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Yu JRT, Walker RH, Danek A, Westhoff CM, Vege S, Itin I. Basal Ganglia Syndrome in a Male With an XK Gene Variant but Without XK Disease (McLeod Syndrome). J Mov Disord 2024; 17:226-229. [PMID: 38185097 PMCID: PMC11082608 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.23196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeryl Ritzi T. Yu
- Institute for Neurosciences, St. Luke’s Medical Center, Quezon City and Global City, Philippines
- University of the East, Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Ruth H. Walker
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx; Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adrian Danek
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Ilia Itin
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Torres V, Painous C, Santacruz P, Sánchez A, Sanz C, Grau‐Junyent JM, Muñoz E. Very Long Time Persistent
HyperCKemia
as the First Manifestation of
McLeod
Syndrome: A Case Report. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2022; 9:821-824. [DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Torres
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut de Neurociencies Hospital Clínic of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Cèlia Painous
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut de Neurociencies Hospital Clínic of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Pilar Santacruz
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut de Neurociencies Hospital Clínic of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Aurora Sánchez
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Cristina Sanz
- Blood Bank and Transfusion Service Banc de Sang i Teixits, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Josep M. Grau‐Junyent
- Laboratory of Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function, Department of Internal Medicine Hospital Clínic of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) Barcelona Spain
- University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Esteban Muñoz
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut de Neurociencies Hospital Clínic of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) Barcelona Spain
- University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
- European Reference Network‐Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN‐RND) Barcelona Spain
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Montagnese F, Grabmaier U, Abicht A, Schoser B. Dilative cardiomyopathy displaying double trouble etiology: Myocarditis and Mcleod syndrome? Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020; 197:106122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Roulis E, Hyland C, Flower R, Gassner C, Jung HH, Frey BM. Molecular Basis and Clinical Overview of McLeod Syndrome Compared With Other Neuroacanthocytosis Syndromes. JAMA Neurol 2018; 75:1554-1562. [DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Roulis
- Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Catherine Hyland
- Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert Flower
- Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christoph Gassner
- Blood Transfusion Service Zurich, Swiss Red Cross, Schlieren/Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hans H. Jung
- Department of Neurology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat M. Frey
- Blood Transfusion Service Zurich, Swiss Red Cross, Schlieren/Zürich, Switzerland
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Dulski J, Sołtan W, Schinwelski M, Rudzińska M, Wójcik-Pędziwiatr M, Wictor L, Schön F, Puschmann A, Klempíř J, Tilley L, Roth J, Tacik P, Fujioka S, Drozdowski W, Sitek E, Wszolek Z, Sławek J. Clinical variability of neuroacanthocytosis syndromes—a series of six patients with long follow-up. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2016; 147:78-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Walker RH. Untangling the Thorns: Advances in the Neuroacanthocytosis Syndromes. J Mov Disord 2015; 8:41-54. [PMID: 26090076 PMCID: PMC4460540 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.15009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been significant advances in neuroacanthocytosis (NA) syndromes in the past 20 years, however, confusion still exists regarding the precise nature of these disorders and the correct nomenclature. This article seeks to clarify these issues and to summarise the recent literature in the field. The four key NA syndromes are described here-chorea-acanthocytosis, McLeod syndrome, Huntington's disease-like 2, and pantothenate kinase- associated neurodegeneration. In the first two, acanthocytosis is a frequent, although not invariable, finding; in the second two, it occurs in approximately 10% of patients. Degeneration affecting the basal ganglia is the key neuropathologic finding, thus the clinical presentations can be remarkably similar. The characteristic phenotype comprises a variety of movement disorders, including chorea, dystonia, and parkinsonism, and also psychiatric and cognitive symptoms attributable to basal ganglia dysfunction. The age of onset, inheritance patterns, and ethnic background differ in each condition, providing diagnostic clues. Other investigations, including routine blood testing and neuroimaging can be informative. Genetic diagnosis, if available, provides a definitive diagnosis, and is important for genetic counseling, and hopefully molecular therapies in the future. In this article I provide a historical perspective on each NA syndrome. The first 3 disorders, chorea-acanthocytosis, McLeod syndrome, Huntington's disease-like 2, are discussed in detail, with a comprehensive review of the literature to date for each, while pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration is presented in summary, as this disorder has recently been reviewed in this journal. Therapy for all of these diseases is, at present, purely symptomatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth H. Walker
- Department of Neurology, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Genetics of Huntington Disease (HD), HD-Like Disorders, and Other Choreiform Disorders. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Dubielecka PM, Hwynn N, Sengun C, Lee S, Lomas-Francis C, Singer C, Fernandez HH, Walker RH. Two McLeod patients with novel mutations in XK. J Neurol Sci 2011; 305:160-4. [PMID: 21463873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
McLeod syndrome (MLS) is a rare, X-linked, late-onset, disease involving hematological, brain, and neuromuscular systems, caused by mutations in XK that result in either defective XK or complete loss of XK protein. Acanthocytosis of erythrocytes is a typical feature. We report novel mutations in two patients who exhibited typical clinical characteristics of MLS. The coding and flanking intronic regions of XK were amplified by PCR, sequenced, and compared with the normal XK sequence. XK protein, and its complexed partner protein, Kell, were assessed by Western blot analysis. Patient 1 was found to have a single base insertion, 605insA at 175Ile creating a frame shift within the coding sequence of XK. Patient 2 had a single base substitution in the 3' splice sequence of intron 2 (IVS2-2a>g). In both cases mutations resulted in the absence of XK protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja M Dubielecka
- New York Blood Center, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, Cell Signaling Laboratory, 310E 67th street, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Abstract
The term "neuroacanthocytosis" describes a heterogeneous group of molecularly-defined disorders which result in progressive neurodegeneration, predominantly of the basal ganglia, and erythrocyte acanthocytosis. The clinical presentation of neuroacanthocytosis syndromes typically involves chorea and dystonia, but a range of other movement disorders may be seen. Psychiatric and cognitive symptoms may be prominent. There can be considerable phenotypic overlap; however, features of inheritance, age of onset, neuroimaging and laboratory findings, in addition to the spectrum of central and peripheral neurological abnormalities and extraneuronal involvement, can help to distinguish the specific syndromes. The two core neuroacanthocytosis syndromes, in which acanthocytosis is a typical, although not invariable finding, are autosomal recessive chorea-acanthocytosis and X-linked McLeod syndrome. Acanthocytes are found in a smaller proportion of patients with Huntington's disease-like 2 and pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration. Additionally, acanthocytosis has been reported in a few patients with other neurological disorders. The causative genes do not appear to be linked by a specific function or pathway, although abnormalities of membrane processing may be implicated. The connection between the erythrocyte membrane abnormality, which results in the characteristic "thorny" protrusions, the vulnerability of the basal ganglia, and the respective genetic mutations, is obscure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth H Walker
- Department of Neurology, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx and Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Cardiac and neurologic involvement in McLeod syndrome. Int J Cardiol 2009; 136:343-4. [PMID: 18657329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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