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Zhang S, Zeng N, Wu S, Wu HH, Kong MW. Research progress in spasmodic torticollis rehabilitation treatment. World J Clin Cases 2024; 12:1205-1214. [PMID: 38524504 PMCID: PMC10955543 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i7.1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Spasmodic torticollis (ST) is a focal dystonia that affects adults, causing limited muscle control and impacting daily activities and quality of life. The etiology and curative methods for ST remain unclear. Botulinum toxin is widely used as a first-line treatment, but long-term usage can result in reduced tolerance and adverse effects. Rehabilitation therapy, with its minimal side effects and low potential for harm, holds significant clinical value. This article explores the effectiveness of adjunctive therapies, including exercise therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, shockwave therapy, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, vibration therapy, electromyographic biofeedback, and acupuncture, in the treatment of ST. The aim is to provide clinicians with additional treatment options and to discuss the efficacy of rehabilitation therapy for ST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550018, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Ni Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550018, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550018, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Hui-Hui Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550018, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Mo-Wei Kong
- Department of Cardiology, Guiqian International General Hospital, Guiyang 550018, Guizhou Province, China
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Kassaye SG, De Hertogh W, Crosiers D, Gudina EK, De Pauw J. The effectiveness of physiotherapy for patients with isolated cervical dystonia: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:53. [PMID: 38302911 PMCID: PMC10832109 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical dystonia is a movement disorder typically characterized by a patterned and twisting movement of sustained or intermittent muscle contractions. Recently, new clinical trials are emerging, highlighting the potential benefit of physiotherapy (PT) on disease outcomes. Thus, the objective of this review is to update the effectiveness of PT on cervical dystonia disease outcomes and subsequently perform a meta-analysis. METHODS Interventional studies published in English with adult patients with isolated cervical dystonia following a physiotherapy program were included. Relevant articles were searched in PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science, and Scopus. Cochrane and Joanna Briggs Institute risk of bias checklists were used for quality reporting. Meta-analysis was done using Review Manager 5.3 statistical software and a pooled mean difference for pain was presented. RESULTS Fourteen articles were included in the review and two articles were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that PT intervention had a significant effect on pain reduction scale (-5.00, 95% CI -6.26, -3.74) when used as an additional therapy with botulinum toxin (BoNT) injection. Additionally, findings indicate a possible positive effect of PT disease severity, disability, and quality of life. CONCLUSIONS Physiotherapy in addition to BoNT is recommended to decrease pain. The findings suggest a reduction of disease severity, disability, and improvement in quality of life. The variety in the type and duration of PT interventions did not allow a clear recommendation of a specific type of PT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimelis Girma Kassaye
- Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy/Movant, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Willem De Hertogh
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy/Movant, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - David Crosiers
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Joke De Pauw
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy/Movant, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Belvisi D, Leodori G, Costanzo M, Conte A, Berardelli A. How does botulinum toxin really work? INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 169:441-479. [PMID: 37482400 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, Botulinum toxin (BoNT) has emerged as an effective and safe therapeutic tool for a number of neurological conditions, including dystonia. To date, the exact mechanism of action of BoNT in dystonia is not fully understood. Although it is well known that BoNT mainly acts on the neuromuscular junction, a growing body of evidence suggests that the therapeutic effect of BoNT in dystonia may also depend on its ability to modulate peripheral sensory feedback from muscle spindles. Animal models also suggest a retrograde and anterograde BoNT transportation from the site of injection to central nervous system structures. In humans, however, BoNT central effects seem to depend on the modulation of afferent input rather than on BoNT transportation. In this chapter, we aimed to report and discuss research evidence providing information on the possible mechanisms of action of BoNT in relation to treatment of dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Belvisi
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Viale dell' Università 30, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, via Atinense 18, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Giorgio Leodori
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Viale dell' Università 30, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, via Atinense 18, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Conte
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Viale dell' Università 30, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, via Atinense 18, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Viale dell' Università 30, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, via Atinense 18, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
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Opara J. Is There a Standard Rehabilitation Procedure in Cervical Dystonia? REHABILITACJA MEDYCZNA 2023. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0016.3419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Idiopathic cervical dystonia, also known as spasmodic torticollis, is the most common form of focal dystonia in adults. Cervical dystonia usually appears between the ages of 30 and 50, twice as often in women, and is characterised by uncontrollable painful contractions of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which results in misalignment of the head and shoulder. Over time, the disease becomes very burdensome for the patient and reduces his/her independence and quality of life; falls happen.Aim: The aim of the article is to present the current state of knowledge on comprehensive rehabilitation in cervical dystonia. Data on the prevalence, symptoms, diagnosis, clinical assessment, pharmacological treatment (including the most commonly used botulinum toxin), neurosurgical treatment and comprehensive rehabilitation are presented.Methods: The applied methods was a narrative critical review of scientific reports.Results: Out of several hundred publications, works worthy of particular attention were selected. In them, are described of conducting exercises, the main goal of which is to stretch and relax the dystonic muscles while strengthening the antagonistic muscles and correcting the position of the head. The selected authors used manual therapy, exercises at the patient's home, EMG biofeedback, magnetic stimulation of the cerebellum, vibration of the neck muscles, functional electrostimulation (FES) of antagonistic muscles, mobilisation of the cervical spine, postural exercises, isometric exercises, muscle relaxation, the PNF method, relaxation training, balance exercises, coordination, corrective exercises, massage, relaxation exercises, stretching and kinesiotaping.Conclusions: The variety of disease forms (10 head positioning patterns are described) and different severity of symptoms make it impossible to draw up a scheme of rehabilitation. In each case, rehabilitation must be tailored individually, and the physiotherapist taking care of the patient should have extensive experience. Physiotherapy can alleviate the disability caused by dystonia, however, due to the many non-motor symptoms, a holistic approach to the patient should also be kept in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Józef Opara
- Faculty of Physiotherapy, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
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Frey J, Ramirez-Zamora A, Wagle Shukla A. Applications of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Understanding and Treating Dystonia. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 31:119-139. [PMID: 37338699 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26220-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-based studies have led to an advanced understanding of the pathophysiology of dystonia. This narrative review summarizes the TMS data contributed to the literature so far. Many studies have shown that increased motor cortex excitability, excessive sensorimotor plasticity, and abnormal sensorimotor integration are the core pathophysiological substrates for dystonia. However, an increasing body of evidence supports a more widespread network dysfunction involving many other brain regions. Repetitive TMS pulses (rTMS) in dystonia have therapeutic potential as they can induce local and network-wide effects through modulation of excitability and plasticity. The bulk of rTMS studies has targeted the premotor cortex with some promising results in focal hand dystonia. Some studies have targeted the cerebellum for cervical dystonia and the anterior cingulate cortex for blepharospasm. We believe that therapeutic potential could be leveraged better when rTMS is implemented in conjunction with standard-of-care pharmacological treatments. However, due to several limitations in the studies conducted to date, including small samples, heterogeneous populations, variability in the target sites, and inconsistencies in the study design and control arm, it is hard to draw a definite conclusion. Further studies are warranted to determine optimal targets and protocols yielding the most beneficial outcomes that will translate into meaningful clinical changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Frey
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Adolfo Ramirez-Zamora
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Aparna Wagle Shukla
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Loudovici-Krug D, Derlien S, Best N, Günther A. Physiotherapy for Cervical Dystonia: A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110784. [PMID: 36422957 PMCID: PMC9694367 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiotherapy is mentioned as an adjunctive treatment to improve the symptoms of cervical dystonia in terms of pain, function and quality of life. However, botulinum neurotoxin injection remains the treatment of choice. This systematic review emphasizes physical therapy and evaluates it by including six studies. The methodology is based on a previous systematic review on this topic to provide better comparability and actuality. For this purpose, two databases were searched using the previously published keywords. This time, only randomised controlled trials were evaluated to increase the power. In conclusion, additional physical therapy and active home exercise programs appear to be useful. Further research should focus on the dose-response principle to emphasize physical therapy treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Loudovici-Krug
- Institute of Physiotherapy, Jena University Hospital, 07740 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Steffen Derlien
- Institute of Physiotherapy, Jena University Hospital, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Norman Best
- Institute of Physiotherapy, Jena University Hospital, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Albrecht Günther
- Hans-Berger-Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07740 Jena, Germany
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Vergallo A, Cocco A, De Santis T, Lalli S, Albanese A. Eligibility criteria in clinical trials for cervical dystonia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2022; 104:110-114. [PMID: 36243553 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cervical dystonia (CD) is the most common form of adult-onset focal dystonia. Because of a heterogeneous clinical presentation, the diagnosis rests on clinical opinion. During the last decades, several clinical trials have tested safety and efficacy of medical and surgical treatments for CD. We analyzed all the published CD trials and reviewed the strategies adopted for patient enrollment. METHODS The review included clinical trials in patients with CD published in PubMed. Studies were excluded if reviews, meta-analyses, post-hoc analyses on pooled data, or if not reporting a treatment for CD. RESULTS A total of 174 articles were identified; 134 studies met inclusion criteria. Diagnosis of CD varied among studies and in most cases was based on clinical judgement, using different descriptors such as "cervical dystonia" (37 studies), "idiopathic or isolated CD" (35), "primary CD" (13), and "torticollis" (40). Clinical judgement was supported by a phenomenological description of dystonia in four studies, and by a specific diagnostic strategy in other four. Finally, one study adopted general diagnostic criteria for dystonia. Inclusion and exclusion criteria proved heterogeneous across trials and were defined only in 108 studies, mainly considering age or the phenomenological pattern of muscle involvement. CONCLUSION The review showed lack of consolidated diagnostic criteria and non-uniformity of eligibility criteria for CD across clinical trials. There is need to move beyond clinical judgement as diagnostic criterion for selecting participants. New trials assessing specific CD patient subgroups or comparing medical and surgical procedures will need grounds that are more consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vergallo
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Antoniangela Cocco
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Tiziana De Santis
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefania Lalli
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Albanese
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milano, Italy.
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Martinez-Nunez AE, Sidiropoulos C, Wall J, Schwalb J, Air E, LeWitt P, Bulica B, Kaminski P, Patel N. Adjuvant medical therapy in cervical dystonia after deep brain stimulation: A retrospective analysis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:927573. [PMID: 35989908 PMCID: PMC9389307 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.927573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThere is limited information on optimization of symptomatic management of cervical dystonia (CD) after implantation of pallidal deep brain stimulation (DBS).ObjectivesTo describe the long-term, “real-world” management of CD patients after DBS implantation and the role of reintroduction of pharmacologic and botulinum toxin (BoNT) therapy.MethodsA retrospective analysis of patients with focal cervical or segmental craniocervical dystonia implanted with DBS was conducted.ResultsNine patients were identified with a mean follow-up of 41.7 ± 15.7 months. All patients continued adjuvant oral medication(s) to optimize symptom control post-operatively. Three stopped BoNT and four reduced BoNT dose by an average of 22%. All patients remained on at least one medication used to treat dystonia post-operatively.ConclusionOptimal symptom control was achieved with DBS combined with either BoNT and/or medication. We suggest utilization of adjuvant therapies such as BoNT and/or medications if DBS monotherapy does not achieve optimal symptom control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso E. Martinez-Nunez
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Alfonso E. Martinez-Nunez
| | - Christos Sidiropoulos
- Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Julia Wall
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Jason Schwalb
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Ellen Air
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Peter LeWitt
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Bisena Bulica
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Patricia Kaminski
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Neepa Patel
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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Rispoli V, Díaz Crescitelli ME, Cavallieri F, Antonelli F, Meletti S, Ghirotto L, Valzania F. Needs and Perceptions of Patients With Dystonia During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Framework Analysis of Survey Responses From Italy. Front Neurol 2022; 13:808433. [PMID: 35785354 PMCID: PMC9243746 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.808433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction:The COVID-19 pandemic and its countermeasures have created changes in both life and healthcare. With the prioritization of COVID-19-related management, the risks and experiences of patients suffering from rare conditions, such as dystonia, during the pandemic remain understudied.Materials and MethodsUsing a framework analysis of a nationwide qualitative online survey, we sought to explore the perspectives of patients with dystonia on their clinical assistance and possible unmet needs during the first pandemic wave. An online survey consisting of 37 items (such as demographic characteristics, dystonia-related features, neurological service provision, therapeutic relationship with the neurologist, perceptions related to virus infection, perceptions about healthcare-related needs, work-related questions, requesting information, and seeking support during the pandemic) was carried out using both close and open-ended questions.ResultsResponses from 62 participants were collected, with most of them from the red zones in Italy, where they were confined indoors. Social isolation was a relevant stressor. Motor and non-motor symptoms increased with detrimental consequences for patients' job and daily functionality. Outpatient clinics and rehabilitation sessions were temporarily shut down, and even telephone/mail support was sparse. Despite efforts, patients felt alone in dealing with dystonia.ConclusionThe first wave of the pandemic and its related restrictions had detrimental consequences for people living with dystonia, and their relevant needs remained unmet. These findings may contribute to implementing remedial healthcare provisions in this pandemic or in future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Rispoli
- Neurology, Neuroscience Head Neck Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Cavallieri
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Neuromotor and Rehabilitation Department, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Francesca Antonelli
- Neurology, Neuroscience Head Neck Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Meletti
- Neurology, Neuroscience Head Neck Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Ghirotto
- Qualitative Research Unit - Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Luca Ghirotto
| | - Franco Valzania
- Neurology Unit, Neuromotor and Rehabilitation Department, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Dec-Ćwiek M, Porębska K, Sawczyńska K, Kubala M, Witkowska M, Zmijewska K, Antczak J, Pera J. KinesioTaping after botulinum toxin type A for cervical dystonia in adult patients. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2541. [PMID: 35238494 PMCID: PMC9014990 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies explored physiotherapeutic approaches in cervical dystonia (CD) patients with or without botulinum toxin (BoNT) injections, however the results are varying. There are no clinical trials investigating the effects of kinesiology taping in CD patients. The objective of this study is to investigate the efficacy of kinesiology taping as an adjunct to the BoNT injections in patients with CD. METHODS Twenty-five patients were enrolled to the study. Patients were randomly assigned to the experimental 1 (BoNT + KinesioTaping), experimental 2 (BoNT + ShamTaping) or control (BoNT) treatment. After 12 weeks they were moved to the next experimental group and finally every patient received all 3 proposed treatment options. The severity of CD was quantified with the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS) including Torticollis severity, Disability, and Pain scales. Quality of life was evaluated using Craniocervical dystonia questionnaire (CDQ4). RESULTS In all treatment groups, there was a significant improvement in dystonia symptoms measured with TWSTRS (total score) after BoNT injection regardless of the allocation to the experimental treatment (p < .05). ANOVA analysis revealed no differences in any of the TWSTRS variables after the intervention. Quality of life was significantly improved after application of taping (p < .05, p = .03). CONCLUSIONS Application of KinesioTaping after BoNT injection provided no additional effect on the severity of dystonia, although the quality of life was improved in patients with CD. Further research investigating the effect of KinesioTaping prior to BoNT injection is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Dec-Ćwiek
- Department of Neurology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Porębska
- Department of Neurology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sawczyńska
- Department of Neurology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Kubala
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Witkowska
- Department of Neurology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kinga Zmijewska
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Orthopedics and Physiotherapy, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub Antczak
- Department of Neurology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Pera
- Department of Neurology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Ferrazzoli D, Ortelli P, Iansek R, Volpe D. Rehabilitation in movement disorders: From basic mechanisms to clinical strategies. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 184:341-355. [PMID: 35034747 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819410-2.00019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Movement disorders encompass a variety of conditions affecting the nervous system at multiple levels. The pathologic processes underlying movement disorders alter the normal neural functions and could lead to aberrant neuroplastic changes and to clinical phenomenology that is not expressed only through mere motor symptoms. Given this complexity, the responsiveness to pharmacologic and surgical therapies is often disappointing. Growing evidence supports the efficacy of neurorehabilitation for the treatment of movement disorders. Specific form of training involving both goal-based practice and aerobic training could drive and modulate neuroplasticity in order to restore the circuitries dysfunctions and to achieve behavioral gains. This chapter provides an overview of the alterations expressed in some movement disorders in terms of clinical signs and symptoms and plasticity, and suggests which ones and why tailored rehabilitation strategies should be adopted for the management of the different movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrazzoli
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Italy; Department of Parkinson's Disease, Fresco Parkinson Center, Movement Disorders and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, "Moriggia-Pelascini" Hospital-Gravedona ed Uniti, Como, Italy
| | - Paola Ortelli
- Department of Parkinson's Disease, Fresco Parkinson Center, Movement Disorders and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, "Moriggia-Pelascini" Hospital-Gravedona ed Uniti, Como, Italy; Department of Parkinson's Disease, Fresco Parkinson Center, Movement Disorders and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, "Moriggia-Pelascini" Hospital-Gravedona ed Uniti, Como, Italy
| | - Robert Iansek
- Clinical Research Centre for Movement Disorders and Gait, National Parkinson Foundation Center of Excellence, Monash Health, Cheltenham, VIC, Australia; School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniele Volpe
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fresco Parkinson Center, Villa Margherita, S. Stefano Riabilitazione, Vicenza, Italy
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Rosales RL, Cuffe L, Regnault B, Trosch RM. Pain in cervical dystonia: mechanisms, assessment and treatment. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:1125-1134. [PMID: 34569398 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1984230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In patients with cervical dystonia (CD), pain is a major contributor to disability and social isolation and is often the main reason patients seek treatment. Surveys evaluating patient perceptions of their CD symptoms consistently highlight pain as a troublesome and disabling feature of their condition with significant impact on daily life and work. AREAS COVERED In this article, the authors review the epidemiology, assessment, possible mechanisms and treatment of pain in CD, including a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial data with abobotulinumtoxinA. EXPERT OPINION Mechanisms of pain in CD may be muscle-based and non-muscle based. Accumulating evidence suggests that non-muscle-based mechanisms (such as abnormal transmission and processing of nociceptive stimuli, dysfunction of descending pain inhibitory pathways as well as structural and network changes in the basal ganglia, cortex and other areas) may also contribute to pain in CD alongside prolonged muscle contraction. Chemodenervation with botulinum toxin is considered the first-line treatment for CD. Treatment with botulinum toxin is usually effective, but optimization of the injection parameters should include consideration of pain as a core symptom in addition to the motor problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond L Rosales
- Dept. of Neurology and Psychiatry, the Neuroscience Institute, University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Manila, Philippines.,The Institute for Neurosciences, St. Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | | | | | - Richard M Trosch
- The Parkinson's and Movement Disorders Center, Farmington Hills, MI, USA
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13
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Hok P, Veverka T, Hluštík P, Nevrlý M, Kaňovský P. The Central Effects of Botulinum Toxin in Dystonia and Spasticity. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:155. [PMID: 33671128 PMCID: PMC7922085 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In dystonic and spastic movement disorders, however different in their pathophysiological mechanisms, a similar impairment of sensorimotor control with special emphasis on afferentation is assumed. Peripheral intervention on afferent inputs evokes plastic changes within the central sensorimotor system. Intramuscular application of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is a standard evidence-based treatment for both conditions. Apart from its peripheral action on muscle spindles, a growing body of evidence suggests that BoNT-A effects could also be mediated by changes at the central level including cerebral cortex. We review recent studies employing electrophysiology and neuroimaging to investigate how intramuscular application of BoNT-A influences cortical reorganization. Based on such data, BoNT-A becomes gradually accepted as a promising tool to correct the maladaptive plastic changes within the sensorimotor cortex. In summary, electrophysiology and especially neuroimaging studies with BoNT-A further our understanding of pathophysiology underlying dystonic and spastic movement disorders and may consequently help develop novel treatment strategies based on neural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomáš Veverka
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital Olomouc, Palacký University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (P.H.); (P.H.); (M.N.); (P.K.)
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Anandan C, Jankovic J. Botulinum Toxin in Movement Disorders: An Update. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13010042. [PMID: 33430071 PMCID: PMC7827923 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its initial approval in 1989 by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of blepharospasm and other facial spasms, botulinum toxin (BoNT) has evolved into a therapeutic modality for a variety of neurological and non-neurological disorders. With respect to neurologic movement disorders, BoNT has been reported to be effective for the treatment of dystonia, bruxism, tremors, tics, myoclonus, restless legs syndrome, tardive dyskinesia, and a variety of symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease. More recently, research with BoNT has expanded beyond its use as a powerful muscle relaxant and a peripherally active drug to its potential central nervous system applications in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Although BoNT is the most potent biologic toxin, when it is administered by knowledgeable and experienced clinicians, it is one of the safest therapeutic agents in clinical use. The primary aim of this article is to provide an update on recent advances in BoNT research with a focus on novel applications in the treatment of movement disorders. This comprehensive review of the literature provides a critical review of evidence-based clinical trials and highlights recent innovative pilot studies.
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Bradnam LV, Meiring RM, Boyce M, McCambridge A. Neurorehabilitation in dystonia: a holistic perspective. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 128:549-558. [PMID: 33099684 PMCID: PMC8099801 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Rehabilitation for isolated forms of dystonia, such as cervical or focal hand dystonia, is usually targeted towards the affected body part and focuses on sensorimotor control and motor retraining of affected muscles. Recent evidence, has revealed people who live with dystonia experience a range of functional and non-motor deficits that reduce engagement in daily activities and health-related quality of life, which should be addressed with therapeutic interventions. These findings support the need for a holistic approach to the rehabilitation of dystonia, where assessment and treatments involve non-motor signs and symptoms, and not just the dystonic body part. Most studies have investigated Cervical Dystonia, and in this population, it is evident there is reduced postural control and walking speed, high fear of falling and actual falls, visual compensation for the impaired neck posture, and a myriad of non-motor symptoms including pain, fatigue, sleep disorders and anxiety and depression. In other populations of dystonia, there is also emerging evidence of falls and reduced vision-related quality of life, along with the inability to participate in physical activity due to worsening of dystonic symptoms during or after exercise. A holistic approach to dystonia would support the management of a wide range of symptoms and signs, that if properly addressed could meaningfully reduce disability and improve quality of life in people living with dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynley V Bradnam
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Rebecca M Meiring
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Melani Boyce
- Graduate School of Health, Discipline of Physiotherapy, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Physiotherapy, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alana McCambridge
- Graduate School of Health, Discipline of Physiotherapy, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Bledsoe IO, Viser AC, San Luciano M. Treatment of Dystonia: Medications, Neurotoxins, Neuromodulation, and Rehabilitation. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:1622-1644. [PMID: 33095402 PMCID: PMC7851280 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00944-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a complex disorder with numerous presentations occurring in isolation or in combination with other neurologic symptoms. Its treatment has been significantly improved with the advent of botulinum toxin and deep brain stimulation in recent years, though additional investigation is needed to further refine these interventions. Medications are of critical importance in forms of dopa-responsive dystonia but can be beneficial in other forms of dystonia as well. Many different rehabilitative paradigms have been studied with variable benefit. There is growing interest in noninvasive stimulation as a potential treatment, but with limited long-term benefit shown to date, and additional research is needed. This article reviews existing evidence for treatments from each of these categories. To date, there are many examples of incomplete response to available treatments, and improved therapies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian O. Bledsoe
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Center, University of California, San Francisco, 1635 Divisadero St., Suite 520, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Aaron C. Viser
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Center, University of California, San Francisco, 1635 Divisadero St., Suite 520, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Marta San Luciano
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Center, University of California, San Francisco, 1635 Divisadero St., Suite 520, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
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17
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Dey S, Ghosh S. Cervical Dystonia Refractory to Botulinum Toxin Responding to Radiofrequency Ablation: A Case Report. J Pain Res 2020; 13:2313-2316. [PMID: 32982394 PMCID: PMC7509331 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s271945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A 62-year-old male diagnosed with cervical dystonia (CD) and chronic right-sided neck pain presented to the Pain Clinic after his pain and CD symptoms failed to resolve with botulinum toxin therapy. During clinical examination, right C3-C4 and C4-C5 facet arthropathy was suspected. After two sets of diagnostic right cervical, C3, C4, and C5 medial branch blocks provided >80% pain relief; cervical radiofrequency ablation (CRFA) was performed. Post CRFA, the patient was followed for 12 months. Till the last follow-up, he was not only experiencing 90% pain relief, but also had significant improvement in his CD symptoms to the point that he no longer needed botulinum toxin and other CD-related therapy. This report suggests that large-scale research is required to postulate whether CD patients, whose symptoms are refractory to botulinum toxin, should be routinely screened for cervical facet arthropathy. This is the first reported case of improvement in CD symptoms with CRFA. This effect could be explained by the fact that certain deep cervical muscles, which are affected in CD, are innervated by medial branch nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saugat Dey
- Benefis Health System, Great Falls, MT, USA
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Chung TM, Jacinto LJ, Colosimo C, Bhatia KP, Tiley J, Bhidayasiri R. Botulinum Neurotoxin-A Injection in Adult Cervical Dystonia and Spastic Paresis: Results From the INPUT (INjection Practice, Usage and Training) Survey. Front Neurol 2020; 11:570671. [PMID: 33041997 PMCID: PMC7525121 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.570671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum toxin-A (BoNT-A) is an effective treatment for cervical dystonia (CD) and spastic paresis (SP), but it requires in-depth knowledge of anatomy and injection techniques. The Ixcellence Network® is an educational programme to provide neurology, neuropaediatrics, and physical medicine and rehabilitation (PMR) specialists with access to best clinical practices and innovations regarding SP and CD management with BoNT-A. To assess the benefits of such educational programmes and identify unmet needs, a multidisciplinary scientific committee designed INPUT (INjection Practice, Usage & Training), an international multicentric survey describing training and practices among this trained and experienced population. A self-completed questionnaire was sent online to 553 trainees and 14 trainers from the Ixcellence Network®. Among the 131 respondents, 92% specialized in PMR (48%) or neurology (44%), with a mean experience of 15.5 years in their clinical fields and 10.9 years of BoNT-A injection. Most of them (98%) reported having received training before performing their first BoNT-A injection and attending specific courses on how to perform it without any instrumental guidance (76%), and with ultrasound (73%), electrical stimulation (44%) or electromyography (41%). In terms of practices, 92% of respondents reported using at least one guidance technique while injecting, with ultrasound being the most used technique (48%). Attending specific courses was significantly associated with greater self-confidence and use, e.g. for injection with ultrasound, mean self-confidence, on a scale from 1 (not confident) to 10 (fully confident), was 7.9 for trained respondents (vs 4.0 for untrained respondents, p < 0.001) of whom 70% stated that they used this technique regularly or systematically (vs. 11% of untrained healthcare professionals (HCPs), p < 0.0001). Moreover, 84% of respondents reported having trained colleagues, residents or fellows through theoretical (70%) or practical teaching in individuals (80%) or in small groups (65%). Overall, 86% of respondents reported a notable increase over the past 5 years of the number of patients treated with BoNT-A. INPUT is the first international survey describing training and practices in SP and CD management of physicians who attended a dedicated educational programme. The results highlighted the importance of training for self-confidence, and the use of specific techniques and new approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Mo Chung
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Jorge Jacinto
- Serviço de Reabilitação de adultos, Centro de Medicina de Reabilitacao do Alcoitão, Alcabideche, Portugal
| | - Carlo Colosimo
- Department of Neurology, Azienda Ospedaliera S.Maria, Terni, Italy
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Tiley
- Global Medical Affairs, Ipsen, Boulogne Billancourt, France
| | - Roongroj Bhidayasiri
- Chulalongkorn Centre of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease & Related Disorders, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
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19
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Boyce MJ, Kennedy DS, McCambridge AB. Letter to the Editor, "A randomized study of botulinum toxin versus botulinum toxin plus physical therapy for treatment of cervical dystonia". Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 74:83-84. [PMID: 32035806 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melani J Boyce
- Graduate School of Health, Discipline of Physiotherapy, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Physiotherapy Department, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
| | - David S Kennedy
- Graduate School of Health, Discipline of Physiotherapy, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alana B McCambridge
- Graduate School of Health, Discipline of Physiotherapy, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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