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Asmamaw AT, Semela T. Are African academic women more emotionally intelligent than men? Exploring emotional intelligence, gender, and leadership in higher education. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22949. [PMID: 38125552 PMCID: PMC10731086 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, organizational and management research has been reporting the presence of a systematic link between emotional intelligence (EI) and leadership effectiveness. Notwithstanding the practical significance, however, scholarly attention is far from adequate especially in the context of African higher education. Thus, taking Ethiopia as an example, this study investigates (a) gender differences in EI and (b) the relationship between EI and leadership style among leaders in selected higher education institutions. The study was conducted on 210 random samples of academic leaders (135 men and 75 women). Data was generated using an adapted measure Emotional and Social Competence Inventory (ESCI) to assess leaders' emotional intelligence (EI), while the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-5x) was used to measure leadership styles. The findings show a strong positive relationship between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership, but no relationship was found between EI and transactional leadership. On the other hand, a significant negative correlation was found between laissez-faire leadership and leaders' total EI scores. Furthermore, the study finds significant gender differences in emotional intelligence, with female leaders scoring higher in overall emotional intelligence and most of the EI components. These findings suggest that EI is the female leadership advantage. We strongly advise university administrators and policymakers to incorporate EI as a criterion for the recruitment, selection, and promotion of academic leaders to close the gender gap in higher education leadership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anteneh T. Asmamaw
- Department of Educational Leadership and Management, Hawassa University, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Semela
- Institute of Policy & Development Research & College of Education, Hawassa University, Ethiopia
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Chien YL, Liu CC, Chiu YN, Lin CC. Assessing emotional characteristics in Asian autistic adults without intellectual disability. Asian J Psychiatr 2023; 82:103472. [PMID: 36682157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the emotional features in Asian autistic adults without intellectual disability (n = 253) in comparison to non-autistic comparisons (n = 56) and schizophrenia (n = 56) by the Schutte's Emotion Intelligence Scale (SEIS). Among the autistic adults, 226 obtained results of both self-reported and mother-reported SEIS; 64 had repeated the SEIS within one month. We found low agreement between self-report and mother-report, particularly in autistic males. Overall, autistic adults showed difficulties in emotion perception and management that were differentiated from schizophrenia and were correlated with autistic features. Autistic adults may need more support and services in emotion perception and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Chien
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Chung Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Nan Chiu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Cheng Lin
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand; Bachelor of Social Services, Otago Polytechnic, New Zealand
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Lee G, Park S, Whang M. The Evaluation of Emotional Intelligence by the Analysis of Heart Rate Variability. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2839. [PMID: 36905043 PMCID: PMC10007477 DOI: 10.3390/s23052839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Emotional intelligence (EI) is a critical social intelligence skill that refers to an individual's ability to assess their own emotions and those of others. While EI has been shown to predict an individual's productivity, personal success, and ability to maintain positive relationships, its assessment has primarily relied on subjective reports, which are vulnerable to response distortion and limit the validity of the assessment. To address this limitation, we propose a novel method for assessing EI based on physiological responses-specifically heart rate variability (HRV) and dynamics. We conducted four experiments to develop this method. First, we designed, analyzed, and selected photos to evaluate the ability to recognize emotions. Second, we produced and selected facial expression stimuli (i.e., avatars) that were standardized based on a two-dimensional model. Third, we obtained physiological response data (HRV and dynamics) from participants as they viewed the photos and avatars. Finally, we analyzed HRV measures to produce an evaluation criterion for assessing EI. Results showed that participants' low and high EI could be discriminated based on the number of HRV indices that were statistically different between the two groups. Specifically, 14 HRV indices, including HF (high-frequency power), lnHF (the natural logarithm of HF), and RSA (respiratory sinus arrhythmia), were significant markers for discerning between low and high EI groups. Our method has implications for improving the validity of EI assessment by providing objective and quantifiable measures that are less vulnerable to response distortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangyoung Lee
- Department of Emotion Engineering, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Park
- Department of Emotion Engineering, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - Mincheol Whang
- Department of Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea
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Tommasi M, Sergi MR, Picconi L, Saggino A. The location of emotional intelligence measured by EQ-i in the personality and cognitive space: Are there gender differences? Front Psychol 2023; 13:985847. [PMID: 36687855 PMCID: PMC9846219 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.985847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Emotional Intelligence (EI) is first described by Salovey and Mayer as the ability to perceive and understand emotions and the ability to use them as supports for thoughts. Despite the great notoriety of EI, its definition remains not completely clear. An operative definition of EI can be achieved by studying its connection with other individual characteristics such as gender, personality traits, and fluid intelligence. Methods The sample was composed of 1,063 Italian subjects. A total of 330 participants were employed (31.0%; 57.9% men) and 702 were university students (66.0%; 38.7% men). The Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i), one of the most used questionnaires in literature, was used to measure EI. The exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) was used to assess the role of personality traits (five-factor model of personality) and fluid intelligence in EI. Statistical analyses on differences between men and women means of total and subscale EQ-i scores were estimated to evaluate whether EI, measured by EQ-i, is influenced by gender. Furthermore, a Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted to assess measurement invariance in relation to gender groups. Results Emotional Intelligence, measured by EQ-i, is prevalently connected with personality traits rather than fluid intelligence. Furthermore, men outperformed women in the Intrapersonal and Stress Management EI factors, and women outperformed men in the Interpersonal EI factor. No difference in the means of the EI total score and EI latent general factor did not differ between gender groups. Conclusion Emotional Intelligence, measured by EQ-i, can be conceptually considered as a Trait EI. Furthermore, men are more capable to cope with negative events and to control impulses, while women are more able to distinguish, recognize, and comprehend others' emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Rita Sergi
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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D'Amico A, Geraci A. Sex differences in emotional and meta-emotional intelligence in pre-adolescents and adolescents. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 227:103594. [PMID: 35490580 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The study focuses on sex differences in emotional and meta-emotional intelligence in a sample of 355 pre-adolescents and 164 adolescents. Emotional and meta-emotional intelligence were measured using the multi-trait multi-method IE-ACCME test, allowing to define individuals' profiles of ability EI, emotional self-concept, meta-emotional knowledge, meta-emotional ability in self-evaluation and meta-emotional beliefs. Meta-emotional dimensions refer to the awareness of individuals about their emotional abilities and to their beliefs about the functioning of emotions in everyday life. Results demonstrated that girls scored better than boys in ability-EI, in particular in adolescents' group, whereas boys reported higher score than girls in emotional self-concept in both groups of age. Result about meta-emotional knowledge and meta-emotional ability in self-evaluation revealed that boys systematically overestimate their emotional abilities whereas girls, particularly in the adolescent group, tend to underestimate them. Finally, in both age groups, girls scored higher than males in metaemotional beliefs. The adoption of the meta-emotional intelligence framework may help to explain the discordances about sex differences found in previous studies using self-report vs. performance measures of EI. Moreover, it may contribute to shed light on the nature-nurture debate and on the role of meta-emotional variables for explaining sex differences in EI.
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Sergi MR, Picconi L, Tommasi M, Saggino A, Ebisch SJH, Spoto A. The Role of Gender in the Association Among the Emotional Intelligence, Anxiety and Depression. Front Psychol 2021; 12:747702. [PMID: 34671302 PMCID: PMC8521077 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.747702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent epidemiological data show an increase of depression and anxiety that cause a loss of about 3-4% of the gross domestic product in Europe, as a consequence of a reduced productivity and a premature death of people. Gender differences in both psychopathologies were found from mid-to-late adolescence until 55 years, and data indicate an increase of depression in women. Considering these data, new interventions focused on promoting psychological well-being were designed. A predictive factor of psychological disorders is Emotional Intelligence (EI), the ability to understand and regulate our own emotions, as well as those of others. EI is associated with psychological well-being, as well as with the treatment of mental illness, but gender differences in the association among EI, anxiety and depression remains unclear. The present study aims at analyzing the nomological associations among EI, anxiety and depression. Furthermore, the possible moderating role of gender in the relation between EI, depression and anxiety is investigated in a sample of 1725 healthy participants. Our results show that the ability to recognize and to control emotions in the social context helps us to reduce the risk to be affected by depression and anxiety. Moreover, our study shows that the association of EI with anxiety and depression wasn't gender moderated. In conclusion, the findings highlight that EI can help people to manage emotions linked to negative events and to successfully understand emotions in others. In addition, we found no moderation role of gender in the association between EI, anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Sergi
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University of G.’ d’Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura Picconi
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University of G.’ d’Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Tommasi
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University of G.’ d’Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Aristide Saggino
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University of G.’ d’Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Spoto
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Ruiz-Ortega AM, Álvarez NS, Martos MPB. Chilean validation of the frustration discomfort scale: relation between intolerance to frustration and discomfort and emotional intelligence. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Van Meter A, Stoddard J, Penton-Voak I, Munafò MR. Interpretation bias training for bipolar disorder: A randomized controlled trial. J Affect Disord 2021; 282:876-884. [PMID: 33601731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with emotion interpretation biases that can exacerbate depressed mood. Interpretation bias training (IBT) may help; according to the "virtuous cycle" hypothesis, interpreting others' emotions as positive can lead to interactions that improve mood. Our goals were to determine whether IBT can shift emotion interpretation biases and demonstrate clinical benefits (lower depressed mood, improved social function) in people with BD. METHOD Young adults with BD were recruited for three sessions of computer-based IBT. Active IBT targets negative emotion bias by training judgments of ambiguous face emotions towards happy judgments. Participants were randomized to active or sham IBT. Participants reported on mood and functioning at baseline, intervention end (week two), and week 10. RESULTS Fifty participants (average age 22, 72% female) enrolled, 38 completed the week 10 follow-up. IBT shifted emotion interpretations (Hedges g = 1.63). There was a group-by-time effect (B = -13.88, p < .0001) on self-reported depression; the IBT group had a larger decrease in depressed mood. The IBT group also had a larger increase in perceived familial support (B = 3.88, p < .0001). Baseline learning rate (i.e., how quickly emotion judgments were updated) was associated with reduced clinician- (B = -54.70, p < 0.001) and self-reported depression (B = -58.20, p = 0.009). CONCLUSION Our results converge with prior work demonstrating that IBT may reduce depressed mood. Additionally, our results provide support for role of operant conditioning in the treatment of depression. People with BD spend more time depressed than manic; IBT, an easily disseminated intervention, could augment traditional forms of treatment without significant expense or side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Van Meter
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Institute of Behavioral Science; The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Department of Psychiatry Research; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Glen Oaks, New York.
| | - Joel Stoddard
- Pediatric Mental Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ian Penton-Voak
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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McKenna J, Webb JA, Weinberg A. A UK-wide analysis of trait emotional intelligence in occupational therapists. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERAPY AND REHABILITATION 2020. [DOI: 10.12968/ijtr.2017.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background/aims Emotional intelligence enables recognition, understanding and management of emotions of self and others, supporting development of communication, relationship building and engagement skills. The application of emotional intelligence supports technical and non-technical competence, facilitating confidence, leadership and capability in the workplace. This study profiles trait emotional intelligence in a sample of UK occupational therapists and explores its relationships with a range of demographic and self-rated job satisfaction variables. Methods A UK-wide online survey of occupational therapists was carried out, which included the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (Short Form). A total of 808 participants responded. Three main analyses investigated differences between the occupational sample and wider population, the subgroups (gender and work role), as well as the relationships between emotional intelligence and demographic and job satisfaction variables. Results Analyses highlighted that occupational therapists scored higher than the population norms for global emotional intelligence and on each of the four subfactors. Within the study sample, a significant gender difference was observed for emotionality (lower among men); self-control was significantly correlated with age and years since qualification. Increased satisfaction in the job scores were consistently and strongly associated with emotional intelligence scores. Salary band was positively associated with emotional intelligence. Conclusions: The findings consider the potential impact of emotional intelligence levels on performance and leadership, vital in today's climate of emerging practice and less traditional roles for occupational therapists. This study has shown that occupational therapists scored higher than the population norms for Global emotional intelligence and on each of the four emotional intelligence subfactors. Emotional intelligence abilities are associated with perceived competence of the occupational therapist, with implications for job satisfaction and wellbeing. Understanding and using the emotions of self and others to inform thinking and behaviour undoubtedly influences practitioner effectiveness. Future research is required to extrapolate the influence of Trait Emotional Intelligence upon professional abilities, increasing understanding of emotional intelligence and its impact upon effective occupational therapy practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jo Anne Webb
- School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Ashley Weinberg
- School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Salford, UK
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Elise B, Eynde SV, Egée N, Lamotte M, Van de Borne P, Carole FH. Are Trait Emotional Competencies and Heart Rate Variability Linked to Mental Health of Coronary Heart Disease Patients? Psychol Rep 2020; 124:23-38. [PMID: 31910715 DOI: 10.1177/0033294119898116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Depression and anxiety have been extensively associated with adverse outcomes in coronary heart disease patients. However, psychological and physiological processes underlying the persistence of these troubles in coronary heart disease patients attending cardiac rehabilitation are poorly investigated. Trait emotional competencies and heart rate variability could be some of these processes. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the predictive value of trait emotional competencies and heart rate variability on depression and anxiety symptoms persistence in coronary heart disease patients. METHODS Eighty-four patients who recently presented a myocardial infarction were evaluated at the beginning of cardiac rehabilitation. Forty-two patients continued their rehabilitation program and were then assessed three months later. They completed the Profile of Emotional Competence as well as the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and underwent a 5-minute resting heart rate variability measure. RESULTS Low trait emotional competencies score predicted depression symptoms persistence, but unexpectedly, high trait emotional competencies score was also associated with withdrawal from cardiac rehabilitation. Contrary to our expectations, heart rate variability did not predict depression or anxiety symptoms persistence and was not associated with trait emotional competencies. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to report an association between trait emotional competencies and depression symptoms persistence in coronary heart disease patients. However, heart rate variability was not associated with either depression or anxiety supporting the idea of mixed literature and highlighting the need of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batselé Elise
- Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; National Fund for Scientific Research, Belgium.,Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
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Sharma V, Kaur M, Gupta S, Kapoor R. Relationship of Emotional Intelligence, Intelligence Quotient, and Autonomic Reactivity Tests in Undergraduate Medical Students. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDUCATOR 2019; 29:673-681. [PMID: 34457531 PMCID: PMC8368861 DOI: 10.1007/s40670-019-00763-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotional intelligence is emerging as a determinant of success of an individual in their professions. Therefore, this study was designed to decipher the association of emotional intelligence, intelligence quotient, and autonomic stress reactivity tests in undergraduate medical students. METHOD Fifty-two undergraduate medical students were recruited in this study. Validated questionnaires for EI-self report and performance based-and IQ were filled by all the participants. Autonomic reactivity tests-lying to standing, deep breathing (DBT), Valsalva maneuver, cold pressor (CPT), and handgrip tests-were also performed. Correlational analysis was done using GraphPad Prism version 5.00. RESULTS Performance-based EI had a positive correlation with DBT responses and an inverse relation with CPT response. Additionally, sub-grouping on the basis of emotional quotient (EQ) and IQ and comparing their autonomic profile revealed an important pattern of parasympathetic reactivity-wherein it was higher in both high > EQ high IQ low > EQ low IQ high > both low . CONCLUSIONS Emotional intelligence is associated with autonomic reactivity responses. EQ has a positive relation to parasympathetic system while a negative relation to sympathetic system emphasizing the association of sympatho-vagal balance with the emotional intelligence of an individual. Also, parasympathetic responses in an individual differed significantly in groups based on EQ and IQ which again focuses on the strong relation between higher parasympathetic reactivity and emotional intelligence. This study highlights the probable role of emotional intelligence in medical students in deciphering not only their empathy towards patients, but also their physiological responses and cognitive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Physiology, VMMC & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, 110024 India
| | - Supriya Gupta
- Department of Physiology, VMMC & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, 110024 India
| | - Raj Kapoor
- Department of Physiology, VMMC & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, 110024 India
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An EEG Study on Emotional Intelligence and Advertising Message Effectiveness. Behav Sci (Basel) 2019; 9:bs9080088. [PMID: 31443219 PMCID: PMC6721432 DOI: 10.3390/bs9080088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Some electroencephalography (EEG) studies have investigated emotional intelligence (EI), but none have examined the relationships between EI and commercial advertising messages and related consumer behaviors. This study combines brain (EEG) techniques with an EI psychometric to explore the brain responses associated with a range of advertisements. A group of 45 participants (23 females, 22 males) had their EEG recorded while watching a series of advertisements selected from various marketing categories such as community interests, celebrities, food/drink, and social issues. Participants were also categorized as high or low in emotional intelligence (n = 34). The EEG data analysis was centered on rating decision-making in order to measure brain responses associated with advertising information processing for both groups. The findings suggest that participants with high and low emotional intelligence (EI) were attentive to different types of advertising messages. The two EI groups demonstrated preferences for “people” or “object,” related advertising information. This suggests that differences in consumer perception and emotions may suggest why certain advertising material or marketing strategies are effective or not.
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Edwards BG, Ermer E, Salovey P, Kiehl KA. Emotional Intelligence in Incarcerated Female Offenders With Psychopathic Traits. J Pers Disord 2019; 33:370-393. [PMID: 29505384 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2018_32_349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Emotional impairment is a core feature of psychopathy, and the disorder has been linked to an inability to recognize and regulate emotion, leading to deficiencies in empathy and difficulties in social functioning. This study investigated associations among psychopathic traits and ability-based emotional intelligence (EI) in female offenders and integrated data with previously published male offender data (Ermer, Kahn, Salovey, & Kiehl, 2012) to examine gender differences in relationships. Results showed that female offenders were impaired in the understanding and management of emotion relative to the general population, and that female offenders scored higher than male offenders in EI. Affective psychopathic traits (e.g., callousness) yielded a small relationship with difficulties in managing emotion in female offenders, and few gender differences in relationships between psychopathy and EI were found. Findings contribute to literature on emotional functioning in females with psychopathic traits and further understanding of gender differences in emotional abilities among offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany G Edwards
- University of New Mexico and The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Elsa Ermer
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | | | - Kent A Kiehl
- University of New Mexico and The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Resting heart rate variability moderates the relationship between trait emotional competencies and depression. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Alcañiz M, Parra E, Chicchi Giglioli IA. Virtual Reality as an Emerging Methodology for Leadership Assessment and Training. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1658. [PMID: 30258378 PMCID: PMC6143796 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In developed countries, companies are now substantially reliant on the skills and abilities of their leaders to tackle a variety of complex issues. There is a growing consensus that leadership development training and assessment methods should adopt more holistic methodologies, including those associated with the emotional and neuroendocrine aspects of learning. Recent research into the assessment of leadership competencies has proposed the use of objective methods and measurements based on neuroscience. One of the challenges to be faced in the development of a performance-based methodology to measure leadership skills is how to generate real-life situations with triggers that allow us to study management competencies under controlled laboratory conditions. A way to address this question is to take advantage of virtual environments to recreate real-life situations that might arise in performance-based assessments. We propose virtual reality (VR) as a very promising tool to observe various leadership related behavioral patterns during dynamic, complex and realistic situations. By seamlessly embedding assessment methods into virtual learning environments, VR can provide objective assessment methods with high ecological validity. VR also holds unlimited opportunities for leadership training providing subjects with intelligent tutoring systems that adapts situations in real time according to the observed behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Alcañiz
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Parra
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
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Salminen M, Ravaja N. The Positive Effects of Trait Emotional Intelligence during a Performance Review Discussion - A Psychophysiological Study. Front Psychol 2017; 8:463. [PMID: 28400747 PMCID: PMC5368225 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Performance review discussions of real manager–subordinate pairs were examined in two studies to investigate the effects of trait emotional intelligence (EI) on dyad member’s felt and expressed emotions. Altogether there were 84 managers and 122 subordinates in two studies using 360 measured and self-reported trait EI. Facial electromyography, and frontal electroencephalography (EEG) asymmetry were collected continuously. Manager’s high trait EI was related to increased positive valence emotional facial expressions in the dyad during the discussions. The managers also had more EEG frontal asymmetry indicating approach motivation, than the subordinates. In addition, actor and partner effects and actor × partner interactions, and interactions between the role and actor or partner effect of trait EI were observed. Both actor and partner trait EI were related to more positive self-reported emotional valence. The results imply that trait EI has a role in organizational social interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Salminen
- Department of Information and Service Economy, Aalto University School of Business Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niklas Ravaja
- Department of Information and Service Economy, Aalto University School of BusinessHelsinki, Finland; Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Aalto UniversityHelsinki, Finland
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Gutiérrez-Cobo MJ, Cabello R, Fernández-Berrocal P. The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Cool and Hot Cognitive Processes: A Systematic Review. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:101. [PMID: 27303277 PMCID: PMC4882325 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although emotion and cognition were considered to be separate aspects of the psyche in the past, researchers today have demonstrated the existence of an interplay between the two processes. Emotional intelligence (EI), or the ability to perceive, use, understand, and regulate emotions, is a relatively young concept that attempts to connect both emotion and cognition. While EI has been demonstrated to be positively related to well-being, mental and physical health, and non-aggressive behaviors, little is known about its underlying cognitive processes. The aim of the present study was to systematically review available evidence about the relationship between EI and cognitive processes as measured through "cool" (i.e., not emotionally laden) and "hot" (i.e., emotionally laden) laboratory tasks. We searched Scopus and Medline to find relevant articles in Spanish and English, and divided the studies following two variables: cognitive processes (hot vs. cool) and EI instruments used (performance-based ability test, self-report ability test, and self-report mixed test). We identified 26 eligible studies. The results provide a fair amount of evidence that performance-based ability EI (but not self-report EI tests) is positively related with efficiency in hot cognitive tasks. EI, however, does not appear to be related with cool cognitive tasks: neither through self-reporting nor through performance-based ability instruments. These findings suggest that performance-based ability EI could improve individuals' emotional information processing abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosario Cabello
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Granada Granada, Spain
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Karbalaei S, Abdollahi A, Momtaz V, Abu Talib M. Locus of Control, Neuroticism, and Spirituality as Predictors of Waste-Prevention Behaviors. ECOPSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/eco.2014.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Karbalaei
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abbas Abdollahi
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vahid Momtaz
- Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mansor Abu Talib
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Lanciano T, Curci A. Does Emotions Communication Ability Affect Psychological Well-Being? A Study with the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) v2.0. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2014; 30:1112-1121. [PMID: 25357255 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2014.921753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of the current study was to provide evidence regarding the relationship between emotions communication ability--in terms of emotional intelligence (EI)--and psychological well-being. Additionally, the study explored the moderating effect of sex on this relationship. Participants filled in the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test, General Health Questionnaire, Psychological General Well-Being Index, and Depression Questionnaire. Results showed the moderating role of sex in the relationship between EI ability and psychological well-being. Furthermore, the associations between EI and psychological well-being measures were generally higher for men than for women, supporting the idea that sex needs to be taken into account when considering EI measures. The potential helpfulness of EI and emotions communications ability in promoting mental health is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Lanciano
- a Department of Educational Sciences, Psychology, Communication , University of Bari "A. Moro"
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Pan W, Wang T, Wang X, Hitchman G, Wang L, Chen A. Identifying the core components of emotional intelligence: evidence from amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations during resting state. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111435. [PMID: 25356830 PMCID: PMC4214743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional intelligence (EI) is a multi-faceted construct consisting of our ability to perceive, monitor, regulate and use emotions. Despite much attention being paid to the neural substrates of EI, little is known of the spontaneous brain activity associated with EI during resting state. We used resting-state fMRI to investigate the association between the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFFs) and EI in a large sample of young, healthy adults. We found that EI was significantly associated with ALFFs in key nodes of two networks: the social emotional processing network (the fusiform gyrus, right superior orbital frontal gyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus and left inferior parietal lobule) and the cognitive control network (the bilateral pre-SMA, cerebellum and right precuneus). These findings suggest that the neural correlates of EI involve several brain regions in two crucial networks, which reflect the core components of EI: emotion perception and emotional control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangpeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Glenn Hitchman
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Antao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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21
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Kong F, Zhen Z, Li J, Huang L, Wang X, Song Y, Liu J. Sex-related neuroanatomical basis of emotion regulation ability. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97071. [PMID: 24835267 PMCID: PMC4024009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral research has demonstrated that males have a higher capability of regulating their own and others' emotions than females; however, little is known about the sex-specific brain mechanisms involved in emotion regulation ability. In the present study, we used voxel-based morphometry to investigate the neural basis underlying emotion regulation ability in a large sample of young adults. Assessment of emotion regulation ability was performed using the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale. As expected, males significantly scored higher in emotion regulation ability than females did. More importantly, we found the sex differences in the neuroanatomical basis of emotion regulation ability. Males showed a stronger positive relation between emotion regulation ability and regional gray matter volume (rGMV) in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In contrast, females demonstrated a stronger positive relation between emotion regulation ability and rGMV in an anatomical cluster that extends from the left brainstem to the left hippocampus, the left amygdala and the insular cortex. The present study provides the first empirical evidence regarding the sex-linked neuroanatomical correlates of emotion regulation ability. These findings may help understand why there is a higher prevalence of affective disorders in females and maladaptive behaviors in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zonglei Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiying Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Raz S, Dan O, Arad H, Zysberg L. Behavioral and neural correlates of emotional intelligence: an event-related potentials (ERP) study. Brain Res 2013; 1526:44-53. [PMID: 23791921 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at identifying potential behavioral and neural correlates of emotional intelligence (EI) by using scalp-recorded Event-Related Potentials (ERPs). EI levels were defined according to both self-report questionnaire and a performance-based test. We identified ERP correlates of emotional processing by comparing ERPs elicited in trials using pleasant, neutral and unpleasant pictures. The effects of these emotion-inducing pictures were then compared across groups with low and high EI levels. Behavioral results revealed a significant valence×EI group interaction effect since valence ratings were lower for unpleasant pictures and higher for pleasant pictures in the high EI group compared with the low EI group. The groups did not differ with respect to neutral picture ratings. The ERP results indicate that participants with high EI exhibited significantly greater mean amplitudes of the P2 (200-300ms post-stimulus) and P3 (310-450ms post-stimulus) ERP components in response to emotional and neutral pictures, at posterior-parietal as well as at frontal scalp locations. This may suggest greater recruitment of resources to process all emotional and non-emotional stimuli at early and late processing stages among individuals with higher EI. The present study also underscores the usefulness of ERP methodology as a sensitive measure for the study of emotional stimuli processing in the research field of EI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Raz
- Department of Psychology, The Center for Psychobiological Research, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Israel.
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Factorial invariance and latent mean differences of scores on trait emotional intelligence across gender and age. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Emotional intelligence (EI) is a promising concept in our understanding of emotional regulation, related behaviors and pathologies. However, research linking EI to underlying physiological and biological structure and responses is meager. This study explored potential associations of EI with electro-dermal activity (EDA) responses to emotionally arousing visual stimuli. It was hypothesized that higher levels of EI will associate with more efficient emotional regulation as reflected by EDA. Eighty-four healthy participants were exposed to stimuli consisting of a series of 12 images designed to evoke positive or negative emotional responses, presented in a counterbalanced order. A self-report questionnaire and a computer based test of EI were administered along with a demographic questionnaire. EDA measures were taken during the exposure to the above stimuli using BIOPACK MP150. EI test scores (Beta = .35, .32; p < .001) and age (Beta = -.24, -.31; p < .03) associated with EDA delta (stimulus response-baseline) scores, while the self-report measure of EI and other demographics (e.g., gender. ethnicity) did not show any associations with the outcome measures. The results support the relevance of the concept to our understanding of emotional responses and regulation. The findings are briefly discussed within the context of underlying mechanisms of EI as well as measure validity and relevance.
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Typical performance measures of emotion regulation and emotion perception and frontal EEG asymmetry in an emotional contagion paradigm. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Trait emotional intelligence in sports: A protective role against stress through heart rate variability? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Castro-Schilo L, Kee DW. Gender differences in the relationship between emotional intelligence and right hemisphere lateralization for facial processing. Brain Cogn 2010; 73:62-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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