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Kumar AA, Buckley BJ, Ranson M. The Urokinase Plasminogen Activation System in Pancreatic Cancer: Prospective Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets. Biomolecules 2022; 12:152. [PMID: 35204653 PMCID: PMC8961517 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy that features high recurrence rates and the poorest prognosis of all solid cancers. The urokinase plasminogen activation system (uPAS) is strongly implicated in the pathophysiology and clinical outcomes of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which accounts for more than 90% of all pancreatic cancers. Overexpression of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) or its cell surface receptor uPAR is a key step in the acquisition of a metastatic phenotype via multiple mechanisms, including the increased activation of cell surface localised plasminogen which generates the serine protease plasmin. This triggers multiple downstream processes that promote tumour cell migration and invasion. Increasing clinical evidence shows that the overexpression of uPA, uPAR, or of both is strongly associated with worse clinicopathological features and poor prognosis in PDAC patients. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the uPAS in the pathogenesis and progression of pancreatic cancer, with a focus on PDAC, and summarises the substantial body of evidence that supports the role of uPAS components, including plasminogen receptors, in this disease. The review further outlines the clinical utility of uPAS components as prospective diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for PDAC, as well as a rationale for the development of novel uPAS-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashna A. Kumar
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.A.K.); (B.J.B.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Buckley
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.A.K.); (B.J.B.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.A.K.); (B.J.B.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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2
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Liu N, Zhong L, Ni G, Lin J, Xie L, Li T, Dan H, Chen Q. High Matrix Metalloproteinase 28 Expression is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:4391-4406. [PMID: 34408436 PMCID: PMC8364391 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s309576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) is a devastating disease with high mortality and morbidity. Matrix metalloproteinase 28 (MMP28) has been associated with carcinogenesis of many human cancers. However, little is known about the potential prognostic value and underlying regulatory mechanisms of MMP28 in PAAD. Methods The relationship between MMP28 expression level and various clinicopathological parameters was analyzed in TCGA-PAAD cohorts. MMP28-correlated genes in the TCGA-PAAD cohort were identified and enrichment analysis according to the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes was conducted using LinkedOmics. Protein–protein interaction and transcription factors-miRNA co-regulatory networks were constructed with the use of NetworkAnalyst. Then, the distribution of immune cells related to MMP28 expression in blood was analyzed using the Human Protein Atlas, and the tumor microenvironment of PAAD was analyzed by the TIMER 2.0 database. To investigate the biological function of MMP28 in PAAD, siRNA was constructed to knock down the MMP28 gene in vitro. Results High MMP28 expression is associated with poor overall survival and disease-free survival in PAAD patients. The expression of MMP28 in PAAD is most significantly correlated with KRT19, IL1RN, and ANXA2 genes. Network analysis revealed that MIR-181 family, TAFs, and CDC6 are potential regulators of MMP28. Furthermore, naive CD4+ T cell, naive CD8+ T cell, and mucosal-associated invariant T cell enrichment in blood were correlated with MMP28 expression. Furthermore, high MMP28 expression was correlated with a decrease in B cell, naive CD4+ T cell, naive CD8+ T cell, and endothelial cell presence in the tumor microenvironment in PAAD. Finally, genetic knockdown of MMP28 could restrain the proliferation, migration, and invasion of PAAD cells. Conclusion Our findings indicate that high MMP28 expression in PAAD is associated with cancer progression, invasion, and metastasis. Hence, MMP28 might serve as an independent prognostic biomarker and a prospective therapeutic target for PAAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangcheng Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Taiwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
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3
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Slapak EJ, Duitman J, Tekin C, Bijlsma MF, Spek CA. Matrix Metalloproteases in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Key Drivers of Disease Progression? BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9040080. [PMID: 32325664 PMCID: PMC7235986 DOI: 10.3390/biology9040080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a dismal disorder that is histologically characterized by a dense fibrotic stroma around the tumor cells. As the extracellular matrix comprises the bulk of the stroma, matrix degrading proteases may play an important role in pancreatic cancer. It has been suggested that matrix metalloproteases are key drivers of both tumor growth and metastasis during pancreatic cancer progression. Based upon this notion, changes in matrix metalloprotease expression levels are often considered surrogate markers for pancreatic cancer progression and/or treatment response. Indeed, reduced matrix metalloprotease levels upon treatment (either pharmacological or due to genetic ablation) are considered as proof of the anti-tumorigenic potential of the mediator under study. In the current review, we aim to establish whether matrix metalloproteases indeed drive pancreatic cancer progression and whether decreased matrix metalloprotease levels in experimental settings are therefore indicative of treatment response. After a systematic review of the studies focusing on matrix metalloproteases in pancreatic cancer, we conclude that the available literature is not as convincing as expected and that, although individual matrix metalloproteases may contribute to pancreatic cancer growth and metastasis, this does not support the generalized notion that matrix metalloproteases drive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne J. Slapak
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.J.S.); (J.D.); (C.T.)
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Oncode Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - JanWillem Duitman
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.J.S.); (J.D.); (C.T.)
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Cansu Tekin
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.J.S.); (J.D.); (C.T.)
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Oncode Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten F. Bijlsma
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Oncode Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C. Arnold Spek
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.J.S.); (J.D.); (C.T.)
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
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Mezencev R, Matyunina LV, Wagner GT, McDonald JF. Acquired resistance of pancreatic cancer cells to cisplatin is multifactorial with cell context-dependent involvement of resistance genes. Cancer Gene Ther 2016; 23:446-453. [PMID: 27910856 PMCID: PMC5159445 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal of malignancies, in large measure, due to the propensity of PDAC cells to acquire resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. A better understanding of the molecular basis of acquired resistance is a major focus of contemporary PDAC research. We report here the results of a study to independently develop cisplatin resistance in two distinct parental PDAC cell lines, AsPC1 and BxPC3, and to subsequently examine the molecular mechanisms associated with the acquired resistance. Cisplatin resistance in both resistant cell lines was found to be multifactorial and to be associated with mechanisms related to drug transport, drug inactivation, DNA damage response, DNA repair and the modulation of apoptosis. Our results demonstrate that the two resistant cell lines employed alternative molecular strategies in acquiring resistance dictated, in part, by pre-existing molecular differences between the parental cell lines. Collectively, our findings indicate that strategies to inhibit or reverse acquired resistance of PDAC cells to cisplatin, and perhaps other chemotherapeutic agents, may not be generalized but will require individual molecular profiling and analysis to be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mezencev
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, School of Biological Sciences, and Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - L V Matyunina
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, School of Biological Sciences, and Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - G T Wagner
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, School of Biological Sciences, and Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J F McDonald
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, School of Biological Sciences, and Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Xu Q, Li P, Chen X, Zong L, Jiang Z, Nan L, Lei J, Duan W, Zhang D, Li X, Sha H, Wu Z, Ma Q, Wang Z. miR-221/222 induces pancreatic cancer progression through the regulation of matrix metalloproteinases. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14153-64. [PMID: 25883224 PMCID: PMC4546457 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are involved in the initiation and progression of pancreatic cancer. In this study, we showed that miR-221/222 is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer. MiR-221/222 overexpression significantly promoted pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and invasion while inhibiting apoptosis. The expression of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) MMP-2 and MMP-9 was increased in miR-221/222 mimic-transfected pancreatic cancer cells. Validation experiments identified TIMP-2 as a direct target of miR-221/222. These data indicate that overexpressed miR-221/222 may play an oncogenic role in pancreatic cancer by inducing the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9, thus leading to cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhong Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liang Zong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengdong Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ligang Nan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianjun Lei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wanxing Duan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuqi Li
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huanchen Sha
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingyong Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Abstract
As our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying cancer development and progression has increased, so too have more effective, less toxic, and targeted therapies begun to reach the clinic. However, the full impact of these clinical advances and the practical success of the emerging field of precision medicine are dependent on the discovery and validation of sensitive and accurate biomarkers that can enable appropriate and rigorous sample type and patient selection, reliable longitudinal monitoring of therapeutic efficacy, and even risk assessment and early detection. Within the context of this review, we examine state-of-the-art approaches to the discovery and validation of noninvasive cancer biomarkers, with a specific emphasis on those that are protein or protein-associated ones. We also review sample selection strategies, currently utilized proteomic approaches for both discovery and validation requirements, and data analysis standards. Finally, we provide examples of these elements of biomarker discovery and validation from our own biomarker research.
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The CaSm (LSm1) oncogene promotes transformation, chemoresistance and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e182. [PMID: 26751936 PMCID: PMC4728675 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2015.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cancer-associated Sm-like (CaSm) oncogene is overexpressed in 87% of human pancreatic tumor samples and CaSm knockdown has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in murine models of pancreatic cancer. Evidence indicates that CaSm modulates messenger RNA degradation; however, its target genes and the mechanisms by which CaSm promotes pancreatic cancer remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the CaSm overexpression alters several hallmarks of cancer—including transformation, proliferation, chemoresistance and metastasis. Doxycycline-induced CaSm expression enhanced proliferation and both anchorage-dependent and -independent growth of the human Panc-1 cells in vitro. CaSm induction decreased gemcitabine-induced cytotoxicity and altered the expression of apoptotic regulation genes, including Bad, E2F1 and Bcl-XL. CaSm-overexpressing Panc-1 cells were twofold more migratory and fourfold more invasive than the driver controls and demonstrated characteristics of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition such as morphological changes and decreased E-cadherin expression. CaSm induction resulted in changes in RNA expression of metastasis-associated genes such as MMP1, SerpinB5, uPAR and Slug. Using a murine model of metastatic pancreatic cancer, injection of CaSm-induced Panc-1 cells resulted in a higher abundance of hepatic metastatic lesions. Overall, CaSm overexpression contributed to a more aggressive cancer phenotype in Panc-1 cells, further supporting the use of CaSm as a therapeutic target against pancreatic cancer.
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8
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Higuera C, Gardiner KJ, Cios KJ. Self-Organizing Feature Maps Identify Proteins Critical to Learning in a Mouse Model of Down Syndrome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129126. [PMID: 26111164 PMCID: PMC4482027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a chromosomal abnormality (trisomy of human chromosome 21) associated with intellectual disability and affecting approximately one in 1000 live births worldwide. The overexpression of genes encoded by the extra copy of a normal chromosome in DS is believed to be sufficient to perturb normal pathways and normal responses to stimulation, causing learning and memory deficits. In this work, we have designed a strategy based on the unsupervised clustering method, Self Organizing Maps (SOM), to identify biologically important differences in protein levels in mice exposed to context fear conditioning (CFC). We analyzed expression levels of 77 proteins obtained from normal genotype control mice and from their trisomic littermates (Ts65Dn) both with and without treatment with the drug memantine. Control mice learn successfully while the trisomic mice fail, unless they are first treated with the drug, which rescues their learning ability. The SOM approach identified reduced subsets of proteins predicted to make the most critical contributions to normal learning, to failed learning and rescued learning, and provides a visual representation of the data that allows the user to extract patterns that may underlie novel biological responses to the different kinds of learning and the response to memantine. Results suggest that the application of SOM to new experimental data sets of complex protein profiles can be used to identify common critical protein responses, which in turn may aid in identifying potentially more effective drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Higuera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Inteligencia Artificial e Ingeniería del Software, Facultad de Informática, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Katheleen J Gardiner
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Human Medical Genetics and Genomics, and Neuroscience Programs, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Krzysztof J Cios
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America; IITiS, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gliwice, Poland
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Caba O, Prados J, Ortiz R, Jiménez-Luna C, Melguizo C, Alvarez PJ, Delgado JR, Irigoyen A, Rojas I, Pérez-Florido J, Torres C, Perales S, Linares A, Aránega A. Transcriptional profiling of peripheral blood in pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients identifies diagnostic biomarkers. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:2714-20. [PMID: 25069573 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3291-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal malignancy associated with poor survival rates. Fast detection of PDAC appears to be the most relevant strategy to improve the long-term survival of patients. AIMS Our objective was to identify new markers in peripheral blood that differentiates between PDAC patients and healthy controls. METHODS Peripheral blood samples from PDAC patients (n = 18) and controls (n = 18) were analyzed by whole genome cDNA microarray hybridization. The most relevant genes were validated by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) in the same set of samples. Finally, our gene prediction set was tested in a blinded set of new peripheral blood samples (n = 30). RESULTS Microarray studies identified 87 genes differentially expressed in peripheral blood samples from PDAC patients. Four of these genes were selected for analysis by RT-qPCR, which confirmed the previously observed changes. In our blinded validation study, the combination of CLEC4D and IRAK3 predicted the diagnosis of PDAC with 93 % accuracy, with a sensitivity of 86 % and specificity of 100 %. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral blood gene expression profiling is an useful tool for the diagnosis of PDAC. We present a validated four-gene predictor set (ANKRD22, CLEC4D, VNN1, and IRAK3) that may be useful in PDAC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Caba
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain,
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Chen RY, Xu B, Chen SF, Chen SS, Zhang T, Ren J, Xu J. Effect of oridonin-mediated hallmark changes on inflammatory pathways in human pancreatic cancer (BxPC-3) cells. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:14895-14903. [PMID: 25356049 PMCID: PMC4209552 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i40.14895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of oridonin on nuclear transcription factors and to study the relationship between biological behavior and inflammatory factors in human pancreatic cancer (BxPC-3) cells.
METHODS: BxPC-3 cells were treated with various concentrations of oridonin, and viability curves were generated to test for inhibitory effects of the drug on cells. The expression of cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, or IL-33 was detected in BxPC-3 cell supernatants using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the protein expression of nuclear transcription factors including nuclear factor κB, activating protein-1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, bone morphogenetic protein 2, transforming growth factor β1 and sma and mad homologues in BxPC-3 cells was detected using Western blot. Carcinoma hallmark-related proteins such as survivin, vascular endothelial growth factor, and matrix metallopeptidase 2 were also detected using immunoblotting, and intra-nuclear IL-33 expression was detected using immunofluorescent staining.
RESULTS: Treatment with oridonin reduced the viability of BxPC-3 cells in a dose dependent manner. The cells exhibited reduced growth following treatment with 8 μg/mL oridonin (13.05% ± 3.21%, P < 0.01), and the highest inhibitory ratio was 90.64% ± 0.70%, which was achieved with oridonin at a dose of 32 μg/mL. The IC50 value of oridonin in BxPC-3 cells was 19.32 μg/mL. ELISA analysis revealed that oridonin down-regulated the inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-33 in a dose-dependent manner. IL-1β expression was significantly reduced in the 16 and 32 μg/mL treatment groups compared to the control group (12.97 ± 0.45 pg/mL, 11.17 ± 0.63 pg/mL vs 14.40 ± 0.38 pg/mL, P < 0.01). Similar trends were observed for IL-6 expression, which was significantly reduced in the 16 and 32 μg/mL treatment groups compared to the control group (4.05 ± 0.14 pg/mL vs 4.45 ± 0.43 pg/mL, P < 0.05; 3.95 ± 0.13 pg/mL vs 4.45 ± 0.43 pg/mL, P < 0.01). IL-33 expression was significantly reduced in the 8, 16, and 32 μg/mL treatment groups compared to the control group (911.05 ± 14.18 pg/mL vs 945.25 ± 12.09 pg/mL, P < 0.05; 802.70 ± 11.88 pg/mL, 768.54 ± 10.98 pg/mL vs 945.25 ± 12.09 pg/mL, P < 0.01). Western blot and immunofluorescent staining analyses suggested that oridonin changed the hallmarks and regulated the expression of various nuclear transcription factors.
CONCLUSION: The results obtained suggest that oridonin alters the hallmarks of pancreatic cancer cells through the regulation of nuclear transcription factors.
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11
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Mehner C, Miller E, Khauv D, Nassar A, Oberg AL, Bamlet WR, Zhang L, Waldmann J, Radisky ES, Crawford HC, Radisky DC. Tumor cell-derived MMP3 orchestrates Rac1b and tissue alterations that promote pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1430-9. [PMID: 24850902 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0557-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) arises at the convergence of genetic alterations in KRAS with a fostering microenvironment shaped by immune cell influx and fibrotic changes; identification of the earliest tumorigenic molecular mediators evokes the proverbial chicken and egg problem. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are key drivers of tumor progression that originate primarily from stromal cells activated by the developing tumor. Here, MMP3, known to be expressed in PDA, was found to be associated with expression of Rac1b, a tumorigenic splice isoform of Rac1, in all stages of pancreatic cancer. Using a large cohort of human PDA tissue biopsies specimens, both MMP3 and Rac1b are expressed in PDA cells, that the expression levels of the two markers are highly correlated, and that the subcellular distribution of Rac1b in PDA is significantly associated with patient outcome. Using transgenic mouse models, coexpression of MMP3 with activated KRAS in pancreatic acinar cells stimulates metaplasia and immune cell infiltration, priming the stromal microenvironment for early tumor development. Finally, exposure of cultured pancreatic cancer cells to recombinant MMP3 stimulates expression of Rac1b, increases cellular invasiveness, and activation of tumorigenic transcriptional profiles. IMPLICATIONS MMP3 acts as a coconspirator of oncogenic KRAS in pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis and progression, both through Rac1b-mediated phenotypic control of pancreatic cancer cells themselves, and by giving rise to the tumorigenic microenvironment; these findings also point to inhibition of this pathway as a potential therapeutic strategy for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Mehner
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 U S A
| | - Erin Miller
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 U S A
| | - Davitte Khauv
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 U S A
| | - Aziza Nassar
- Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Ann L Oberg
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research
| | - William R Bamlet
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Jens Waldmann
- Department of Visceral-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, Unikliniken Marburg Und Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Evette S Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 U S A
| | - Howard C Crawford
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 U S A
| | - Derek C Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 U S A;
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Li P, Xu Q, Zhang D, Li X, Han L, Lei J, Duan W, Ma Q, Wu Z, Wang Z. Upregulated miR-106a plays an oncogenic role in pancreatic cancer. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:705-12. [PMID: 24444603 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is a complex process during which cells undergo genetic and epigenetic alterations. MicroRNAs control gene expression by negatively regulating protein-coding mRNAs. Several reports demonstrated that miR-106a is up-regulated in gastric and colorectal cancers and promotes tumor progression. In contrast, in glioma miR-106a plays the role of a tumor suppressor gene rather than an oncogene. Here we demonstrate that a high level of miR-106a expression is present in pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, our investigation shows that miR-106a has an oncogenic role in pancreatic tumorigenesis by promoting cancer cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion by targeting tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2). MiR-106a could be a critical therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Qinhong Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xuqi Li
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Liang Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Jianjun Lei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Wanxing Duan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Qingyong Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
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Guo JC, Li J, Yang YC, Zhou L, Zhang TP, Zhao YP. Oligonucleotide microarray identifies genes differentially expressed during tumorigenesis of DMBA-induced pancreatic cancer in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82910. [PMID: 24376604 PMCID: PMC3871567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The extremely dismal prognosis of pancreatic cancer (PC) is attributed, at least in part, to lack of early diagnosis. Therefore, identifying differentially expressed genes in multiple steps of tumorigenesis of PC is of great interest. In the present study, a 7,12-dimethylbenzanthraene (DMBA)-induced PC model was established in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The gene expression profile was screened using an oligonucleotide microarray, followed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemical staining validation. A total of 661 differentially expressed genes were identified in stages of pancreatic carcinogenesis. According to GO classification, these genes were involved in multiple molecular pathways. Using two-way hierarchical clustering analysis, normal pancreas, acute and chronic pancreatitis, PanIN, early and advanced pancreatic cancer were completely discriminated. Furthermore, 11 upregulated and 142 downregulated genes (probes) were found by Mann-Kendall trend Monotone test, indicating homologous genes of rat and human. The qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry analysis of CXCR7 and UBe2c, two of the identified genes, confirmed the microarray results. In human PC cell lines, knockdown of CXCR7 resulted in decreased migration and invasion. Collectively, our data identified several promising markers and therapeutic targets of PC based on a comprehensive screening and systemic validation.
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MESH Headings
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/metabolism
- Carcinogenesis/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Annotation
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Pancreas/metabolism
- Pancreas/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing/chemically induced
- Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing/genetics
- Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing/metabolism
- Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing/pathology
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/chemically induced
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/genetics
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/metabolism
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, CXCR/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR/metabolism
- Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes/genetics
- Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Chao Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Chi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tai-Ping Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Pei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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