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Erčulj VI, Žiberna A. The Role of Online Social Support in Patients Undergoing Infertility Treatment - A Comparison of Pregnant and Non-pregnant Members. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2022; 37:1724-1730. [PMID: 33855925 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2021.1915517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The role of social support in the online setting is explored in this study. For this purpose, the posts of infertility treatment patients participating in an infertility treatment online support group between 2002 and 2016 were retrieved. Members who contributed at least 100 words were divided into two groups according to the treatment outcome they reported (pregnancy). The association between the length of group membership, type of support provided, intensity of interaction, active support seeking, overall sentiment and the amount of sadness, anxiety and anger words and the treatment outcome was examined. The findings suggest that online social, in particular emotional, support acts as a buffer between the stressor and the treatment outcome. The expression of anger and initiating of communication by new members diminish this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Ida Erčulj
- Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Department of Social Studies, Humanities, and Methodology, University of Maribor
| | - Aleš Žiberna
- Department of Social Informatics and Methodology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana
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Scott W, Jackson SE, Hackett RA. Perceived discrimination, health, and well-being among adults with and without pain: a prospective study. Pain 2022; 163:258-266. [PMID: 35029597 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Discrimination negatively influences health and well-being in the general population, but its impact on people with pain is unclear. This study assessed discrimination, health, and well-being in people with and without pain. Data were from 5871 participants from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Experiences of discrimination were reported in 2010 to 2011. Pain, self-rated health, depressive symptoms, quality of life, life satisfaction, and loneliness were assessed in 2010 to 2011 and 2016 to 2017. A quarter (26%, n = 1524) of the sample reported pain at baseline. Participants with pain were more likely to report discrimination than those without pain (odds ratio [OR] = 1.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-1.46). Cross-sectionally, those with pain who perceived discrimination had poorer self-rated health (OR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.02-1.61), greater depressive symptoms (OR = 1.90, 95% CI 1.48-2.45), were more likely to be lonely (β = 0.21, 95% CI 0.15-0.26), and had lower quality of life (β = -4.01, 95% CI -4.88 to -3.14), and life satisfaction (β = -1.75, 95% CI -2.45 to -1.06) than those with pain who did not perceive discrimination. Prospectively, discrimination in those with pain was associated with greater depression (OR = 1.67, 95% CI 1.19-2.34) and loneliness (β = 0.11, 95% CI 0.05-0.17), adjusting for baseline values. In those without pain in 2010 to 2011, discrimination predicted pain in 2016 to 2017, controlling for covariates (OR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.06-1.56). People with pain are more likely to report discrimination than those without pain, and this experience is associated with increased depression and loneliness. Discrimination was predictive of incident pain in pain-free adults. These findings highlight the need to tackle discrimination to improve well-being in those with pain and to potentially reduce the risk of pain onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Scott
- Health Psychology Section, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- INPUT Pain Management Unit, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Jackson
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth A Hackett
- Health Psychology Section, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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A Cross-Validation of the Anger Cognitions Scale-Revised: Cognitions and Anger in an Italian Adolescent Sample. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-021-00411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Yung JYK, Wong V, Ho GWK, Molassiotis A. Understanding the experiences of hikikomori through the lens of the CHIME framework: connectedness, hope and optimism, identity, meaning in life, and empowerment; systematic review. BMC Psychol 2021; 9:104. [PMID: 34246318 PMCID: PMC8272358 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-021-00605-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hikikomori is a phenomenon describing people who exhibit behaviors of self-secluding themselves at home for long durations of time and usually only having face-to-face social interactions with none other than family. Existing interventions for hikikomori are inconclusive and the majority are absent in using a theoretical framework to guide its components. Therefore, applicability of the psychosocial recovery framework of Connectedness, Hope and Optimism, Identity, Meaning in Life, and Empowerment (CHIME) towards hikikomori care was reviewed. METHOD Five databases were searched in April 2020 with the search formula from a published systematic review on hikikomori combined with search terms specific to domains of the CHIME framework. Articles included in the review were of the English language, of all publication years, peer-reviewed, quantitative or qualitative research studies and case studies, included study designs that were observational or interventional in nature, and involved populations of socially withdrawn youth. RESULTS CHIME's comprehensive structure and organized approach could guide researchers or service providers in determining areas needing assessments, measurement, and areas of focus. It is suggested that the CHIME framework is applicable after modifying a specific dimension-'meaning of mental illness experiences' into 'meaning of the hikikomori experience'. Thematic overlap occurred between the domains of connectedness, identity, and meaning. Yet, additional dimensions or domains such as trust building, non-linearity, and spatiality can be included for addressing specific limitations in this application, which would help towards catering services to help hikikomori in recovery or in increasing quality-of-life of those individuals' while entrapped in this withdrawn lifestyle. CONCLUSION CHIME framework could be applicable towards hikikomori care after applying the suggested modifications. Additionally, many knowledge gaps were found in literature during this review that warrants further investigation to improve hikikomori care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolene Y K Yung
- A130, School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, HKSAR, China.
| | - Victor Wong
- AAB1028, Department of Social Work, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, HKSAR, China
| | - Grace W K Ho
- PQ426, School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, HKSAR, China
| | - Alex Molassiotis
- GH507, School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, HKSAR, China
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Fernandez E, Woldgabreal Y, Guharajan D, Day A, Kiageri V, Ramtahal N. Social Desirability Bias Against Admitting Anger: Bias in the Test-Taker or Bias in the Test? J Pers Assess 2018; 101:644-652. [PMID: 29741402 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2018.1464017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The veracity of self-report is often questioned, especially in anger, which is particularly susceptible to social desirability bias (SDB). However, could tests of SDB be themselves susceptible to bias? This study aimed to replicate the inverse correlation between a common test of SDB and a test of anger, to deconstruct this relationship according to anger-related versus non-anger-related items, and to reevaluate factor structure and reliability of the SDB test. More than 200 students were administered the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale Short Version [M-C1(10)] and the Anger Parameters Scale (APS). Results confirmed that anger and SDB scores were significantly and inversely correlated. This intercorrelation became nonsignificant when the 4 anger-related items were omitted from the M-C1(10). Confirmatory factor analyses showed excellent fit for a model comprising anger items of the M-C1(10) but not for models of the entire instrument or nonanger items. The first model also attained high internal consistency. Thus, the significant negative correlation between anger and SDB is attributable to 4 M-C1(10) anger items, for which low ratings are automatically scored as high SDB; this stems from a tenuous assumption that low anger reports are invariably biased. The SDB test risks false positives of faking good and should be used with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yilma Woldgabreal
- South Australia Department for Correctional Services, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Andrew Day
- James Cook University, Indigenous Education and Research Centre, Townsville, Australia
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The association between injustice perception and psychological outcomes in an inpatient spinal cord injury sample: the mediating effects of anger. Spinal Cord 2017; 55:898-905. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2017.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Boudreaux DJ, Dahlen ER, Madson MB, Bullock-Yowell E. Attitudes Toward Anger Management Scale. MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION IN COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0748175613497039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric R. Dahlen
- The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
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The Effects of Anger Rumination and Cognitive Reappraisal on Anger-In and Anger-Control. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-017-9837-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
This case study describes application of the cognitive therapy (CT) approach developed by Aaron T. Beck and colleagues to a young woman with clinically dysfunctional anger. Most anger management treatments are delivered in a highly structured, prescriptive, and didactic manner in which the therapist presents skills in a scripted sequence. CT's emphasis on collaborative empiricism and guided discovery provides an alternative approach to treating angry patients. Although group CT has received empirical support for the treatment of angry college students, little is known about the application of individualized CT to the treatment of problematic anger among community adults. A cognitive-behavioral conceptualization of maladaptive anger is provided, along with a discussion of assessment procedures, the course of treatment, and recommendations to clinicians.
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Scott W, Milioto M, Trost Z, Sullivan MJL. The relationship between perceived injustice and the working alliance: a cross-sectional study of patients with persistent pain attending multidisciplinary rehabilitation. Disabil Rehabil 2016; 38:2365-73. [DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2015.1129444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Scott
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Milioto
- Centre d'Évaluation et de Réadaptation de l'Est, Montréal, Canada
| | - Zina Trost
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, USA
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Scott W, McCracken LM, Trost Z. A psychological flexibility conceptualisation of the experience of injustice among individuals with chronic pain. Br J Pain 2015; 8:62-71. [PMID: 26516537 DOI: 10.1177/2049463713514736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Accumulating evidence suggests that the experience of injustice in patients with chronic pain is associated with poorer pain-related outcomes. Despite this evidence, a theoretical framework to understand this relationship is presently lacking. This review is the first to propose that the psychological flexibility model underlying Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) may provide a clinically useful conceptual framework to understand the association between the experience of injustice and chronic pain outcomes. A literature review was conducted to identify research and theory on the injustice experience in chronic pain, chronic pain acceptance, and ACT. Research relating injustice to chronic pain outcomes is summarised, the relevance of psychological flexibility to the injustice experience is discussed, and the subprocesses of psychological flexibility are proposed as potential mediating factors in the relationship between injustice and pain outcomes. Application of the psychological flexibility model to the experience of pain-related injustice may provide new avenues for future research and clinical interventions for patients with pain. SUMMARY POINTS • Emerging research links the experience of pain-related injustice to problematic pain outcomes. • A clinically relevant theoretical framework is currently lacking to guide future research and intervention on pain-related injustice. • The psychological flexibility model would suggest that the overarching process of psychological inflexibility mediates between the experience of injustice and adverse chronic pain outcomes. • Insofar as the processes of psychological inflexibility account for the association between injustice experiences and pain outcomes, methods of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) may reduce the impact of injustice of pain outcomes. • Future research is needed to empirically test the proposed associations between the experience of pain-related injustice, psychological flexibility and pain outcomes, and whether ACT interventions mitigate the impact of pain-related injustice on pain outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Scott
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lance M McCracken
- Department of Psychology, King's College London, London, UK ; INPUT Pain Management Unit, Guy's and St Thomas', NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Zina Trost
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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Uziel L. Rethinking Social Desirability Scales: From Impression Management to Interpersonally Oriented Self-Control. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015; 5:243-62. [PMID: 26162157 DOI: 10.1177/1745691610369465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Social desirability (specifically, impression management) scales are widely used by researchers and practitioners to screen individuals who bias self-reports in a self-favoring manner. These scales also serve to identify individuals at risk for psychological and health problems. The present review explores the evidence with regard to the ability of these scales to achieve these objectives. In the first part of the review, I present six criteria to evaluate impression management scales and conclude that they are unsatisfactory as measures of response style. Next, I explore what individual differences in impression management scores actually do measure. I compare two approaches: a defensiveness approach, which argues that these scales measure defensiveness that stems from vulnerable self-esteem, and an adjustment approach, which suggests that impression management is associated with personal well-being and interpersonal adjustment. Data from a wide variety of fields including social behavior, affect and well-being, health, and job performance tend to favor the adjustment approach. Finally, I argue that scales measuring impression management should be redefined as measures of interpersonally oriented self-control that identify individuals who demonstrate high levels of self-control, especially in social contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liad Uziel
- Psychology Department, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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Martin RC, Vieaux LE. Angry Thoughts and Daily Emotion Logs: Validity of the Angry Cognitions Scale. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-013-0171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Scott W, Trost Z, Bernier E, Sullivan MJ. Anger differentially mediates the relationship between perceived injustice and chronic pain outcomes. Pain 2013; 154:1691-1698. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kubiak T, Wiedig-Allison M, Zgoriecki S, Weber H. Habitual Goals and Strategies in Anger Regulation. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The article presents two studies done with the Anger-Related Reactions and Goals Inventory (ARGI) combining the assessment of functional and dysfunctional anger-related reactions with the goals that people pursue in regulating interpersonal anger. Study 1 (N = 756) corroborated the questionnaire’s psychometric properties and factorial structure. Correlations with indicators for psychosocial well-being, trait anger, and the Big Five dimensions were largely in line with our predictions. Study 2 documented the convergence between self-reports (N = 104) and reports of two knowledgeable informants (N = 188), in particular for the dysfunctional reactions. We conclude that the ARGI is a reliable and valid questionnaire that taps into facets of anger regulation that are of high relevance for research on the consequences of anger for health and well-being.
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Grebner S, Elfering A, Semmer NK. The success resource model of job stress. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES TO JOB STRESS 2010. [DOI: 10.1108/s1479-3555(2010)0000008005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Angry Thoughts and Response to Provocation: Validity of the Angry Cognitions Scale. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-009-0104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Maxwell JP, Sukhodolsky DG, Sit CHP. Preliminary validation of a Chinese version of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-839x.2008.01264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Julkunen J, Gustavsson-Lilius M, Hietanen P. Anger expression, partner support, and quality of life in cancer patients. J Psychosom Res 2009; 66:235-44. [PMID: 19232236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Family members are the most important source of social support for cancer patients. The determinants of family support, however, are not well understood. In this study, the associations of anger-expression styles of both patients and their partners with patient-perceived partner support and the impact of these variables on long-term health-related quality of life (HRQL) of the patient were examined. METHOD The baseline data were collected at the time of diagnosis; a follow-up survey was conducted at 8 months. Questionnaires included the Spielberger AX scale, the Family Support scale, and the RAND-36 Health Survey. The sample comprised 153 patients and their partners. The theoretical model was tested with a path analysis using structural equation modeling, and gender differences were tested using multivariate analysis of covariance. RESULTS Path analyses indicated that partner support was an important mediator, partly explaining the associations between anger-expression styles and HRQL. As hypothesized, anger control had a positive relationship with perceived partner support, while habitual inhibition of anger (anger-in) showed a negative correlation with partner support. Analyses by gender revealed some clear differences: for the male patients, the wife's high level of anger expression (anger-out) was significantly positively related to patient mental HRQL, whereas for the female patients, their husband's anger-out was negatively correlated with the patient's mental HRQL. In addition, patient's own anger-out had a more pronounced negative effect on HRQL for women as compared to men. CONCLUSION The anger-expression styles of both patients and their partners seem to modify the family atmosphere, and together, they are important determinants of the long-term quality of life of the cancer patients. Interventions for couples facing cancer should include a focus on ways of dealing with anger and thereby support dyadic coping with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhani Julkunen
- Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Rehabilitation Foundation, Helsinki, Finland.
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Gouin JP, Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Malarkey WB, Glaser R. The influence of anger expression on wound healing. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:699-708. [PMID: 18078737 PMCID: PMC2502071 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain patterns of anger expression have been associated with maladaptive alterations in cortisol secretion, immune functioning, and surgical recovery. We hypothesized that outward and inward anger expression and lack of anger control would be associated with delayed wound healing. A sample of 98 community-dwelling participants received standardized blister wounds on their non-dominant forearm. After blistering, the wounds were monitored daily for 8 days to assess speed of repair. Logistic regression was used to distinguish fast and slow healers based on their anger expression pattern. Individuals exhibiting lower levels of anger control were more likely to be categorized as slow healers. The anger control variable predicted wound repair over and above differences in hostility, negative affectivity, social support, and health behaviors. Furthermore, participants with lower levels of anger control exhibited higher cortisol reactivity during the blistering procedure. This enhanced cortisol secretion was in turn related to longer time to heal. These findings suggest that the ability to regulate the expression of one's anger has a clinically relevant impact on wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Gouin
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Janice K. Kiecolt-Glaser
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, USA, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University College of Medicine, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Ohio State University College of Medicine, USA
| | - William B. Malarkey
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University College of Medicine, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Ohio State University College of Medicine, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, USA
| | - Ronald Glaser
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University College of Medicine, USA, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, USA
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Martin RC, Dahlen ER. The angry cognitions scale: a new inventory for assessing cognitions in anger. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-006-0033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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