück
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bierl
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank-Michael Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Olivieri M, Menduni G, Giglio M, Sampaolo A, Patimisco P, Wu H, Dong L, Spagnolo V. Characterization of H 2S QEPAS detection in methane-based gas leaks dispersed into environment. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 29:100438. [PMID: 36582842 PMCID: PMC9792567 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The increase in fatal accidents and chronic illnesses caused by hydrogen sulfide (H2S) exposure occurring in various workplaces is pushing the development of sensing systems for continuous and in-field monitoring of this hazardous gas. We report here on the design and realization of a Near-IR quartz-enhanced photoacoustic sensor (QEPAS) for H2S leaks detection. H2S QEPAS signal was measured in matrixes containing up to 1 % of methane (CH4) and nitrogen (N2) which were chosen as the laboratory model environment for leakages from oil and gas wells or various industrial processes where H2S and CH4 can leak simultaneously. An investigation of the influence of CH4 on H2S relaxation and photoacoustic generation was proposed in this work and the sensor performances were carefully assessed with respect to CH4 content in the mixture. We demonstrated the high selectivity, with no cross talk between H2S, H2O and CH4 absorption lines, high sensitivity, and fast response time of the developed sensor, achieving a minimum detection limit (MDL) of 2.5 ppm for H2S with 2 s lock-in integration time. The employed 2.6 µm laser allowed us to employ the sensor also for CH4 detection, achieving an MDL of 85 ppm. The realized QEPAS sensor lends itself to the development of a portable and compact device for industrial monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagrazia Olivieri
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Giansergio Menduni
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Marilena Giglio
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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