1
|
Kulkarni M, Covey TJ. Examination of the temporal-spatial dynamics of working memory training-induced neuroplasticity. Brain Res 2023; 1798:148135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
2
|
Is there a “g-neuron”? Establishing a systematic link between general intelligence (g) and the von Economo neuron. INTELLIGENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2021.101540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
3
|
Fellman D, Lincke A, Jonsson B. Do Individual Differences in Cognition and Personality Predict Retrieval Practice Activities on MOOCs? Front Psychol 2020; 11:2076. [PMID: 33013528 PMCID: PMC7461909 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Online quizzes building upon the principles of retrieval practice can have beneficial effects on learning, especially long-term retention. However, it is unexplored how interindividual differences in relevant background characteristics relate to retrieval practice activities in e-learning. Thus, this study sought to probe for this research question on a massive open online course (MOOC) platform where students have the optional possibility to quiz themselves on the to-be-learned materials. Altogether 105 students were assessed with a cognitive task tapping on reasoning, and two self-assessed personality measures capturing need for cognition (NFC), and grittiness (GRIT-S). Between-group analyses revealed that cognitively high performing individuals were more likely to use the optional quizzes on the platform. Moreover, within-group analyses (n = 56) including those students using the optional quizzes on the platform showed that reasoning significantly predicted quiz performance, and quiz processing speed. NFC and GRIT-S were unrelated to each of the aforementioned retrieval practice activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fellman
- Department of Applied Educational Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alisa Lincke
- Department of Computer Science and Media Technology, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Bert Jonsson
- Department of Applied Educational Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Waschl N, Burns NR. Sex differences in inductive reasoning: A research synthesis using meta-analytic techniques. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.109959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
5
|
Covey TJ, Shucard JL, Shucard DW. Working memory training and perceptual discrimination training impact overlapping and distinct neurocognitive processes: Evidence from event-related potentials and transfer of training gains. Cognition 2018; 182:50-72. [PMID: 30218913 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
There is emerging evidence that working memory (WM) can potentially be enhanced via targeted training protocols. However, the differential effects of targeted training of WM vs. training of general attentional processes on distinct neurocognitive mechanisms is not well understood. In the present study, we compared adaptive n-back WM training to an adaptive visual search training task that targeted perceptual discrimination, in the absence of demands on WM. The search task was closely matched to the n-back task on difficulty and participant engagement. The training duration for both protocols was 20 sessions over approximately 4 weeks. Before and after training, young adult participants were tested on a battery of cognitive tasks to examine transfer of training gains to untrained tests of WM, processing speed, cognitive control, and fluid intelligence. Event-related brain potential (ERP) measures obtained during a Letter 3-Back task and a Search task were examined to determine the neural processes that were affected by each training protocol. Both groups improved on measures of cognitive control and fluid intelligence at post- compared to pretest. However, n-back training resulted in more pronounced transfer effects to tasks involving WM compared to search training. With respect to ERPs, both groups exhibited enhancement of P3 amplitude following training, but distinct changes in neural responses were also observed for the two training protocols. The search training group exhibited earlier ERP latencies at post- compared to pretest on the Search task, indicating generalized improvement in processing speed. The n-back group exhibited a pronounced enhancement and earlier latency of the N2 ERP component on the Letter 3-back task, following training. Given the theoretical underpinnings of the N2, this finding was interpreted as an enhancement of conflict monitoring and sequential mismatch identification. The findings provide evidence that n-back training enhances distinct neural processes underlying executive aspects of WM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Covey
- Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurosciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 114 Sherman Hall Annex, South Campus, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States; Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 114 Sherman Hall Annex, South Campus, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States; Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 114 Sherman Hall Annex, South Campus, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States.
| | - Janet L Shucard
- Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurosciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 114 Sherman Hall Annex, South Campus, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States; Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 114 Sherman Hall Annex, South Campus, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States; Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 114 Sherman Hall Annex, South Campus, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - David W Shucard
- Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurosciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 114 Sherman Hall Annex, South Campus, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States; Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 114 Sherman Hall Annex, South Campus, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States; Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 114 Sherman Hall Annex, South Campus, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Blasiman RN, Was CA. Why Is Working Memory Performance Unstable? A Review of 21 Factors. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 14:188-231. [PMID: 29899806 PMCID: PMC5973525 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v14i1.1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we systematically reviewed twenty-one factors that have been shown to either vary with or influence performance on working memory (WM) tasks. Specifically, we review previous work on the influence of intelligence, gender, age, personality, mental illnesses/medical conditions, dieting, craving, stress/anxiety, emotion/motivation, stereotype threat, temperature, mindfulness training, practice, bilingualism, musical training, altitude/hypoxia, sleep, exercise, diet, psychoactive substances, and brain stimulation on WM performance. In addition to a review of the literature, we suggest several frameworks for classifying these factors, identify shared mechanisms between several variables, and suggest areas requiring further investigation. This review critically examines the breadth of research investigating WM while synthesizing the results across related subfields in psychology.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kuhn JT. Controlled attention and storage: An investigation of the relationship between working memory, short-term memory, scope of attention, and intelligence in children. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
8
|
Anguera JA, Brandes-Aitken AN, Rolle CE, Skinner SN, Desai SS, Bower JD, Martucci WE, Chung WK, Sherr EH, Marco EJ. Characterizing cognitive control abilities in children with 16p11.2 deletion using adaptive 'video game' technology: a pilot study. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e893. [PMID: 27648915 PMCID: PMC5048213 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing cognitive abilities in children is challenging for two primary reasons: lack of testing engagement can lead to low testing sensitivity and inherent performance variability. Here we sought to explore whether an engaging, adaptive digital cognitive platform built to look and feel like a video game would reliably measure attention-based abilities in children with and without neurodevelopmental disabilities related to a known genetic condition, 16p11.2 deletion. We assessed 20 children with 16p11.2 deletion, a genetic variation implicated in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism, as well as 16 siblings without the deletion and 75 neurotypical age-matched children. Deletion carriers showed significantly slower response times and greater response variability when compared with all non-carriers; by comparison, traditional non-adaptive selective attention assessments were unable to discriminate group differences. This phenotypic characterization highlights the potential power of administering tools that integrate adaptive psychophysical mechanics into video-game-style mechanics to achieve robust, reliable measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Anguera
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,University of California, San Francisco, Mission Bay – Sandler Neurosciences Center, UCSF MC 0444, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Room 502, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. E-mail: or
| | - A N Brandes-Aitken
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - C E Rolle
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S N Skinner
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S S Desai
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J D Bower
- Akili Interactive Labs, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - W K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - E H Sherr
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - E J Marco
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,University of California, San Francisco, Mission Bay – Sandler Neurosciences Center, UCSF MC 0444, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Room 502, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. E-mail: or
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Meneghetti C, Cardillo R, Mammarella IC, Caviola S, Borella E. The role of practice and strategy in mental rotation training: transfer and maintenance effects. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 81:415-431. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-016-0749-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
10
|
|
11
|
Lucidi A, Loaiza V, Camos V, Barrouillet P. Assessing Working Memory Capacity Through Time-Constrained Elementary Activities. The Journal of General Psychology 2014; 141:98-112. [DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2013.870121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
12
|
Abstract
Cognitive psychology offers an important contribution to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying intelligence. In this paper, we synthesize the research showing that, among the different cognitive mechanisms associated with intelligence, working memory has a particularly high explanatory power, especially when considered in its active component involving not only the maintenance (as in short-term memory) but also the manipulation of information. The paper considers two main implications of this finding for the applied and clinical fields. For a start, we examine how intelligence tests take into consideration working memory. Secondly, we consider the highly debated literature on the effects of working memory training on intellectual performance. Theoretical and applied implications for the relationship between working memory and intelligence are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Cornoldi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - David Giofrè
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Covey TJ, Zivadinov R, Shucard JL, Shucard DW. Information processing speed, neural efficiency, and working memory performance in multiple sclerosis: differential relationships with structural magnetic resonance imaging. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2011; 33:1129-45. [PMID: 22047454 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2011.614597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a central nervous system (CNS) neurodegenerative disorder, involves lesions of both white and gray matter and reported cognitive impairments that include processing speed (PS), executive function, and working memory (WM). This study closely examined the specifics of these cognitive deficits and their relationship to structural brain damage. A visual n-back task with 3 WM load conditions was used to assess WM performance (task accuracy), PS (reaction time, RT), and a novel measure of processing efficiency (standard deviation of RT, RTSD) in MS patients and controls. These behavioral measures were related to quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of white and gray matter integrity. Even when MS patients performed as well as controls, as seen for low WM load (0-back), they responded more slowly and were less efficient in their speed of responding. Accuracy findings indicated that the correct match trials were superior to correct nonmatch trials at differentiating MS patients from controls. Further, decreased accuracy during the highest WM load condition was associated with global damage that included both gray and white matter atrophy, while slowed PS and particularly processing inefficiency were associated primarily with white matter atrophy in MS. Importantly, relationships between PS, processing efficiency, performance accuracy, and structural MRI measures were seen only during the highest WM load condition, the condition that required the most executive control. These findings suggest that the MRI/behavioral relationships that were present exclusively during the 2-back condition may reflect connectivity involving frontal cortical systems, the site for executive control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Covey
- Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurosciences, Department of Neurology/The Jacobs Neurological Institute , University at Buffalo, State University of New York School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
The influence of temporal resolution power and working memory capacity on psychometric intelligence. INTELLIGENCE 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|