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de la Rosa I, Sisó P, Ríos C, Gracia J, Cuevas D, Maiques O, Eritja N, Soria X, Angel-Baldó J, Gatius S, Sanchez-Moral L, Sarrias MR, Matias-Guiu X, Martí RM, Macià A. High Copy Number Variations Correlate with a Pro-Tumoral Microenvironment and Worse Prognosis in Acral Lentiginous Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:4097. [PMID: 40362334 PMCID: PMC12071846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26094097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2025] [Revised: 04/16/2025] [Accepted: 04/19/2025] [Indexed: 05/15/2025] Open
Abstract
Acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) is a rare melanoma subtype primarily located in acral regions. However, ALMs exhibit a distinctive genetic profile characterized by a high number of copy number variations (CNVs) and limited point mutations. Late diagnosis and restricted therapeutic efficacy contribute to its poor prognosis. The secretome within the tumor microenvironment (TME) influences immune modulation and plays a vital role in melanoma progression. We aim to analyze the role of ALM secretome and CNVs profile with prognosis in primary ALM patients. Here, we demonstrated that high CNV burden (CNVsHigh) was associated with worse clinicopathological characteristics and poor prognosis. Furthermore, our study also revealed that conditioned media (CM) of CNVsHigh genetic profile ALM cell line was associated with pro-tumoral, pro-angiogenic, and immunosuppressive secretome profiles. In addition, CM of CNVsHigh cell lines in vitro promotes macrophage polarization to immunosuppressive phenotype. Moreover, we observed an increased presence of immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) at the invasive front (IF) of CNVsHigh ALM biopsies. This research reveals the adverse prognostic impact of CNVsHigh in ALM patients, establishing a novel link with a pro-tumor secretome, offering potential biomarkers for prognosis and personalized treatment to enhanced disease monitoring in ALM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés de la Rosa
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (I.d.l.R.); (P.S.); (C.R.); (J.G.); (D.C.); (N.E.); (S.G.); (X.M.-G.)
| | - Pol Sisó
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (I.d.l.R.); (P.S.); (C.R.); (J.G.); (D.C.); (N.E.); (S.G.); (X.M.-G.)
| | - Christopher Ríos
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (I.d.l.R.); (P.S.); (C.R.); (J.G.); (D.C.); (N.E.); (S.G.); (X.M.-G.)
| | - Judith Gracia
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (I.d.l.R.); (P.S.); (C.R.); (J.G.); (D.C.); (N.E.); (S.G.); (X.M.-G.)
| | - Dolors Cuevas
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (I.d.l.R.); (P.S.); (C.R.); (J.G.); (D.C.); (N.E.); (S.G.); (X.M.-G.)
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
- Centre of Biomedical Research on Cancer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Maiques
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Metastasis Group, The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK;
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Núria Eritja
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (I.d.l.R.); (P.S.); (C.R.); (J.G.); (D.C.); (N.E.); (S.G.); (X.M.-G.)
- Centre of Biomedical Research on Cancer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Soria
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (X.S.); (J.A.-B.)
| | - Joan Angel-Baldó
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (X.S.); (J.A.-B.)
| | - Sonia Gatius
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (I.d.l.R.); (P.S.); (C.R.); (J.G.); (D.C.); (N.E.); (S.G.); (X.M.-G.)
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
- Centre of Biomedical Research on Cancer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Sanchez-Moral
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (L.S.-M.); (M.-R.S.)
| | - Maria-Rosa Sarrias
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (L.S.-M.); (M.-R.S.)
- Center for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Matias-Guiu
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (I.d.l.R.); (P.S.); (C.R.); (J.G.); (D.C.); (N.E.); (S.G.); (X.M.-G.)
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
- Centre of Biomedical Research on Cancer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Martí
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (I.d.l.R.); (P.S.); (C.R.); (J.G.); (D.C.); (N.E.); (S.G.); (X.M.-G.)
- Centre of Biomedical Research on Cancer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (X.S.); (J.A.-B.)
| | - Anna Macià
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (I.d.l.R.); (P.S.); (C.R.); (J.G.); (D.C.); (N.E.); (S.G.); (X.M.-G.)
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Falotico JM, Lipner SR. The pharmacotherapeutic management of nail unit and acral melanomas. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2022; 23:1273-1289. [PMID: 35702037 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2088279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acral and nail unit melanomas are rare subtypes of melanoma, which have poor prognoses. Current guidelines for optimal treatment are lacking. Recent clinical trials have evaluated new pharmacotherapeutic agents for melanoma treatment, with dramatically improved survival rates; however, studies on acral and nail unit melanomas are limited in comparison to trials on cutaneous melanoma. AREAS COVERED This is a comprehensive review of the literature regarding the available treatment options for acral and nail unit melanomas, with consideration of safety and tolerability. EXPERT OPINION Programmed cell death protein 1 inhibitors are more efficacious than cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 blockers in acral and nail unit melanomas, although both are well-tolerated. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors have good clinical activity, however, data on safety is relatively limited. There is minimal data on high dose interferon α-2b and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 inhibitors, and efficacy and safety must be evaluated in future trials before they can be recommended for use in this patient population. Prospective clinical trials on acral and nail unit melanomas are lacking, and must be performed in large patient populations, with international collaboration likely necessary in order to enroll adequate participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne M Falotico
- Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Shari R Lipner
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Battaglia L, Scomparin A, Dianzani C, Milla P, Muntoni E, Arpicco S, Cavalli R. Nanotechnology Addressing Cutaneous Melanoma: The Italian Landscape. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1617. [PMID: 34683910 PMCID: PMC8540596 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is one of the most aggressive solid tumors, with a low survival for the metastatic stage. Currently, clinical melanoma treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and radiotherapy. Of note, innovative therapeutic regimens concern the administration of multitarget drugs in tandem, in order to improve therapeutic efficacy. However, also, if this drug combination is clinically relevant, the patient's response is not yet optimal. In this scenario, nanotechnology-based delivery systems can play a crucial role in the clinical treatment of advanced melanoma. In fact, their nano-features enable targeted drug delivery at a cellular level by overcoming biological barriers. Various nanomedicines have been proposed for the treatment of cutaneous melanoma, and a relevant number of them are undergoing clinical trials. In Italy, researchers are focusing on the pharmaceutical development of nanoformulations for malignant melanoma therapy. The present review reports an overview of the main melanoma-addressed nanomedicines currently under study in Italy, alongside the state of the art of melanoma therapy. Moreover, the latest Italian advances concerning the pre-clinical evaluation of nanomedicines for melanoma are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Battaglia
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Anna Scomparin
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
- . Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Chiara Dianzani
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Paola Milla
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Elisabetta Muntoni
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Silvia Arpicco
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
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Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive malignancy arising from melanocytes in the skin and rarely in extracutaneous sites. The understanding of pathology of melanoma has evolved over the years, with the initial classifications based on the clinical and microscopic features to the current use of immunohistochemistry and genetic sequencing. The depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis are still the most important prognostic features of melanoma. Other important prognostic features include ulceration, lymphovascular invasion, mitosis, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. This article reviews the pathology of melanoma and its precursor lesions, along with the recent advances in pathologic diagnosis of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Chopra
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Room A-422, Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Surgery, Marshfield Medical Center, 1000 North Oak Avenue, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA
| | - Uma N M Rao
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Section of Bone/Soft Tissue, Melanoma Pathology, UPMC Presbyterian Shadyside, Room WG2.9, 5230 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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Yu S, Xu T, Dai J, Ma M, Tang H, Chi Z, Si L, Cui C, Sheng X, Kong Y, Guo J. TERT copy gain predicts the outcome of high-dose interferon α-2b therapy in acral melanoma. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:4097-4104. [PMID: 30046245 PMCID: PMC6054280 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s158239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Asian populations are more likely to develop acral melanoma (AM) than Caucasians. The high-dose interferon (HD-IFN) α-2b regimen is the main adjuvant treatment for AM. TERT encodes the catalytic subunit of telomerase reverse transcriptase, which plays an important role in melanoma. Frequent TERT mutation and increased TERT gene expression have been described in AM. Our study aimed to investigate the status and the clinical significance of TERT copy number in a large cohort of patients with AM and to analyze the relationship between TERT copy number gain and the efficiency of HD-IFN. Patients and methods A total of 573 melanoma samples were retrospectively collected and analyzed for TERT copy number via Sanger sequencing. Clinical data of patients were also collected. Results TERT copy gain (copy number >2) was detected in 257 of the 573 patients with AM (44.9%). Of the 573 patients, 81 (14.1%) had a high copy gain (copy number >4). Patients with ulceration showed a significantly higher copy gain rate of TERT compared to the patients without ulceration (P=0.028). Patients with a tumor thicker than 4 mm also had a higher copy number rate of TERT than those with <4 mm (P=0.048). Our results showed that the overall survival (OS) was not significantly different between patients with and without TERT copy gain (P=0.890). However, among the 278 patients who received an HD-IFN regimen, Kaplan–Meier survival analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between TERT copy gain and relapse-free survival (RFS) (P=0.008). In addition, multivariate Cox regression assays validated TERT copy gain to be an independent prognostic factor of RFS for patients with AM undergoing HD-IFN therapy (hazard ratio =1.50; P=0.019). Conclusion The copy number status of TERT might be a predictor for HD-IFN efficacy, but it is not a prognostic factor of OS in patients with AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China, ;
| | - Tianxiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China, ;
| | - Jie Dai
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China, ;
| | - Meng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China, ;
| | - Huan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China, ;
| | - Zhihong Chi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China, ;
| | - Lu Si
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China, ;
| | - Chuanliang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China, ;
| | - Xinan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China, ;
| | - Yan Kong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China, ;
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China, ;
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Xu T, Ma M, Chi Z, Si L, Sheng X, Cui C, Dai J, Yu S, Yan J, Yu H, Wu X, Tang H, Yu J, Kong Y, Guo J. High G2 and S-phase expressed 1 expression promotes acral melanoma progression and correlates with poor clinical prognosis. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:1787-1798. [PMID: 29660787 PMCID: PMC5989838 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
G2 and S‐phase expressed 1 (GTSE1) regulates cell cycle progression in human cancers. However, its significance and mechanism of action in acral melanoma (AM) remain unknown. In the present study, we found that GTSE1 expression was upregulated in advanced stage/metastatic AM tissues and metastatic cell lines, and correlated with higher stage (P = .028) and poor disease‐free survival (DFS) in patients with AM (P = .003). Cox regression assays validated GTSE1 expression to be an independent prognostic factor of DFS for patients with AM (P = .004). Ectopic expression of GTSE1 enhanced primary AM cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Loss‐of‐function in GTSE1 attenuated metastatic AM cell proliferation and metastatic ability in vitro and in vivo. We additionally observed that inhibition of migration and invasion occurred concomitantly with a GTSE1 knockdown‐mediated increase in E‐cadherin and decreases in N‐cadherin and Slug. We further showed that integrin subunit alpha 2 (ITGA2) interacts with GTSE1 and is a downstream effector of GTSE1. Further, ITGA2 levels were positively correlated with GTSE1 expression in human AM tissues. Ectopic ITGA2 expression rescued siGTSE1‐mediated inhibition of migration and invasion, thereby restoring epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). In conclusion, GTSE1 expression promotes AM progression and correlates with clinical outcomes of patients with AM, and may represent a promising therapeutic target to suppress AM progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Chi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Si
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xinan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanliang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Dai
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Sifan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Junya Yan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Kong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
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